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Delbrück, J., Giegerich, T., Zimmermann, A. (Eds.) (2008). German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht. Vol. 50 (2007). Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-52844-8
Delbrück, Jost; Giegerich, Thomas and Zimmermann, Andreas. German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 50 (2007). Duncker & Humblot, 2008. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-52844-8
Delbrück, J, Giegerich, T, Zimmermann, A (eds.) (2008): German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 50 (2007), Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-52844-8
Format
German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht
Vol. 50 (2007)
Editors: Delbrück, Jost | Giegerich, Thomas | Zimmermann, Andreas
German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, Vol. 50
(2008)
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Abstract
The German Yearbook of International Law was founded in 1948 as the "Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht" by Rudolf Laun and Hermann von Mangoldt and is now edited by the Institute for International Law at the University of Kiel. Since its inception it has endeavoured to contribute to the development of international law. Originally it has done this mainly by providing German scholars with an opportunity to publish the results of their works, but increasingly also by offering an international forum.In view of the desirability of obtaining for the Yearbook the largest possible international audience, the editors in 1976 have decided to use the present English title and to accept for publication preferably contributions written in English, or - to a lesser degree - in French. Naturally, the Yearbook also contains contributions written in German. This policy to overcome traditional language barriers appears to have proven successful both in informing the international law community about research done in German academic institutions and in presenting international viewpoints on various topics to the German audience.The Yearbook provides an annual report on the work of internatioal organizations and bodies including the International Court of Justice and the European Court and Commission of Human Rights. Fully aware of the paramount importance of practical aspects in this field, the editors from the beginning also have sought to include contributions from practitioners of international law.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | 5 | ||
| LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS | 9 | ||
| FOCUS SECTION: “TYPISCH DEUTSCH …”: IS THERE A GERMAN APPROACH TO INTERNATIONAL LAW? | 15 | ||
| Thomas Giegerich and Andreas Zimmermann: Introduction | 15 | ||
| Anthony Carty: The Evolution of International Legal Scholarship in Germany during the Kaiserreich and the Weimarer Republik (1871–1933) | 29 | ||
| A. Introduction and Issues of Methodology | 29 | ||
| B. Germany’s Security Situation Following Unification in 1871 as Background to the Outbreak of the First World War: Political History (Hegelianism) and International Law | 38 | ||
| C. Legal Responsibility for the Outbreak of the First World War, English and French Views of German International Law after the Outbreak of War | 56 | ||
| D. Some German International Law Reflections in the Course and after the First World War on the Causes of the War | 68 | ||
| Michael Stolleis: Against Universalism – German International Law under the Swastika: Some Contributions to the History of Jurisprudence 1933–1945 | 91 | ||
| A. The Situation after 1933 | 91 | ||
| B. Between State and “Volk” | 94 | ||
| C. Between “Volk” and “Reich” | 95 | ||
