German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht

doi:10.3790/978-3-428-53622-1

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Giegerich, T., Proelß, A. (Eds.) (2011). German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht. Vol. 53 (2010). Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-53622-1

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German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht

Vol. 53 (2010)

Editors: Giegerich, Thomas | Proelß, Alexander

German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, Vol. 53

(2011)

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Publisher Name: Duncker & Humblot
ISBN: 978-3-428-53622-1
978-3-428-13622-3 (print edition)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-53622-1
Edition: 1
Language: English
Pages: 1046
Collections: NBE RECHT
NBE D&H
Subjects: Public international law

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Institution: € 270.00 (incl. local VAT if applicable)
Individual: € 179.90 (incl. local VAT if applicable)

Abstract

The German Yearbook of International Law, founded as the Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, provides an annual report on new developments in international law and is edited by the Walther Schücking Institute for International Law at the University of Kiel. Since its inception in 1948, the Yearbook has endeavored to make a significant academic contribution to the ongoing development of international law. Over many decades the Yearbook has moved beyond its origins as a forum for German scholars to publish their research and has become a highly-regarded international forum for innovative scholarship in international law. In 1976, the Yearbook adopted its current title and began to publish contributions written in English in order to reach the largest possible international audience. This editorial decision has enabled the Yearbook to successfully overcome traditional language barriers and inform an international readership about current research in German academic institutions and, at the same time, to present international viewpoints to its German audience. Fully aware of the paramount importance of international practice, the Yearbook publishes contributions from active practitioners of international law on a regular basis. The Yearbook also includes critical comments on German state practice relating to international and EU law, as well as international reactions to that practice.

