An Analysis of Non-Traditional Activities at German Savings Banks – Does the Type of Fee and Commission Income Matter?
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Cite JOURNAL ARTICLE
Style
Format
An Analysis of Non-Traditional Activities at German Savings Banks – Does the Type of Fee and Commission Income Matter?
Credit and Capital Markets – Kredit und Kapital, Vol. 52 (2019), Iss. 2 : pp. 253–289
Additional Information
Article Details
Author Details
Deutsche Bundesbank, Wilhelm-Epstein-Straße 14, 60431 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Tel. +49 69 9566 4765, Fax +49 69 9566 4765
References
-
Allen, F./Santomero, A. M. (2001): What Do Financial Intermediaries Do?, Journal of Banking and Financ, Vol. 25, pp. 271–294.
Google Scholar -
Altunbas, Y./Manganelli, S./Marques-Ibáñez, D. (2011): Bank Risk During the Financial Crisis – Do Business Models Matter?, ECB Working Paper Series, No. 1394.
Google Scholar -
Berger, A. (2000): The Integration of the Financial Services Industry: Where are the Efficiencies, North American Actuarial Journal, Vol. 4(3), pp. 25–45.
Google Scholar -
Bolton, P./Freixas, X./Shapiro, J. (2007): Conflict of Interest, Information Provision, and Competition in the Financial Services Industry, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 85, pp. 297–330.
Google Scholar -
Boyd, J. H./Graham, S. L./Hewitt, S. R. (1993): Bank Holding Company Mergers with Nonbank Financial Firms: Effects on the Risk of Failure, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 17, pp. 43–63.
Google Scholar -
Bülbül, D./Noth, F./Tyrell, M. (2014): Why Do Banks Provide Leasing?, Journal of Financial Services Research, Vol. 46, pp. 137–175.
Google Scholar -
Chiorazzo, V./Milani, C./Salvini, F. (2008): Income Diversification and Bank Performance: Evidence from Italian Banks, Journal of Financial Services Research, Vol. 33, pp. 181–203.
Google Scholar -
Demirgüç-Kunt, A./Huizinga, H. (2010): Bank Activity and Funding Strategies: The Impact on Risk and Returns, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 98, pp. 626–650.
Google Scholar -
DeYoung, R./Rice, T. (2004): Noninterest Income and Financial Performance at US Commercial Banks, The Financial Review, Vol. 39, pp. 101–127.
Google Scholar -
Deutsche Bundesbank (2015): Financial Stability Review 2015.
Google Scholar -
DeYoung, R./Roland, K. P. (2001): Product Mix and Earnings Volatility at Commercial Banks: Evidence from a Degree of Total Leverage Model, Journal of Financial Intermediation 10: 54–84.
Google Scholar -
DeYoung, R./Torna, G. (2013): Non-traditional Banking Activities and Bank Failures During the Financial Crisis, Journal of Financial Intermediation, Vol. 22, pp. 397–421.
Google Scholar -
DSGV (2014): Inside the Savings Banks Finance Group Published by German Savings Banks Association http://www.dsgv.de.
Google Scholar -
Houston, J. F./Lin, C./Lin, P./Ma, Y. (2010): Creditor Rights, Information Sharing, and Bank Risk-Taking, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 96, pp. 485–512.
Google Scholar -
Huang, R./Ratnovski, L. (2011): The Dark Side of Bank Wholesale Funding, Journal of Financial Intermediation, Vol. 20, pp. 248–263.
Google Scholar -
Köhler, M. (2014): Does Non-Interest Income Make Banks More Risky? Retail- Versus Investment-Oriented Banks, Review of Financial Economics, Vol. 23, pp. 182–193.
Google Scholar -
Köhler, M. (2015): Which Banks are More Risky? The Impact of Business Models on Bank Stability, Journal of Financial Stability, Vol. 16, pp. 195–212.
Google Scholar -
Krahnen, J. P./Schmidt, R. H. (2004): The German Financial System. Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar -
Laeven, L./Levine, R. (2009): Bank Governance, Regulation and Risk Taking, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 93, pp. 259–275.
Google Scholar -
Lepetit, L./Nys, E./Rous, P./Tarazi, A. (2008): Bank Income Structure and Risk: An Empirical Analysis of European Banks, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 32, pp. 1452–1467.
