German Government Bond Yields During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Some Thoughts About Monetary Policy and the Term Premium
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Cite JOURNAL ARTICLE
Style
Format
German Government Bond Yields During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Some Thoughts About Monetary Policy and the Term Premium
Schwarzbach, Christoph | Klippstein, Anna | Tholl, Johannes | Basse, Tobias
Zeitschrift für die gesamte Versicherungswissenschaft, Vol. 112 (2023), Iss. 4 : pp. 369–387
Additional Information
Article Details
Author Details
Christoph Schwarzbach (corresponding author), Europäische Fernhochschule Hamburg, Doberaner Weg 20, 22143 Hamburg, Germany, and Leibniz University Hannover, Königsworther Platz 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
Anna Klippstein, Touro University Berlin, Am Rupenhorn 5, 14055 Berlin, Germany
Johannes Tholl, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
Tobias Basse, Norddeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale, Friedrichswall 10, 30159 Hannover, Germany, and Touro University Berlin, Am Rupenhorn 5, 14055 Berlin, Germany
References
-
Aguilar, P./Arce, Ó./Hurtado, S./Martinez-Martin, J./Nuño, G./Thomas, C. (2020): The ECB monetary policy response to the Covid-19 crisis. Banco de Espana Documentos Ocasionales, No. 2026.
Google Scholar -
Amiri, A./Ventelou, B. (2012): Granger causality between total expenditure on health and GDP in OECD: Evidence from the Toda-Yamamoto approach. Economics Letters, 116, 541–544.
Google Scholar -
Basse, T. (2014): Searching for the EMU core member countries. European Journal of Political Economy, 34, 32–39.
Google Scholar -
Basse, T./Friedrich, M./Kleffner, A./Schulenburg, J. M. v. d. (2014): Are interest rates too low? Empirical evidence and implications for German life insurers. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Versicherungswissenschaft, 103, 31–43.
Google Scholar -
Basse, T./Kunze, F./Krampen, B./Schwarzbach, C. (2017): German bond markets and US monetary policy. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Versicherungswissenschaft, 106, 265–276.
Google Scholar -
Basse, T./Wegener, C./Kunze, F. (2018): Government bond yields in Germany and Spain – empirical evidence from better days. Quantitative Finance, 18, 827–835.
Google Scholar -
Beckmann, D./Menkhoff, L./Sawischlewski, K. (2006): Robust lessons about practical early warning systems. Journal of Policy Modeling, 28, 163–193.
Google Scholar -
Berdin, E./Gründl, H. (2015): The effects of a low interest rate environment on life insurers. Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, 40, 385–415.
Google Scholar -
Bergsen, P. (2020): A new political economy for Europe post-COVID-19. European View, 19, 131–137.
Google Scholar -
Bierens, H. J. (1997): Testing the unit root with drift hypothesis against nonlinear trend stationarity, with an application to the US price level and interest rate. Journal of Econometrics, 81, 29–64.
Google Scholar -
Blinder, A. S. (2010): Quantitative easing: entrance and exit strategies. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 92, 465–479.
Google Scholar -
Breedon, F. (2018): On the transactions costs of UK quantitative easing. Journal of Banking and Finance, 88, 347–356.
Google Scholar -
Bulkley, G./Harris, R. D./Nawosah, V. (2011): Revisiting the expectations hypothesis of the term structure of interest rates. Journal of Banking and Finance, 35, 1202–1212.
Google Scholar -
Choi, S./Wohar, M. E. (1995): The expectations theory of interest rates: Cointegration and factor decomposition. International Journal of Forecasting, 11, 253–262.
Google Scholar -
Cook, T./Hahn, T. K. (1990): Interest rate expectations and the slope of the money market yield curve. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Review, 76, 3–26.
Google Scholar -
Cukierman, A. (2019): A retrospective on the subprime crisis and its aftermath ten years after Lehman’s collapse. Economic Systems, 43, 100713.
Google Scholar -
Doh, T. (2010): The efficacy of large-scale asset purchases at the zero lower bound. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review, 95, 5–34.
Google Scholar -
Engle, R. F./Granger, C. W. (1987): Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica, 55, 251–276.
Google Scholar -
Engle, R. F./Lilien, D. M./Robins, R. P. (1987): Estimating time varying risk premia in the term structure: The ARCH-M model. Econometrica, 391–407.