Section Title	Page	Action	Price
TABLE OF CONTENTS	5
FORUM: PERSPECTIVES ON INTERNATIONAL LAW FROM CHINA	9
BING BING JIA: A Synthesis of the Notion of Sovereignty and the Ideal of the Rule of Law: Reflections on the Contemporary Chinese Approach to International Law	11
I. Introduction	11
II. Sovereignty	14
A. The Concept of Sovereignty: A Brief Retrospect	14
B. The Relevance of the Status of a Third World Country	18
C. The Doctrine of Sovereignty as Part of the Contemporary Legal Order	21
III. The Rule of Law	23
A. The Current International Community	23
B. The Nature of Contemporary International Law: A Tentative View	26
C. The International Rule of Law	30
1. The UN on the International Rule of Law	32
2. China on the International Rule of Law	34
IV. Contemporary Chinese Practice: A Synthesis of the Notion of Sovereignty and Respect for the Rule of Law	36
A. China’s Approach to International Treaties	37
1. Position in the Early Days	38
2. Adherence to Treaties in the Negotiation of Which China has Participated	39
3. The Law on the Procedures for the Conclusion of Treaties	40
4. The Effect of Treaties as Part of Chinese Law	41
B. China’s Approach to Customary Law	43
C. China’s Approach to Certain Important Questions Incidental to its Notion of Sovereignty	45
1. Sovereignty and Remedial Self-Determination	45
2. Sovereignty and State Immunity: The 2004 Convention as a Watershed?	50
3. Sovereignty and Jurisdiction: Need for a Positive Rule	53
V. Conclusions	59
FOCUS: CLIMATE CHANGE AND NEW CHALLENGES FOR INTERNATIONAL LAW	63
ALEXANDER PROELSS: International Environmental Law and the Challenge of Climate Change	65
I. The Significance of the Precautionary Principle	71
II. Potential Responses Using International Environmental Law	76
A. Principles as Obligations to Optimize	77
B. Transferability to International Law	78
III. Legal Consequences of a Comprehensive, Multi-Functional Understanding of Precaution	81
IV. Conclusion	86
MALGOSIA FITZMAURICE: Responsibility and Climate Change	89
I. Introduction	89
II. General Observations on the Structure of the Norm in International Law	93
A. The Structure of Norms of International Environmental Law: The Issue of Collective Interest	97
B. Conclusions	101
III. Introductory Observations: Primary Rules of International Environmental Law	101
A. Climate Change: Primary Rules	103
1. Climate Change as a “Common Concern of Mankind”	103
2. Short Introduction to the Climate Change Legal Regime	105
a) The UNFCCC Treaty Regime	105
b) The Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC	107
3. “Soft law” Obligations	108
a) The Bali Road Map	108
b) The Copenhagen Accord	108
c) Qualified Economy-Wide Emissions Targets of Annex I Parties and the Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions of Non-Annex I Parties	110
B. Conclusions	111
IV. Climate Change and Customary International Law on State Responsibility	112
A. Climate Change and State Responsibility: General Observation	112
B. General Principles of Responsibility for Wrongful Acts	113
C. The Wrongful Act and its Attribution	114
D. The “No Significant Harm” Rule	116
E. The Obligation of Due Diligence	119
1. Due Diligence and Climate Change Challenges	121
F. Conclusions	128
V. Climate Change as a Self-Contained Regime	130
A. An Outline of the Problem	130
B. Climate Change as a Self-Contained Regime	133
VI. Soft Law Obligations and Climate Change	136
VII. General Conclusions	137
PHILIPP AERNI, BERTRAM BOIE, THOMAS COTTIER, KATERYNA HOLZER, DANNIE JOST, BARIS KARAPINAR, SOFYA MATTEOTTI, OLGA NARTOVA, TETYANA PAYOSOVA, LUCA RUBINI, ANIRUDH SHINGAL, FITZGERALD TEMMERMAN, ELENA XOPLAKI, SADEQ Z.BIGDELI: Climate Change and International Law: Exploring the Linkages Between Human Rights, Environment, Trade and Investment	139
I. Introduction	140
II. Environmental Law: Principles, UNFCCC and Kyoto II	141
A. Relevance of the Precautionary Principle	142
B. Relevance of the Polluter Pays Principle	146