| D. “Geopolitik” and “Großraum” | 99 | ||
| E. Periodicals | 101 | ||
| F. Institutions | 104 | ||
| G. Textbooks | 106 | ||
| H. The last Stance | 109 | ||
| Knut Ipsen: International Legal Scholarship in West Germany after World War II | 111 | ||
| A. The Period of First Orientations | 113 | ||
| I. The “German Question” and other Post-War Problems | 114 | ||
| II. The Attempt of new Approaches | 116 | ||
| III. The Concentration on Concrete Urgent Problems as a Command of Circumstances | 117 | ||
| B. The Period of Stabilization | 119 | ||
| I. The Perception of International Law in General | 121 | ||
| II. The New Dimension of the “German Question” | 125 | ||
| III. From Stabilization to Normalization | 128 | ||
| C. The Period of Normalization | 129 | ||
| I. A Fundamental Concept of International Law | 130 | ||
| II. The Broadening of the Subjects of Research | 132 | ||
| D. Conclusions | 135 | ||
| Walter Poeggel: The Development of Teaching and Research in the Field of Public International Law at the Universities of the Former German Democratic Republic | 139 | ||
| A. Teaching Public International Law | 139 | ||
| B. International Legal Scholarship | 142 | ||
| Theodor Schweisfurth: The Science of Public International Law in the German Democratic Republic | 149 | ||
| A. Preliminary Remarks | 149 | ||
| B. Construction Work on Devastated Areas | 150 | ||
| C. Publications – Subjects, Standard, Style | 152 | ||
| D. The Principal Approach – The Communist Conception of the World | 158 | ||
| E. Unity of International Law: Peaceful Coexistence and Socialist Internationalism | 160 | ||
| I. Peaceful Coexistence as a Legal Principle – “General-Democratic” International Law | 160 | ||
| II. The Principle of Socialist Internationalism – “Socialist” International Law | 162 | ||
| III. Relationship between the Basic Principles of International Law and the Principle of Socialist Internationalism | 164 | ||
| F. Special Topics of Research | 167 | ||
| I. An Incomplete Survey | 168 | ||
| II. UN Codification Projects | 174 | ||
| 1. State Responsibility | 174 | ||
| 2. State Succession | 177 | ||
| 3. International Criminal Law | 179 | ||
| 4. Jurisdictional Immunity of States | 181 | ||
| 5. Law of the Sea | 182 | ||
| III. The German Question | 183 | ||
| 1. State Continuity or Extinction | 183 | ||
| 2. “Potsdam Agreement” | 186 | ||
| 3. German Territories | 188 | ||
| a) Eastern Territories | 188 | ||
| b) Berlin | 188 | ||
| 4. Statehood and Sovereignty of the GDR | 189 | ||
| 5. Conclusion of a Peace Treaty | 192 | ||
| 6. Relationship between the two German States | 193 | ||
| a) Recognition – Special Relationship | 193 | ||
| b) German Citizenship | 195 | ||
| 7. Reunification | 195 | ||
| G. Concluding Remarks | 197 | ||
| Robert Kolb: German Legal Scholarship as Reflected in Hague Academy Courses on Public International Law | 201 | ||
| A. Introduction | 201 | ||
| B. Overview of German Courses | 207 | ||
| C. German Legal Scholarship at the Hague Academy: from “Constitutionalization” to “Communautarization” of International Law | 209 | ||
| I. German Legal Scholarship between 1923 and 1939 at the Hague Academy: State-Centered Versions versus Community-Centered Versions | 211 | ||
| 1. General Outlook | 211 | ||
| 2. State-Centered (Sovereignist) Views: Prolonging the Lines of Tradition | 215 | ||
| 3. International Community-Centered Views: Breaking New Ground | 220 | ||
| a) Vienna School | 221 | ||
| b) Pacifist School | 228 | ||
| II. German Legal Scholarship at the Hague Academy since 1947: Prevalence of Community-Centered Versions | 230 | ||
| D. Conclusion | 240 | ||