Google Scholar -
Lepetit, L./Strobel, F. (2014): Bank Insolvency Risk and Z-score Measures: A Refinement, Finance Research Letters, Vol. 13, pp. 214–224.
Google Scholar -
Memmel, C. (2011): Banks’ exposure to interest rate risk, their earnings from term transformation, and the dynamics of the term structure, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 35, pp. 282–289.
Google Scholar -
Mercieca, S./Schaeck, K./Wolfe, S. (2007), Small European Banks: Benefits from Diversification?, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 31, pp. 1975–1998.
Google Scholar -
Puri, M./Rocholl, J./Steffen, S. (2011): Global Retail Lending in the Aftermath of the US Financial Crisis: Distinguishing Between Supply and Demand Effects, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 100, pp. 556–578.
Google Scholar -
Rogers, K./Sinkey, J. F. (1999): An Analysis of Nontraditional Activities at U.S. Commercial Banks, Review of Financial Economics, Vol. 8, pp. 25–39.
Google Scholar -
Roy, A. D. (1952): Safety First and the Holding of Assets, Econometrica, Vol. 20, pp. 431–449.
Google Scholar -
Saunders, A./Schmid, M./Walter, I. (2014): Non-Interest Income and Bank Performance: Is Banks’ Increased Reliance on Non-Interest Income Bad?, University of St. Gallen School of Finance Research Paper, No. 2014/17.
Google Scholar -
Stiroh, K. J. (2004a): Diversification in Banking: Is Non-interest Income the Answer?, Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, Vol. 36, pp. 853–882.
Google Scholar -
Stiroh, K. J. (2004b): Do Community Banks Benefit from Diversification?, Journal of Financial Services Research, Vol. 25, pp. 135–160.
Google Scholar -
Stiroh, K. J. (2006): New Evidence on the Determinants of Bank Risk, Journal of Financial Services Research, Vol. 30, pp. 237–263.
Google Scholar -
Stiroh, K. J./Rumble, A. (2006): The Dark Side of Diversification: The Case of US Financial Holding Companies, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 30, pp. 2131–2161.
Google Scholar -
Allen, F./Santomero, A. M. (2001): What Do Financial Intermediaries Do?, Journal of Banking and Financ, Vol. 25, pp. 271–294.
Google Scholar -
Altunbas, Y./Manganelli, S./Marques-Ibáñez, D. (2011): Bank Risk During the Financial Crisis – Do Business Models Matter?, ECB Working Paper Series, No. 1394.
Google Scholar -
Berger, A. (2000): The Integration of the Financial Services Industry: Where are the Efficiencies, North American Actuarial Journal, Vol. 4(3), pp. 25–45.
Google Scholar -
Bolton, P./Freixas, X./Shapiro, J. (2007): Conflict of Interest, Information Provision, and Competition in the Financial Services Industry, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 85, pp. 297–330.
Google Scholar -
Boyd, J. H./Graham, S. L./Hewitt, S. R. (1993): Bank Holding Company Mergers with Nonbank Financial Firms: Effects on the Risk of Failure, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 17, pp. 43–63.
Google Scholar -
Bülbül, D./Noth, F./Tyrell, M. (2014): Why Do Banks Provide Leasing?, Journal of Financial Services Research, Vol. 46, pp. 137–175.
Google Scholar -
Chiorazzo, V./Milani, C./Salvini, F. (2008): Income Diversification and Bank Performance: Evidence from Italian Banks, Journal of Financial Services Research, Vol. 33, pp. 181–203.
Google Scholar -
Demirgüç-Kunt, A./Huizinga, H. (2010): Bank Activity and Funding Strategies: The Impact on Risk and Returns, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 98, pp. 626–650.
Google Scholar -
DeYoung, R./Rice, T. (2004): Noninterest Income and Financial Performance at US Commercial Banks, The Financial Review, Vol. 39, pp. 101–127.
Google Scholar -
Deutsche Bundesbank (2015): Financial Stability Review 2015.
Google Scholar -
DeYoung, R./Roland, K. P. (2001): Product Mix and Earnings Volatility at Commercial Banks: Evidence from a Degree of Total Leverage Model, Journal of Financial Intermediation 10: 54–84.