C. The Current International Climate Policy Framework	148
D. Common but Differentiated Responsibility	150
III. The Human Rights Dimension	152
A. Social and Economic Rights	152
B. Civil and Political Rights	158
IV. The Impact of Trade Regulation	159
A. Defensive Functions of WTO Law	160
1. Border Adjustment Measures	160
2. Carbon Tariffs	164
3. Non-Tariff Measures	166
4. Consumer Taxes	167
B. Proactive Functions of WTO Law	168
1. Framework Energy Agreement	169
a) Liberalization of Trade in Environmental Goods and Services	169
b) Reinforcing Energy Services Commitments and Energy Efficiency	170
c) Framework Conditions for Renewable Energies	171
d) Review of Subsidies Disciplines	172
e) Transit Rights	176
f) Energy Production Controls: OPEC Clause	177
g) Technology Transfer, CDM and Intellectual Property Rights	178
2. Aid for Trade and the Role of Biotechnology	181
V. Investment Protection	183
VI. Conclusions	186
CLIVE SCHOFIELD: Rising Waters, Shrinking States: The Potential Impacts of Sea Level Rise on Claims to Maritime Jurisdiction	189
I. Introduction	189
II. Global Sea Level Rise	191
A. Climate Change and the Oceans	191
B. Rising Waters	193
C. Trying to Detect a Clear Message Through the Static	196
III. Now You See It …?	200
A. The Threats Posed by Sea Level Rise	200
B. Implications for Islands	201
C. Threats to Maritime Jurisdiction	203
D. Threats to the Continued Existence of Small Island States	204
E. Alternative Explanations	205
IV. Parting the Land from the Sea	207
A. Baselines	207
B. Invisible Coasts	208
C. Dynamic Coasts, Ambulatory Baselines and Shifting Limits	210
D. Uneven Impacts	212
V. Options to Counter the Threat of Sea Level Rise to Maritime Claims	214
A. Planned Retreat and Relocation	214
B. Coastal Protection	215
C. Securing the Starting Line	219
1. Choice of Chart	220
2. Applying Straight Baselines	222
3. Declared Baselines	224
D. Fixed Limits	224
E. Options in the Face of Total Inundation of Land Territory	226
VI. Conclusion – The Need for a Fresh Approach?	228
JANE MCADAM AND BEN SAUL: Displacement with Dignity: International Law and Policy Responses to Climate Change Migration and Security in Bangladesh	233
I. Introduction	234
II. The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Movement in Bangladesh	237
III. The Likely Nature of Movement	241
A. Internal Displacement	241
B. Cross-Border Migration	243
IV. Security Risks of Climate Change-Related Movement in Bangladesh	248
A. Social Conflict over Scarce Resources	249
B. Risks of Radicalization and Terrorism Within Bangladesh	253
C. Transnational Security Risks of Bangladeshi Migration	257
D. Ethnic Insurgencies	260
E. Religious Terrorism	262
F. Border Securitization	263
V. Options for Law and Policy Reform	265
A. Strengthen In-Country Adaptation	267
B. Implement International Standards on Internal Displacement	269
1. Pre-Displacement Phase	271
2. During Displacement	271
3. Resettlement or Relocation	273
C. Strengthening Protection Under International Treaties	278
D. Temporary Protection Responses	280
E. Encourage Global Labor Mobility and Lawful Migration Pathways	282
VI. Conclusion	285
MICHAEL BOWMAN: Conserving Biological Diversity in an Era of Climate Change: Local Implementation of International Wildlife Treaties	289
I. Introduction	289
II. The Convention on Biodiversity	293
A. General Provisions	293
B. Climate Change	295
III. The Ramsar Wetlands Convention	298
A. General Provisions	299
B. Climate Change	302
IV. The Bonn Convention on Migratory Species	305
A. General Provisions	306
B. Climate Change	308
V. The Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats	311
A. General Provisions	312
B. Climate Change	316
VI. Local Implementation in the UK	317
A. Selecting a Case Study	318
B. Legal and Administrative Context	322
C. Nature Conservation in Practice	324
1. The Peak District National Park	324
2. The City of Derby	328
3. Lowland Derbyshire	332
VII. Conclusions	338
JOYEETA GUPTA: Climate Change: A GAP Analysis Based on Third World Approaches to International Law	341