| Stephan Hobe and Karsten Nowrot: Whither the Sovereign State? | 243 | ||
| A. Statehood and Sovereignty – A Specific Concern to German Scholars of International Law? | 244 | ||
| B. Whither the Sovereign State? – Assessing German Perspectives | 250 | ||
| I. International Cooperation – Why Bother? The Notion of “Closed Statehood” Prevailing in German Legal Thinking until 1945 | 250 | ||
| II. The Changing Understanding of Sovereignty and its Consequences for Statehood after 1945 | 263 | ||
| 1. “Sovereignty Subject to International Law” – The Lowest Common Denominator? | 264 | ||
| 2. The Sovereign State in a Changing International System | 268 | ||
| a) The Interdependent and Permeable State: Cooperation and Community Interests | 268 | ||
| b) The Marginalized and Disaggregated State (?): Processes of Globalization and Internationalization of Administrative Relations | 274 | ||
| 3. Consequences for the Sovereign State: Reconceptualizing Statehood | 279 | ||
| a) A Slow Farewell to the Closed Nation State: The Model of the ‘Open State’ | 279 | ||
| b) … and Sovereignty? | 282 | ||
| III. Discovering Legal and Conceptual Interactivity: The Sovereign State as a Model for the Changing International Legal System? | 284 | ||
| C. The Large and Many-Voiced German Chorus on “Whither the Sovereign State:” A Speculative Look behind the Curtain | 287 | ||
| D. Outlook: “Whither the Sovereign State?” and the Future of General Theory of the State | 300 | ||
| Stefan Kadelbach and Thomas Kleinlein: International Law – a Constitution for Mankind? An Attempt at a Re-appraisal with an Analysis of Constitutional Principles | 303 | ||
| A. Introduction | 303 | ||
| B. Constitutional Approaches Beyond the State | 304 | ||
| I. Structure of the Debate | 304 | ||
| II. The Concept of Constitution | 308 | ||
| III. Conditions for International Constitutionalism in German Legal Writings | 310 | ||
| C. Constitutional Norms in Public International Law | 313 | ||
| I. Fundamental Norms | 314 | ||
| II. The UN Charter and its Article 103 | 317 | ||
| III. Constitutional Law of International Organizations | 319 | ||
| 1. The European Union | 320 | ||
| 2. The World Trade Organization | 323 | ||
| 3. The Role of NGOs – and the ICRC and ILO as Two Organizations Neglected in the Debate | 324 | ||
| IV. Constitutionalism as a Response to Restrictions on the Domaine Réservé of States | 327 | ||
| V. Interim Conclusions | 328 | ||
| D. Constitutional Norms as Principles | 330 | ||
| I. The Constitutional Approach to Public International Law as a Value-oriented Approach | 330 | ||
| 1. Values in German Public International Law Scholarship and Constitutional Doctrine | 330 | ||
| 2. Deficits of the Value Approach | 333 | ||
| II. Hierarchy of Values | 336 | ||
| III. Reconstruction of the Constitutional Approach as a Theory of Constitutional Principles | 337 | ||
| 1. The Formulation of Constitutional Norms as General Principles | 338 | ||
| 2. Qualification of the Legal Norm as a Principle | 342 | ||
| 3. Application of the Principle | 345 | ||
| E. Conclusions | 347 | ||
| Matthias Herdegen and Thilo Rensmann: Is There a Specific German Approach to the Prohibition of the Use of Force? | 349 | ||
| A. Introduction | 349 | ||
| B. The “Constitutionalization” of the United Nations System of Collective Security | 350 | ||
| C. Rearmament: Self-Defense as an Inherent Right | 353 | ||
| D. The Hungarian Uprising: A Disillusioned Shift to Realism | 356 | ||
| E. Cold War and Détente: Pragmatic Positivism | 358 | ||
| F. From Enemy State to Full Membership: The Demise of Formal Positivism | 363 | ||
| G. Reunification: From the Defense of German Territory to the Defense of International Peace and Security | 367 | ||
