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The EU Kaliningrad Policy: Mapping Kaliningrad's Place inside the European Union
Chemnitzer Europastudien, Vol. 12
(2011)
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Irina Ochirova hat Anglistische Philologie an der Kalmykischen Staatlichen Universität studiert. Anschließend hat sie ein Masterstudium "Gender Studies" an der Central European University, Budapest abgeschlossen. Schließlich hat sie am Bulgarisch-Rumänischen Interuniversitären Europazentrum in Ruse (Bulgarien) einen Master in European Studies erworben. 2010 hat sie ihre Promotion im Fach Europa-Studien an der Technischen Universität Chemnitz erfolgreich abgeschlossen. Zur Zeit ist sie Lehrbeauftragte an der TU Chemnitz. Ihre Forschungsinteressen schließen die Außenpolitik der EU und Russland, die Beziehungen zwischen der EU und Russland und die Modernisierung Russlands ein.Abstract
The Kaliningrad Oblast is a subject of the Russian Federation which became an EU's enclave upon its Eastern enlargement of 2004. This inquiry examines the intricate position of the Kaliningrad region inside the European Union from a legal and institutional rather than geopolitical perspective. Challenging conventional notions about inclusion of third units into the EU and attempting to bridge a gap in the academic literature on the EU's policy towards Kaliningrad, the paper tests the hypothesis that the Kaliningrad Oblast is to a certain extent included or integrated into the EU. More particularly, while spelling out and assessing the EU's Kaliningrad policy it seeks to answer the main research question as to whether this policy can be qualified as essentially a policy of inclusion.The inquiry proceeds from manifold assumptions of the "insides" and "outsides" of the EU, the growing flexibility of models of integration into the Union as well as the notions of the EU's borders including geopolitical, institutional/legal, transactional and cultural borders which consistently become fuzzier. A substantial part of the paper rests on the study of the bilateral political, legal and institutional relationship between the EU and Russia. Furthermore, the paper scrutinizes the oblast's legal capacity in international relations, as well as its status of Special Economic Zone in the framework of Russian federal policy. It eventually traces and systematizes the EU's activities in its eastern enclave. Although the analysis of the policy by the EU directed towards Kaliningrad does not allow calling it a clear policy of inclusion it still dismisses the idea of the EU treating Kaliningrad as a clear outsider.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acknowledgements | 7 | ||
| Table of Contents | 9 | ||
| Acronyms | 12 | ||
| I. Introduction | 15 | ||
| 1. The problématique of the Kaliningrad Oblast | 15 | ||
| 2. The objective and relevance of the analysis | 19 | ||
| 3. Theoretical and analytical framework | 21 | ||
| a) The concept of “inside” and “outside” the EU in academic discourse | 21 | ||
| b) The Kaliningrad Oblast in the academic discourse on the “inside/outside” dichotomy | 24 | ||
| c) The institutional/legal border of the EU: Forms of integration with the EU | 28 | ||
| d) Kaliningrad’s integration with the EU in academic discourse and a review of literature | 41 | ||
| 4. Methodology and analytical approach | 49 | ||
| 5. Summary and overview of Chapters | 55 | ||
| II. The legal and political status of the Kaliningrad Oblast | 60 | ||
| 1. The Kaliningrad Oblast in the context of EU Eastern enlargement: a historical, geopolitical and economic perspective | 60 | ||
| a) The Kaliningrad Oblast and its historical background | 60 | ||
| b) The Kaliningrad Oblast and its geopolitical significance in the context of the EU enlargement | 64 | ||
| c) The Kaliningrad Oblast and its economy ante and post the EU enlargement | 69 | ||
| d) Summary | 78 | ||
| 2. The legal capacity of the Kaliningrad Oblast in international relations | 80 | ||
| a) The Kaliningrad Oblast as a subject of the Russian Federation | 80 | ||
| b) The Kaliningrad Oblast in the system of Russian federalism | 84 | ||
| c) Russian federal legislation on the external legal capacity of the subjects of the Russian Federation | 90 | ||
| d) The external legal capacity of the Kaliningrad Oblast and its international activities | 100 | ||