I. Introduction	342
II. Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL)	346
A. Introduction	346
B. Perspectives of the TWAIL School of Thought	347
C. Inferences	350
III. The Climate Change Regime: A History	351
IV. Copenhagen and its Results	357
A. The Key Results	358
B. The Targets	360
C. The Finances	363
D. Inferences: What Next?	364
V. Analysis	364
VI. Conclusions	368
WYBE TH. DOUMA: Legal Aspects of the European Union’s Biofuels Policy: Protection or Protectionism?	371
I. Introduction	371
II. Biofuels: Cure or Curse?	374
III. The Former EU Rules on Transport Biofuel and Their Practical Impacts	378
IV. The Present EU Rules on Transport Biofuels	380
A. The Road Towards the Present Rules	380
B. The Renewable Energy Directive and the Fuel Quality Directive	383
1. General	383
2. Indirect Land Use Change	385
3. Social Impacts	387
4. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Savings	388
C. Land-Use Requirements	391
D. Verification of Compliance with Sustainability Criteria	393
V. WTO Consistency of EU Sustainability Criteria	394
A. Introduction	394
B. Article III GATT 1994, National Treatment	395
1. Purpose and Scope of the Provision	395
2. Regulatory Measure Affecting Internal Sale	398
3. Less Favorable Treatment	398
4. “Like” Products	400
C. Article XI: Quantitative Restrictions	405
D. The Article XX Exception	407
1. General	407
2. Article XX(g): Natural Resources	409
3. Article XX(b): Protection of Human, Animal or Plant Life and Health	412
4. Chapeau of Article XX	418
GENERAL ARTICLES	421
THOMAS GIEGERICH, ALEXANDER PROELSS: Foreword from the Editors	423
GÜNTHER HANDL: In Re South African Apartheid Litigation and Beyond: Corporate Liability for Aiding and Abetting Under the Alien Tort Statute	425
I. Introduction	425
II. Corporate Liability Under the ATS	431
III. Corporate Aiding and Abetting Liability Under the ATS	438
IV. Aiding and Abetting Liability: The Basic Choice-of-Law Issue	441
V. Specific Aiding and Abetting Standards Under Customary International Law	446
A. The Actus Reus of Aiding and Abetting	447
B. The Applicable Mens Rea Standard	451
C. The Issue of Vicarious Liability	458
VI. Outlook and Conclusions	460
KAI AMBOS: The Crime of Aggression After Kampala	463
I. Preliminary Remarks	464
II. The Kampala Compromise	466
A. The Definition	467
B. The Exercise of Jurisdiction	471
1. The Starting Point	471
2. The Negotiations	473
3. The Final Compromise	475
III. Critical Analysis	478
A. Preliminary Clarifications	478
B. The Definition	482
1. The Dual Nature of the Crime of Aggression and the Threshold Clause	482
2. The Reference to Resolution 3314	486
3. The Special Offense Character of the Crime and the Leadership Clause	489
4. The Conduct Verbs and the Criminalization of Preparatory Acts	493
5. The Mental Element	497
C. The Exercise of Jurisdiction	498
1. The Trigger Procedures and the Role of the Security Council	498
2. Conditions for the Exercise of Jurisdiction and Jurisdictional Limitations (Article 15bis (4) and (5))	501
IV. Conclusion	508
KERSTIN ODENDAHL: The Scope of Application of the Principle of Territorial Integrity	511
I. Introduction: The ICJ Advisory Opinion on Kosovo	511
II. The Principle of Territorial Integrity in International Documents	514
A. The Birth of a New International Concept	514
B. The Establishment of a New Legal Principle in UN Documents	516
1. The Original Principle: Article 2 (4) UN Charter and its Reaffirmation by UN Documents	516
2. UN Documents Enlarging the Principle	518
3. UN Documents Mentioning the Principle in a General Manner	521
C. The Adoption of the Principle by Regional Documents	521
1. Regional Documents Referring to the Original Principle	522
2. Regional Documents Referring to the Enlarged Principle	523
3. Regional Documents Mentioning the Principle in a General Manner	524
D. Recognition as a Principle of Customary International Law	526
III. External Scope of Application of the Principle of Territorial Integrity	527