Google Scholar -
DeYoung, R./Torna, G. (2013): Non-traditional Banking Activities and Bank Failures During the Financial Crisis, Journal of Financial Intermediation, Vol. 22, pp. 397–421.
Google Scholar -
DSGV (2014): Inside the Savings Banks Finance Group Published by German Savings Banks Association http://www.dsgv.de.
Google Scholar -
Houston, J. F./Lin, C./Lin, P./Ma, Y. (2010): Creditor Rights, Information Sharing, and Bank Risk-Taking, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 96, pp. 485–512.
Google Scholar -
Huang, R./Ratnovski, L. (2011): The Dark Side of Bank Wholesale Funding, Journal of Financial Intermediation, Vol. 20, pp. 248–263.
Google Scholar -
Köhler, M. (2014): Does Non-Interest Income Make Banks More Risky? Retail- Versus Investment-Oriented Banks, Review of Financial Economics, Vol. 23, pp. 182–193.
Google Scholar -
Köhler, M. (2015): Which Banks are More Risky? The Impact of Business Models on Bank Stability, Journal of Financial Stability, Vol. 16, pp. 195–212.
Google Scholar -
Krahnen, J. P./Schmidt, R. H. (2004): The German Financial System. Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar -
Laeven, L./Levine, R. (2009): Bank Governance, Regulation and Risk Taking, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 93, pp. 259–275.
Google Scholar -
Lepetit, L./Nys, E./Rous, P./Tarazi, A. (2008): Bank Income Structure and Risk: An Empirical Analysis of European Banks, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 32, pp. 1452–1467.
Google Scholar -
Lepetit, L./Strobel, F. (2014): Bank Insolvency Risk and Z-score Measures: A Refinement, Finance Research Letters, Vol. 13, pp. 214–224.
Google Scholar -
Memmel, C. (2011): Banks’ exposure to interest rate risk, their earnings from term transformation, and the dynamics of the term structure, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 35, pp. 282–289.
Google Scholar -
Mercieca, S./Schaeck, K./Wolfe, S. (2007), Small European Banks: Benefits from Diversification?, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 31, pp. 1975–1998.
Google Scholar -
Puri, M./Rocholl, J./Steffen, S. (2011): Global Retail Lending in the Aftermath of the US Financial Crisis: Distinguishing Between Supply and Demand Effects, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 100, pp. 556–578.
Google Scholar -
Rogers, K./Sinkey, J. F. (1999): An Analysis of Nontraditional Activities at U.S. Commercial Banks, Review of Financial Economics, Vol. 8, pp. 25–39.
Google Scholar -
Roy, A. D. (1952): Safety First and the Holding of Assets, Econometrica, Vol. 20, pp. 431–449.
Google Scholar -
Saunders, A./Schmid, M./Walter, I. (2014): Non-Interest Income and Bank Performance: Is Banks’ Increased Reliance on Non-Interest Income Bad?, University of St. Gallen School of Finance Research Paper, No. 2014/17.
Google Scholar -
Stiroh, K. J. (2004a): Diversification in Banking: Is Non-interest Income the Answer?, Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, Vol. 36, pp. 853–882.
Google Scholar -
Stiroh, K. J. (2004b): Do Community Banks Benefit from Diversification?, Journal of Financial Services Research, Vol. 25, pp. 135–160.
Google Scholar -
Stiroh, K. J. (2006): New Evidence on the Determinants of Bank Risk, Journal of Financial Services Research, Vol. 30, pp. 237–263.
Google Scholar -
Stiroh, K. J./Rumble, A. (2006): The Dark Side of Diversification: The Case of US Financial Holding Companies, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 30, pp. 2131–2161.
Google Scholar
Abstract
In this paper, we use a fully anonymized dataset provided by the German Savings Banks Association (DSGV) to analyse which savings banks have expanded into fee-producing activities more quickly. In addition, we investigate whether their profitability and stability is correlated with the share of their fee and commission income. Notably, we examine whether the effect on bank profitability differs depending on the type of fee and commission income. Our results support the view that savings banks with low net interest margins are under greater pressure to expand into fee-producing activities. They further suggest that savings banks with a higher share of fee and commission income, in particular from payment services and securities business, also have a higher profitability. The Z-score also correlates positively with the share of securities business income, possibly because it responds to different shocks than net interest income and, therefore, offers a large diversification potential.