| H. The Humanitarian Intervention in the Kosovo Crisis as a Turning Point | 369 | ||
| I. The Iraq War and Preventive Self-Defense | 371 | ||
| J. Conclusion | 373 | ||
| Pierre-Marie Dupuy: Taking International Law Seriously: The German Approach to International Law | 375 | ||
| A. Introduction | 375 | ||
| B. Between Historical Responsibility and Vision | 376 | ||
| C. International Law as a Unified Legal System | 382 | ||
| D. Constitutionalization of the International Community | 386 | ||
| E. Conclusion | 390 | ||
| Eyal Benvenisti: The Conception of International Law as a Legal System | 393 | ||
| A. Introduction | 393 | ||
| B. The Systemic Vision of International Law | 393 | ||
| C. The Systemic Vision as a Delegation of Authority | 396 | ||
| D. Achievements and Challenges for the Systemic Vision of International Law | 398 | ||
| I. Toward Pragmatism in the Global Counter-terrorism Effort? | 400 | ||
| II. The Fragmentation of International Law | 402 | ||
| III. The Turn to Informal or Privatized Forms of International Coordination | 403 | ||
| E. Conclusion | 404 | ||
| Andrea Gattini: Post 1945 German International Law and State Responsibility | 407 | ||
| A. Introduction | 407 | ||
| B. Post 1945 German International Law | 410 | ||
| C. Post 1945 German International Law and State Responsibility | 412 | ||
| Luzius Wildhaber: A Sensible and Serious Approach to International Law? | 415 | ||
| Władysław Czapliński: The German Doctrine of International Law and Polish-German Relations (Past and Future) | 419 | ||
| A. Introduction | 419 | ||
| B. Diverse Polish and German Legal Positions Arising from the End of World War II | 421 | ||
| C. Conclusion | 429 | ||
| Lauri Hannikainen: Juridically Solid, Politically … What? Personal Reflections on the German Approach to International Law | 431 | ||
| A. The Cold War Period | 432 | ||
| B. My First Years and Decades in International Legal Science | 433 | ||
| C. An Effort to Analyze the Present German Approach to International Law | 436 | ||
| I. Legal Education | 436 | ||
| II. Political Factors | 437 | ||
| III. Closer Look at the German Approach | 438 | ||
| D. The German Judge at the International Court of Justice | 439 | ||
| E. My Present Contacts with German-speaking Scholars | 443 | ||
| Fred L. Morrison: German Scholars in the Invisible College of International Lawyers | 445 | ||
| A. The Major Difference: Choice of Topic | 445 | ||
| B. Background Influences | 449 | ||
| I. Thoroughness | 450 | ||
| II. The Rejection of Positivism | 452 | ||
| III. Personal Involvement in the Practice of Public International Law | 452 | ||
| C. Some Technical Differences | 454 | ||
| D. Conclusion | 455 | ||
| Stefan Oeter: The Dismemberment of Yugoslavia: An Update on Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and Montenegro | 457 | ||
| A. Introduction | 457 | ||
| B. From Yugoslavia to Serbia and Montenegro: Dismemberment v. Identity | 470 | ||
| C. The 2001 Succession Agreement as Decisive Step towards the Resolution of Open Succession Disputes | 475 | ||
| D. Bosnia and Herzegovina: Sovereign Statehood under International Supervision | 479 | ||
| I. The Civil War in Bosnia and the Road to Dayton | 479 | ||
| II. The Dayton Accord: Setting the Framework for a “Quasi-Protectorate” | 484 | ||
| III. The High Representative: Coordinator of International Assistance or Colonial “Pro-Consul?” | 490 | ||
| IV. Are there Chances of Constitutional Reform? | 493 | ||
| V. Partition as an Alternative? | 495 | ||
| E. Kosovo: From Humanitarian Intervention to “Conditional Independence” | 496 | ||
| I. The Events Prior to Resolution 1244 | 496 | ||