IV. Internal Scope of Application of the Principle of Territorial Integrity?	528
A. Security Council Resolutions Condemning Secessionist Movements and/or Declarations of Independence	530
B. General Assembly Resolutions Condemning Secessionist Movements and/or Declarations of Independence	533
C. Territorial Integrity of States as a General and Absolute Principle	534
D. The “Safeguard Clause:” Limiting the Right of Peoples to Self-Determination in Favor of Territorial Integrity	536
V. Conclusion	539
CHARLES RIZIKI MAJINGE: Southern Sudan and the Struggle for Self-Determination in Contemporary Africa: Examining its Basis Under International Law	541
I. Introduction	541
II. Southern Sudan within Sudan	545
III. The CPA and the Constitutional Developments in Sudan	551
IV. The Concept of Self-Determination in International Law	554
V. The Right to Self-Determination in Contemporary Africa	559
A. Biafra	561
B. Eritrea	562
C. Western Sahara	563
VI. The Basis for Southern Sudan’s Claim to the Right to Self-Determination	568
VII. Conclusion	576
ANASTASIOS GOURGOURINIS: Lex Specialis in WTO and Investment Protection Law	579
I. Introduction	579
II. The Dual Typology of Lex Specialis: The Principle of Lex Specialis Derogat Legi Generali and the Lex Specialis/Generalis Qualification	581
A. The Lex Specialis Derogat Legi Generali Principle as Denoting Exclusionar Application of Conflicting International Legal Norms	585
B. The Case of Lex Specialis/Generalis Qualification as Denoting Cumulative Application of Non-Conflicting Norms	593
C. Interim Conclusions: Normative Conflict in the Operative Context of Lex Specialis Derogat Legi Generali and Article 31 (3)(c) VCLT	599
III. An Operative Sketch for Lex Specialis	604
A. The Proper Operation of Lex Specialis Entails a “Norm-by-Norm” Juxtaposition	604
B. The Proper Operation of Lex Specialis Requires a High Degree of Rationae Materiae Sameness Shared by the Juxtaposed Norms	610
C. The Relationship Between Lex Specialis Derogat Legi Generali and Lex Posterior Derogat Legi Priori	618
IV. Conclusion	621
ANNE PETERS: Extraterritorial Naturalizations: Between the Human Right to Nationality, State Sovereignty and Fair Principles of Jurisdiction	623
I. Introduction	624
II. Basic Concepts	625
A. Nationality	625
B. Original and Derivative Acquisition of Nationality	627
III. The Duality of Nationality: Domestic Affairs Within International Legal Limits	628
IV. The Practice of Extraterritorial Naturalization	632
A. The Russian “Passportization” Policy in South Ossetia and Abkhazia Since 2002	634
1. International Legal Background	635
2. Georgian Nationality of Residents of South Osssetia and Abkhazia	638
3. Inopposability of Abkhazian and South Ossetian “Nationality”	640
4. Naturalization of Georgian Citizens Residing in Abkhazia and South Ossetia by Russia	641
B. Russian “Passportization” Policy in Transnistria (Moldova)	644
C. Hungarian Extraterritorial Nationality	645
D. The Romanian Policy of Extraterritorial Restitution of Nationality	647
E. Extraterritorial German Nationality and “Status” Between 1949 and 1990	649
1. The One and Single German Nationality Beyond the Territorial Scope of the Basic Law	651
2. Status-Germans Residing in the Former Eastern Territories of Germany	653
F. Cypriot Nationality of the Inhabitants of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus	656
V. Principles Governing Extraterritorial Naturalizations	657
A. The Interests at Stake	657
B. Powers of the Naturalizing State	658
C. Rights of the Concerned Individuals	658
1. The Right to Change One’s Nationality Through Naturalization	659
a) A Human Right to Nationality?	659
b) The Rights to Acquire, to Retain, and to Change One’s Nationality	661
c) The Right to Change as a Prohibition of an Arbitrary Refusal to Release a National	662
2. The Right Not to be Discriminated Against in the Context of Naturalization	664
3. The Right Not to be Naturalized Against One’s Will	666