| e) The political status of the Kaliningrad Oblast in academic and political discourse | 105 | ||
| f) Summary | 108 | ||
| 3. The status of the Kaliningrad Oblast in the framework of Russian federal policy | 111 | ||
| a) On the status of the Kaliningrad Oblast | 111 | ||
| b) The Russian federal policy towards the Kaliningrad Oblast | 112 | ||
| c) The status of the Kaliningrad Oblast as a Special Economic Zone | 117 | ||
| d) The Kaliningrad regional strategy | 125 | ||
| e) The status of the Kaliningrad Oblast as a pilot region | 128 | ||
| f) Summary | 133 | ||
| III. Overview of EU-Russia relations and their implications for Kaliningrad | 135 | ||
| 1. The dynamics of the development of EU-Russia relations | 135 | ||
| a) The formation of EU-Russia cooperation | 135 | ||
| b) The EU and Russia in the context of the EU Eastern enlargement | 141 | ||
| c) The building of the EU-Russia strategic partnership | 151 | ||
| d) Disparities and controversies between the EU and Russia | 155 | ||
| e) Summary | 166 | ||
| 2. The Kaliningrad Oblast in EU-Russia relations | 170 | ||
| a) The outset of the EU-Russia dialogue on Kaliningrad | 170 | ||
| b) The EU-Russia negotiations on Kaliningrad transit in 2002 | 178 | ||
| c) The Kaliningrad compromise | 182 | ||
| d) Summary | 188 | ||
| 3. The political and legal foundation of EU-Russia relations | 190 | ||
| a) Russia in the system of the EU’s external policies | 190 | ||
| b) The Partnership and Cooperation Agreement: Objectives and an institutional set-up | 193 | ||
| c) The Partnership and Cooperation Agreement: A critical assessment | 201 | ||
| d) The Kaliningrad Oblast in the institutional and legal framework of EU-Russia relations | 203 | ||
| e) The four Common Spaces in the long-term perspective of the EU-Russia strategic partnership | 210 | ||
| f) The place of the Kaliningrad Oblast in the four Common Spaces | 215 | ||
| g) Perspectives on a new bilateral agreement and Kaliningrad’s place in it | 223 | ||
| h) Summary | 228 | ||
| IV. The involvement of the Kaliningrad Oblast in EU policies | 231 | ||
| 1. The political position of the EU towards the Kaliningrad Oblast | 231 | ||
| a) The European Parliament | 231 | ||
| aa) General remarks on the European Parliament | 231 | ||
| bb) The European Parliament on the Kaliningrad Oblast | 233 | ||
| cc) Summary | 240 | ||
| b) The Council of the European Union | 241 | ||
| aa) General remarks on the Council of the European Union | 241 | ||
| bb) The Council of the European Union on the Kaliningrad Oblast | 243 | ||
| cc) Summary | 250 | ||
| c) The European Council | 252 | ||
| aa) General remarks on the European Council | 252 | ||
| bb) The European Council on the Kaliningrad Oblast | 254 | ||
| cc) Summary | 256 | ||
| d) The European Commission | 256 | ||
| aa) General remarks on the European Commission | 256 | ||
| bb) The European Commission on the Kaliningrad Oblast | 258 | ||
| cc) Summary | 264 | ||
| e) Other institutions | 264 | ||
| aa) The Economic and Social Committee on the Kaliningrad Oblast | 264 | ||
| bb) The Committee of the Regions on the Kaliningrad Oblast | 268 | ||
| cc) Summary | 270 | ||
| f) Summary | 271 | ||
| 2. The EU’s policy towards the Kaliningrad Oblast | 274 | ||
| a) The general framework of the EU’s Kaliningrad policy | 274 | ||
| aa) The European Commission’s country programmes | 274 | ||
| bb) The cross-border cooperation component of the EU’s Kaliningrad policy | 279 | ||
| cc) The Northern Dimension policy | 285 | ||
| dd) Summary | 291 | ||
| b) Policy dimensions | 292 | ||
| aa) The political and human dimension | 292 | ||
| (1) Democracy and human rights | 292 | ||
| (2) Education and training, culture and research | 298 | ||
| (3) Public health and social policy | 308 | ||
| bb) Economic dimension | 315 | ||
| (1) Economy sector | 315 | ||
| (2) Economic infrastructure (transport and energy) | 321 | ||
| (3) The environment | 326 | ||
| cc) The security dimension | 330 | ||
| (1) Justice and home affairs | 330 | ||
| dd) Summary | 339 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 343 | ||
| VI. Bibliography | 352 | ||
| 1. Literature | 352 | ||
| 2. Primary sources | 375 | ||
| a) Documents | 375 | ||
| b) Statements, press releases and other official sources | 389 | ||
| Index | 393 |