| II. UNMIK: Mandate, Structure, Problems | 501 | ||
| III. Negotiations on the Final Status and the “Ahtisaari Plan” | 506 | ||
| IV. Moving towards “Conditional” Independence | 510 | ||
| V. Issues of State Succession | 513 | ||
| F. Montenegro: From Union with Serbia to Independent Statehood | 515 | ||
| G. Conclusions | 518 | ||
| Alexander Szodruch: Necessity and Beyond – The Legal Aftermath of the Argentine Financial Crisis before the German Federal Constitutional Court | 523 | ||
| A. A New Era of State Insolvencies: The Argentine Crisis | 523 | ||
| B. Proceedings before German Courts | 525 | ||
| C. The Preliminary Ruling Procedure | 527 | ||
| D. State of Necessity as a Defense for a Payment Default: The Ruling of 8 May 2007 | 529 | ||
| I. General Recognition of the Necessity Defense in International Law | 529 | ||
| II. Applicability of Necessity in Contractual Relationships: The Majority Opinion | 530 | ||
| III. Dissenting opinion by Judge Lübbe-Wolff | 532 | ||
| IV. Analysis | 533 | ||
| E. Enforcing Judgments against Argentina | 536 | ||
| I. The Ruling of 6 December 2006 Regarding Embassy Accounts | 537 | ||
| II. Argentine Financial Activities Outside the Diplomatic Mission | 539 | ||
| F. Conclusion | 541 | ||
| Tobias Thienel: The Burden and Standard of Proof in the European Court of Human Rights | 543 | ||
| A. Introduction | 543 | ||
| B. The Burden of Proof | 544 | ||
| I. The Terminology and the Existence of a Burden of Proof in the ECtHR | 545 | ||
| 1. The “Burden of Producing Evidence” | 545 | ||
| 2. The “Persuasive” or “Legal” Burden | 548 | ||
| 3. Consequences for the Application of “Judicial Notice” | 549 | ||
| II. The Incidence of the Burden | 550 | ||
| 1. In General | 550 | ||
| 2. Exceptions, Justifications and Defenses | 551 | ||
| III. The “Shifting” Burden | 554 | ||
| C. The Standard of Proof | 555 | ||
| I. What is a Standard of Proof? | 555 | ||
| 1. A Question of Procedural Law | 555 | ||
| 2. Questions of Fact v. Questions of Law | 556 | ||
| a) The Interpretation of the Law | 556 | ||
| b) The Application of the Law | 556 | ||
| c) Domestic Law | 558 | ||
| 3. Assessment of Risks v. Standard of Proof? | 561 | ||
| II. The Strasbourg Authorities | 563 | ||
| 1. Early Case Law | 563 | ||
| 2. Later Developments | 564 | ||
| III. The Source of the Standard of Proof | 566 | ||
| 1. The Common Law Tradition | 567 | ||
| 2. The Civil Law Tradition | 569 | ||
| 3. The Practice of Other International Courts | 571 | ||
| 4. Conclusions on the Source of the Standard of Proof | 575 | ||
| IV. The Standard of Proof “Beyond Reasonable Doubt” in Principle | 578 | ||
| 1. The Standard of Proof “Beyond Reasonable Doubt” in Criminal Law | 578 | ||
| 2. The Standard of Proof “Beyond Reasonable Doubt” and the Court’s Task | 579 | ||
| V. Indications on the Proper Standard of Proof | 581 | ||
| VI. The Standard of Proof where the Burden is on the State | 583 | ||
| VII. The Standard of Proof on the Question of a “Real Risk” (Soering) | 586 | ||
| VIII. Conclusions on the Standard of Proof | 586 | ||
| D. Conclusion | 587 | ||
| REPORTS | 589 | ||
| Saskia Klatte und Jonas S. Dörschner: Die Rechtsprechung des Internationalen Gerichtshofes im Jahre 2007 | 589 | ||
| A. Einleitung | 589 | ||
| B. Anhängige Verfahren im Jahre 2007 | 589 | ||
| C. Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) | 592 | ||
| I. Hintergrund des Falles | 592 | ||
| II. Rechtliche Erwägungen des Gerichtshofs | 593 | ||
| III. Entscheidungsformel | 593 | ||
| IV. Erklärungen, Sondervoten und abweichende Meinungen | 593 | ||
| 1. Erklärung des Richters Koroma | 593 | ||
| 2. Erklärung des Richters Buergenthal | 594 | ||