a) Legal Basis of the Consent Requirement	666
b) Vitiation of the Individual’s Consent	668
4. Limits to the Individual Choice of Nationality	668
D. Interests of the Former Patron State	669
1. Preserving Statehood	669
2. Jurisdiction over Persons	671
3. Territorial Sovereignty	672
E. Principles Serving Global Public Interests	673
1. Good Neighborliness	674
2. Repartition of Jurisdiction	674
3. The Prohibition of an Abuse of Rights	675
VI. Striking the Balance: International Legal Limits on Naturalizations	677
A. The Prohibition of an Arbitrary Refusal to Release One’s Nationals	678
B. The Requirement of a Factual Connection Between Applicants and the Naturalizing State	680
1. Rationales	681
2. Manifestation of the General Principle of Effectiveness	682
3. Intensity: No “Genuine” Link Requirement	684
a) Nottebohm and the Ensuing Controversy	684
b) Appropriate Connections Suffice	686
C. No per se Illegality of Individual Extraterritorial Naturalizations	689
1. The Traditional Requirement of Residence	689
2. Abandonment of the Residence Requirement for Individual Naturalizations	690
D. Collective Naturalizations	691
1. The Requirement of an Individual Right of Refusal	692
2. The Requirement of Residence for Collective Naturalizations	693
3. Collective Naturalization in the Context of State Succession	694
a) No “Automatic” Collective Change of Nationality	695
b) No Customary Right of Option	696
4. De facto Collective Naturalizations	698
VII. Application of the Principles to the Cases	700
A. The Russian “Passportization” Policy in South Ossetia and Abkhazia May Result in Exorbitant Naturalizations	700
1. Overstepping the Limits of the Individual Right to Change One’s Nationality	700
2. Doubtful Voluntariness	700
3. Lacking Factual Connection	702
4. De facto Collective Naturalization	704
5. Abuse of Rights	705
B. Germany, Cyprus, Hungary, and Romania	705
VIII. Consequences of Exorbitant Naturalizations Under International Law	709
A. Illegality and Non-Opposability	709
B. Non-Opposability Through Non-Recognition	712
1. Non-Recognition by International Bodies and by Any Other State	712
2. Non-Recognition from a Choice of Law Perspective	715
3. Non-Recognition Only if Serious Doubts	716
a) The General Presumption of Lawfulness of a Naturalization	716
b) No Such Presumption for Extraterritorial Naturalizations	718
4. Possible Preclusion of Wrongfulness or Waiver	718
C. Consequences of Exorbitant Naturalizations for the Former Nationality	719
D. Illegality of Extraterritorial Governmental Acts Related to Naturalizations	722
IX. Conclusions	723
PIETRO PUSTORINO: Failed States and International Law: The Impact of UN Practice on Somalia in Respect of Fundamental Rules of International Law	727
I. The Legal Definition of Failed States	727
II. The Principle of Effectiveness and Failed States	731
III. The Application of the Principles of Prohibition on the Use of Force and Self-Determination of Peoples to Failed States	733
IV. The General Objectives of the UN in Regard to Somalia	734
V. An Overview of UN Practice on Somalia	736
A. The Practice of the General Assembly and Other UN Organs on Somalia	736
B. The Security Council’s Practice on Somalia: The Problem of the Consent to the Exercise of International Subsidiary Functions in the Failed States	739
C. The Specific Content of the Sovereign Subsidiary Functions Authorized by the Security Council in Somalia	741
VI. Relevance of the UN Practice on Somalia for the Progressive Importance of Human Rights and for the Role of People in International Law	746
VII. Effects of UN Practice on Somalia with Regard to the Principle of Effectiveness and the Principle of Territorial Integrity	748
VIII. The Issue of the International Responsibility of Failed States and the Applicability of Norms on Succession of States	749
IX. Conclusions	751
PATRICK KROKER: Transitional Justice Policy in Practice: Victim Participation in the Khmer Rouge Tribunal	753
I. Introduction	753