Google Scholar -
Fassas, A./Papadamou, S./Philippas, D. (2019): Investors’ risk aversion integration and quantitative easing. Review of Behavioral Finance, 12, 170–183.
Google Scholar -
Favero, C. A./Mosca, F. (2001): Uncertainty on monetary policy and the expectations model of the term structure of interest rates. Economics Letters, 71(3), 369–375.
Google Scholar -
Gil-Alana, L. A./Moreno, A. (2012): Uncovering the US term premium: an alternative route. Journal of Banking and Finance, 36, 1181–1193.
Google Scholar -
Gormus, A./Nazlioglu, S./Soytas, U. (2018): High-yield Bond and Energy Markets. Energy Economics, 69, 101–110.
Google Scholar -
Granger, C. W. (1969): Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica, 424–438.
Google Scholar -
Granger, C. W. (1980): Testing for causality: a personal viewpoint. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 2, 329–352.
Google Scholar -
Granger, C. W. (1988): Causality, cointegration, and control. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, 551–559.
Google Scholar -
Gruppe, M./Lange, C. (2014): Spain and the European sovereign debt crisis. European Journal of Political Economy, 34, 3–8.
Google Scholar -
Gunay, S. (2020): Seeking causality between liquidity risk and credit risk: TED-OIS spreads and CDS indexes. Research in International Business and Finance, 52, 101189.
Google Scholar -
Haas, J./Neely, C. J./Emmons, W. R. (2020): Responses of international central banks to the COVID-19 crisis. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 102, 339–384.
Google Scholar -
Hall, A. D./Anderson, H. M./Granger, C. W. (1992): A cointegration analysis of treasury bill yields. Review of Economics and Statistics, 74, 116–126.
Google Scholar -
Hendry, D. F./Mizon, G. E. (1999): The pervasiveness of Granger causality in econometrics, in: Engle, R. F./White, H. (eds.), Cointegration, causality, and forecasting. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 102–34.
Google Scholar -
Ireland, P. N. (2015): Monetary policy, bond risk premia, and the economy. Journal of Monetary Economics, 76, 124–140.
Google Scholar -
Issing, O. (2005): Communication, transparency, accountability: monetary policy in the twenty-first century. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 87, 329–335.
Google Scholar -
James, J./Leister, M./Rieger, C. (2017): An empirical method of calculating the term premium. Quantitative Finance, 17, 1783–1793.
Google Scholar -
Johansen, S. (1988): Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, 231–254.
Google Scholar -
King, R. G./Kurmann, A. (2002): Expectations and the term structure of interest rates: Evidence and implications. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Quarterly, 88, 49–95.
Google Scholar -
Kurov, A./Stan, R. (2018): Monetary policy uncertainty and the market reaction to macroeconomic news. Journal of Banking and Finance, 86, 127–142.
Google Scholar -
Kuttner, K. N. (2001): Monetary policy surprises and interest rates: Evidence from the Fed funds futures market. Journal of Monetary Economics, 47, 523–544.
Google Scholar -
Lemperiere, Y./Deremble, C./Nguyen, T. T./Seager, P./Potters, M./Bouchaud, J. P. (2017): Risk premia: Asymmetric tail risks and excess returns. Quantitative Finance, 17, 1–14.
Google Scholar -
Levy, M. D./Plosser, C. I. (2022): The Murky Future of Monetary Policy. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 104, 178–188.
Google Scholar -
Lütkepohl, H./Reimers, H. E. (1992): Granger-causality in cointegrated VAR processes The case of the term structure. Economics Letters, 40, 263–268.
Google Scholar -
Lyonnet, V./Werner, R. (2012): Lessons from the Bank of England on ‘quantitative easing’ and other ‘unconventional’ monetary policies. International Review of Financial Analysis, 25, 94–105.
Google Scholar -
Martin, C./Milas, C. (2012): Quantitative easing: a sceptical survey. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 28, 750–764.
Google Scholar -
Meier, S./Rodriguez Gonzalez, M. (2023): Cointegration of EMU Government Bonds in Times of Financial Crises, COVID-19, and High Inflation – The Importance of Sovereign Debt for the European Insurance Industry. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Versicherungswissenschaft, 112, 181–212.
Google Scholar -
Moessner, R./de Haan, J. (2022): Effects of monetary policy announcements on term premia in the euro area during the COVID-19 pandemic. Finance Research Letters, 44, 102055.