| 3. Abweichende Meinung des ad hoc-Richters Torres Bernárdez | 594 | ||
| D. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) | 594 | ||
| I. Hintergrund des Falles | 595 | ||
| II. Rechtliche Erwägungen des Gerichtshofs | 595 | ||
| III. Entscheidungsformel | 597 | ||
| IV. Erklärungen, Sondervoten und abweichende Meinungen | 597 | ||
| 1. Erklärung des ad hoc-Richters Mahiou | 597 | ||
| 2. Sondervotum des ad hoc-Richters Mampuya | 598 | ||
| E. Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) | 598 | ||
| I. Hintergrund des Falles | 598 | ||
| II. Die rechtlichen Erwägungen | 599 | ||
| III. Entscheidungsformel | 601 | ||
| IV. Erklärungen, Sondervoten und abweichende Meinungen | 601 | ||
| 1. Abweichende Meinung des Vize-Präsidenten Al-Khasawneh | 601 | ||
| 2. Sondervotum des Richters Ranjeva | 602 | ||
| 3. Erklärung des Richters Parra-Aranguren | 602 | ||
| 4. Erklärung des Richters Simma | 602 | ||
| 5. Erklärung des Richters Tomka | 602 | ||
| 6. Sondervotum des Richters Abraham | 603 | ||
| 7. Erklärung des Richters Keith | 603 | ||
| 8. Abweichende Meinung des Richters Bennouna | 603 | ||
| 9. Erklärung des ad hoc-Richters Gaja | 604 | ||
| F. Case Concerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) | 604 | ||
| I. Gang des Verfahrens | 604 | ||
| II. Klagegegner | 606 | ||
| III. Zuständigkeit des IGH | 606 | ||
| IV. Die Anwendbarkeit der Völkermordkonvention | 608 | ||
| 1. Notwendigkeit des Dolus Specialis | 609 | ||
| 2. Ethische Säuberungen als eigener Tatbestand | 609 | ||
| 3. Definition der geschützten Gruppe | 610 | ||
| V. Beweisfragen | 611 | ||
| VI. Verwirklichung des Tatbestandes | 612 | ||
| VII. Verantwortung Serbiens | 612 | ||
| 1. Eingeständnis | 613 | ||
| 2. Die Zurechnung aufgrund des Verhaltens der Organe | 613 | ||
| 3. Zurechnung aufgrund von Kontrolle | 614 | ||
| 4. Verantwortlichkeit nach Artikel III (b) bis (e) Völkermordkonvention | 615 | ||
| 5. Verantwortlichkeit für den Verstoß gegen die Verpflichtung, Völkermord zu verhüten und bestrafen | 615 | ||
| 6. Verantwortlichkeit bezüglich der vom Gerichtshof angeordneten vorläufigen Maßnahmen | 616 | ||
| VIII. Rechtsfolgen und Entschädigung | 616 | ||
| IX. Entscheidungsformel | 617 | ||
| X. Sondervoten, Erklärungen und abweichende Meinungen | 618 | ||
| 1. Abweichende Meinung von Vizepräsident Al-Khasawneh | 618 | ||
| 2. Abweichende Meinung von Richter Ranjeva, Shi und Koroma | 618 | ||
| 3. Sondervotum von Richter Ranjeva | 619 | ||
| 4. Gemeinsame Erklärung von Richter Shi und Koroma | 619 | ||
| 5. Sondervotum von Richter Owada | 619 | ||
| 6. Sondervotum des Richters Tomka | 620 | ||
| 7. Erklärung des Richters Keith | 620 | ||
| 8. Erklärung des Richters Bennouna | 620 | ||
| 9. Erklärung des Richters Skotnikov | 621 | ||
| 10. Abweichende Meinung von ad-hoc Richter Mahiou | 621 | ||
| 11. Sondervotum des ad hoc-Richters Kreća | 621 | ||
| G. Case Concerning Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) | 622 | ||
| I. Hintergrund des Falles und Anträge der Parteien | 622 | ||
| II. Rechtliche Erwägungen des Gerichtshofes | 623 | ||
| 1. Souveränität über die Inseln | 623 | ||
| 2. Bestimmung des seewärtigen Grenzverlaufes | 624 | ||
| III. Entscheidungsformel | 625 | ||
| IV. Sondervoten, Erklärungen und abweichende Meinungen | 626 | ||
| 1. Sondervotum von Richter Ranjeva | 626 | ||
| 2. Sondervotum von Richter Koroma | 626 | ||
| 3. Abweichende Meinung von ad-hoc Richter Torres Bernárdez | 626 | ||
| 4. Erklärungen von Richter Parra-Aranguren und ad-hoc Richter Gaja | 627 | ||
| H. Ausblick | 627 | ||
| Patrick Braasch und Julia Glocke: Die Rechtsprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofes für Menschenrechte im Jahre 2007 | 629 | ||