A. Victims’ Interests in International Criminal Justice	755
B. The Cambodian Transitional Justice Context	758
II. The Genesis and Development of Victim Participation at the ECCC	763
A. The Negotiations Between Cambodia and the UN	763
B. Determining the Procedural Law – the Internal Rules	764
C. Managing Victim Participation	767
D. Early Stages of Victim Participation: From Initial Enthusiasm to First Restrictions	767
E. Civil Parties in the First Trial Before the ECCC	771
F. The Big Shift: The Fifth Amendment of the Internal Rules	774
G. Victim Participation and the Limited Scope of Investigations: the Case of the Khmer Krom	777
H. Victims and the First Verdict of the ECCC	780
III. Conclusions	784
A. Limitations of Criminal Trials	784
B. Shortcomings and Recommendations	786
1. Recognizing and Communicating Limitations	786
2. Provide Adequate Funding for Victim Participation	787
3. Management of Victim Participation	788
4. Establishing a System of Representation	789
5. Cooperation with Civil Society	790
KARIN OELLERS-FRAHM: Problematic Question or Problematic Answer? Observations on the International Court of Justice’s Advisory Opinion Concerning Kosovo’s Unilateral Declaration of Independence	793
I. Introduction	793
II. The Factual Background to the Request	794
III. The Adoption of GA Resolution 63/3 of 8 September 2008	797
IV. The Opinion of the Court	799
A. Procedural Aspects	799
1. Jurisdiction	800
2. Discretion	800
B. Scope and Meaning of the Question	803
1. “Conformity of the Declaration of Independence with International Law”	803
2. The “Authors” of the Declaration	805
C. Judicial Appreciation of the Declaration of Independence	807
1. General International Law	808
a) Non-Existence of a Rule Prohibiting Declarations of Independence	808
b) Declarations of Independence and the Principle of Territorial Integrity	809
c) The Right to Self-Determination and Declarations of Independence	811
d) Appraisal of the Court’s Findings on General International Law	812
(1) The Lotus Principle	812
(2) Permissive Rules of Secession in the Case of Kosovo	814
2. SC Resolution 1244 of 10 June 1999	817
a) Applicability of the Resolution	817
b) Interpretation of the Resolution	818
c) The Authors of the Declaration of Independence	820
d) Did the Authors of the Declaration Act in Violation of SC Resolution 1244 of 10 June 1999?	821
e) Appraisal of the Court’s Findings on SC Resolution 1244 of 10 June 1999	822
V. Consequences of the Declaration of Independence on the Validity of the Resolution	825
VI. Concluding Remarks	828
GERMAN PRACTICE	831
WOLFF HEINTSCHEL VON HEINEGG AND PETER DREIST: The 2009 Kunduz Air Attack: The Decision of the Federal Prosecutor-General on the Dismissal of Criminal Proceedings Against Members of the German Armed Forces	833
I. Introduction	833
II. The Facts Established by the Federal Prosecutor-General	834
A. The Capture of the Tank Trucks	835
B. The Situation Prior to the Attack	836
C. The Attack of 4 September 2009	838
D. Damage and Casualties	840
III. Legal Evaluation of the September 2009 Air Attack by the Federal Prosecutor-General	841
A. Criminal Liability Under the Code of Crimes Against International Law (CCAIL)	842
1. The Legal Nature of the Conflict in Afghanistan	842
2. Criminal Liability According to Section 11 (1) No. 3 CCAIL	843
3. Other Offenses under the CCAIL	845
B. Criminal Liability According to Section 211 of the German Criminal Code	846
1. Objective and Subjective Elements	846
2. Justification According to International Humanitarian Law	846
a) Taliban Fighters as Lawful Targets	846
b) Civilians Directly Participating in Hostilities	847
c) Collateral Damage	848
d) Precautions in Attack	849
e) The Relevance of RoE	850
IV. Comment	850
A. Legal Nature of the Conflict	850
B. Lawful Targets	857
1. Trucks and Taliban Fighters	857
2. Civilians Directly Participating in Hostilities	859
C. Collateral Damage and Precautions in Attack	863
V. Concluding Remarks	864