Google Scholar -
Moschella, M./Pinto, L./Martocchia Diodati, N. (2020): Let’s speak more? How the ECB responds to public contestation. Journal of European Public Policy, 27, 400–418.
Google Scholar -
Ortmans, A./Tripier, F. (2021): COVID-induced sovereign risk in the euro area: When did the ECB stop the spread?. European Economic Review, 137, 103809.
Google Scholar -
Oxley, L. (1993): Cointegration, causality and export-led growth in Portugal, 1865–1985. Economics Letters, 43, 163–166.
Google Scholar -
Phelps, E. S. (1967): Phillips curves, expectations of inflation and optimal unemployment over time. Economica, 34, 254–281.
Google Scholar -
Phillips, P. C./Perron, P. (1988): Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75, 335–346.
Google Scholar -
Poole, W. (2005): Understanding the term structure of interest rates. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 87, 589–595.
Google Scholar -
Quaglia, L./Verdun, A. (2022): Explaining the response of the ECB to the COVID-19 related economic crisis: Inter-crisis and intra-crisis learning. Journal of European Public Policy, 30, 635–654.
Google Scholar -
Rodriguez Gonzalez, M./Basse, T./Tholl, J. (2019): Interest rate differentials and monetary policy in the European monetary union: the case of 10 and 30 year bonds. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Versicherungswissenschaft, 108, 19–42.
Google Scholar -
Russell, S. (1992): Understanding the term structure of interest rates: The expectations theory. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 74, 36–50.
Google Scholar -
Sibbertsen, P./Wegener, C./Basse, T. (2014): Testing for a break in the persistence in yield spreads of EMU government bonds. Journal of Banking and Finance, 41, 109–118.
Google Scholar -
Strohsal, T. (2017): Bond yields and debt supply: new evidence through the lens of a preferred-habitat model. Quantitative Finance, 17, 1509–1522.
Google Scholar -
Tallman, E. W./Zaman, S. (2020): Combining survey long-run forecasts and nowcasts with BVAR forecasts using relative entropy. International Journal of Forecasting, 36, 373–398.
Google Scholar -
Tesche, T. (2023): Trustee strategies, politicization and de‐delegation: The case of the European Central Bank. Governance, 36, 125–140.
Google Scholar -
Tholl, J./Basse, T./Meier, S./Rodriguez Gonzalez, M. (2021): Risk premia and the European government bond market: new empirical evidence and some thoughts from the perspective of the life insurance industry. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Versicherungswissenschaft, 110, 49–78.
Google Scholar -
Tsen, W. H. (2006): Granger causality tests among openness to international trade, human capital accumulation and economic growth in China: 1952–1999. International Economic Journal, 20, 285–302.
Google Scholar -
Walsh, K./Tan, D. (2008): Monetary policy surprises and the bank bill term premium. Australian Journal of Management, 33, 231–260.
Google Scholar -
Williamson, S. D. (2016): Scarce collateral, the term premium, and quantitative easing. Journal of Economic Theory, 164, 136–165.
Google Scholar -
Yilmazkuday, H. (2022): COVID-19 and exchange rates: Spillover effects of U.S. monetary policy. Atlantic Economic Journal, 50, 67–84.
Google Scholar -
Zapata, H. O./Rambaldi, A. N. (1997): Monte Carlo evidence on cointegration and causation. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 59, 285–298.
Google Scholar -
Zervoyianni, A./Dimelis, S./Livada, A. (2023): Economic Sentiment and the Covid-19 Crisis: Evidence from European Countries. Applied Economics, 55, 113–130.
Google Scholar
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
In der Zeit der durch COVID-19 ausgelösten Pandemie lässt sich eine Granger-Kausalität von kurzfristigen Renditen deutscher Staatsanleihen für langfristige Renditen nachweisen. Es existiert zudem eine bidirektionale Granger-Kausalität zwischen den Zinsen der Laufzeitbereiche 2 und 30 Jahre. Dies gilt nicht für die Renditen von Anleihen mit einer Restlaufzeit von 2 und 10 Jahren. Die langfristigen Renditen sind bekanntlich von besonderer Bedeutung für europäische Lebensversicherer. Zur Erklärung dieser Beobachtungen sollte nicht auf Veränderungen des Leitzinsniveaus zurückgegriffen werden, da dieses im Betrachtungszeitraum konstant war. Die unkonventionellen geldpolitischen Maßnahmen der EZB und die Existenz von Risikoprämien könnten bessere Erklärungsansätze liefern.