THOMAS GIEGERICH: The Federal Constitutional Court’s Non-Sustainable Role as Europe’s Ultimate Arbiter: From Age Discrimination to the Saving of the Euro	867
I. Introduction	867
II. Age Discrimination in Employment Case	869
III. Judicial Abstention in Financial Emergencies	880
THOMAS GIEGERICH AND OLIVER DAUM: Chechen Rebels as “bona fide refugees”? The Judgment of the Federal Administrative Court of 24 November 2009	885
DANJA BLÖCHER: Retraction of Definitive Administrative Acts After a Change in Case Law	897
PHILIPP WENNHOLZ: Refugee Protection for a Leading War Criminal? The Judgment of the Munich Higher Administrative Court of 11 January 2010	907
HENDRIK WIEDUWILT: The German Federal Constitutional Court Puts the Data Retention Directive on Hold	917
ALEXANDER PROELSS: Enforcement of the Obligation to Refer to the European Court of Justice Under Article 267 (3) TFEU	927
MONIKA KRIVICKAITE AND HANS-CHRISTIAN SCHRÖDER: The New German Federal Nature Conservation Act in the Context of the International Law of the Sea	935
BERENIKE SCHRIEWER: Gäfgen v. Germany Revisited	945
WIEBKE STAFF: Germany’s National Preventive Mechanism Under the Optional Protocol to the UN Convention Against Torture	953
TOBIAS THIENEL: Human Rights of Biological Fathers v. Hard and Fast Rules: The Case of Anayo v. Germany	963
JULE SIEGFRIED, BERENIKE SCHRIEWER AND PATRICK BRAASCH: The Withdrawal of Germany’s Unilateral Statement on the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child	973
PATRICK BRAASCH: Deportation of Foreign Nationals Under Article 12 (4) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights	981
FELIX BIEKER AND LORENZ FRAHM: Follow-Up: The Implementation of the ECtHR’s Judgment in the Case M. v. Germany	987
AMIR MAKEE MOSA AND FRIEDERIKE SEESKO: Can the 2008 Framework Decision on the Fight Against Organized Crime Influence German Criminal Law?	993
PIERRE ZICKERT: German Legal Protection Against the European Patent Organisation and Other International Organizations	999
OLIVER DAUM: Follow-Up: The Zaunegger v. Germany Case	1003
PATRICK BRAASCH: Follow-Up: The European Court of Human Rights’ Pilot Judgment on Excessive Length of Proceedings Before German Courts	1007
BOOK REVIEWS	1011
Hirad Abtahi/Philippa Webb: The Genocide Convention: The Travaux Préparatoires (CHRISTIAN J. TAMS)	1013
M. Cherif Bassiouni (ed.): The Pursuit of International Criminal Justice: A World Study on Conflicts, Victimization and Post-Conflict Justice (BJÖRN ELBERLING)	1014
Markus Benzing: Das Beweisrecht vor internationalen Gerichten und Schiedsgerichten in zwischenstaatlichen Streitigkeiten (CHRISTIAN J. TAMS)	1017
Michelle T. Grando: Evidence, Proof, and Fact-Finding in WTO Dispute Settlement (CHRISTIAN J. TAMS)	1017
Anthony Cullen: The Concept of Non-International Armed Conflict in International Humanitarian Law (ROBIN GEISS)	1019
Yoram Dinstein: The International Law of Belligerent Occupation (BENJAMIN M. CLARKE)	1021
Yuval Ginbar: Why Not Torture Terrorists? Moral, Practical and Legal Aspects of the ‘Ticking Bomb’ Justification for Torture (BERENIKE SCHRIEWER)	1024
Jeremy Waldron: Torture, Terror and Trade-Offs – Philosophy for the White House (BERENIKE SCHRIEWER)	1024
Vaughan Lowe/Stefan Talmon: The Legal Order of the Oceans (BING BING JIA)	1027
Noam Lubell: Extraterritorial Use of Force Against Non-State Actors (ROBIN GEISS)	1028
Daniel Thürer: Völkerrecht als Fortschritt und Chance – Grundidee Gerechtigkeit (STEPHAN HOBE)	1031
David Weissbrodt: The Human Rights of Non-Citizens (KATE C. PURCELL)	1035
Carl-Sebastian Zoellner: Das Transparenzprinzip im internationalen Wirtschaftsrecht – Konturen und Perspektiven des transparenzrelevanten Einwirkens auf die innerstaatliche Rechts- und Verwaltungspraxis (MARKUS KRAJEWSKI)	1042
BOOKS RECEIVED	1045

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German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht

Vol. 53 (2010)

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