| A. Einleitung | 629 | ||
| B. Zulässigkeitsvoraussetzungen | 630 | ||
| I. Jurisdiktion eines Vertragsstaates | 630 | ||
| II. Zulässigkeit nach Art. 34 Satz 1 | 632 | ||
| III. Zulässigkeit nach Art. 35 | 632 | ||
| C. Materielle Bestimmungen | 633 | ||
| I. Das Recht auf Leben, Art. 2 | 633 | ||
| II. Das Verbot von Folter und unmenschlicher Behandlung, Art. 3 | 636 | ||
| III. Das Recht auf Freiheit und Sicherheit, Art. 5 | 640 | ||
| 1. Die Rechtmäßigkeit der Haft, Art. 5 Abs. 1 | 641 | ||
| 2. Das Recht auf Mitteilung der Gründe der Festnahme, Art. 5 Abs. 2 | 643 | ||
| 3. Richterliche Vorführung und Haftdauer, Art. 5 Abs. 3 | 644 | ||
| 4. Das Recht auf Haftprüfung, Art. 5 Abs. 4 | 645 | ||
| 5. Das Recht Schadensersatz, Art. 5 Abs. 5 | 647 | ||
| IV. Verfahrensgarantien, Art. 6 | 647 | ||
| 1. Anwendbarkeit des Art. 6 | 647 | ||
| 2. Verfahrensgarantien des Art. 6 Abs. 1 | 648 | ||
| a) Anforderungen an das nationale Gericht, Art. 6 Abs. 1 | 648 | ||
| (1) Das Recht auf Zugang zu einem Gericht | 648 | ||
| (2) Gesetzmäßigkeit des Gerichts | 650 | ||
| (3) Unabhängigkeit und Unparteilichkeit des auf Gesetz beruhenden Gerichts | 651 | ||
| (4) Das Recht auf öffentliche Anhörung | 652 | ||
| (5) Recht auf Entscheidung in angemessener Frist | 653 | ||
| (6) Umsetzung rechtskräftiger Urteile | 653 | ||
| b) Grundsätze des fairen Verfahrens, Art. 6 Abs. 1 | 654 | ||
| 3. Die Unschuldsvermutung, Art. 6 Abs. 2 | 656 | ||
| 4. Die Verfahrensgarantien für den Beschuldigten, Art. 6 Abs. 3 | 656 | ||
| a) Vorbereitung der Verteidigung, Art. 6 Abs. 3 lit. b | 657 | ||
| b) Anwaltliche Vertretung, Art. 6 Abs. 3 lit. c | 657 | ||
| c) Befragung und Ladung von Zeugen, Art. 6 Abs. 3 lit. d | 658 | ||
| V. Keine Strafe ohne Gesetz, Art. 7 | 658 | ||
| VI. Die Freiheitsrechte | 659 | ||
| 1. Die einzelnen Schutzbereiche | 659 | ||
| a) Recht auf Achtung des Privat- und Familienlebens, Art. 8 | 659 | ||
| b) Recht auf Gedanken-, Gewissens- und Religionsfreiheit, Art. 9 | 662 | ||
| c) Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung, Art.10 | 663 | ||
| d) Recht auf Versammlungs- und Vereinigungsfreiheit, Art. 11 | 665 | ||
| 2. Rechtfertigung, gemeinsame Merkmale der Art. 8–11 | 666 | ||
| VII. Das Recht auf wirksame Beschwerde, Art. 13 | 667 | ||
| VIII. Das Diskriminierungsverbot, Art. 14 | 668 | ||
| IX. Das Recht auf Schutz des Eigentums, Art. 1 ZP I | 670 | ||
| X. Das Recht auf Bildung, Art. 2 ZP I | 672 | ||
| XI. Das Recht auf Wahlen, Art. 3 ZP I | 673 | ||
| XII. Das Recht auf Freizügigkeit und Ausreisefreiheit, Art. 2 ZP IV | 674 | ||
| XIII. Das Recht, wegen derselben Strafsache nicht zweimal vor Gericht gestellt oder bestraft zu werden, Art. 4 ZP VII | 675 | ||
| D. Sonstige Bestimmungen | 675 | ||
| I. Die wirksame Ausübung des Beschwerderechts, Art. 34 Satz 2 | 675 | ||
| II. Streichung von Beschwerden, Art. 37 | 676 | ||
| E. Folgen einer Konventionsverletzung | 677 | ||
| I. Gerechte Entschädigung nach Art. 41 | 677 | ||
| II. Weitere Folgen nach Art. 46 | 678 | ||
| Clemens A. Müller: The Work of the International Criminal Court in 2007 | 679 | ||
| A. Introduction | 679 | ||
| B. Developments in the Institutional Structure and Exterior Relations of the Court | 679 | ||
| C. Overview of Situations and Cases before the Court | 682 | ||
| I. The Situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Cases against Thomas Lubanga Dyilo and Germain Katanga | 682 | ||
| 1. The Case against Thomas Lubanga Dyilo | 683 | ||
| 2. The Case against Germain Katanga | 687 | ||
| II. The Situation in Northern Uganda and the Case against Joseph Kony et al. | 688 | ||
| III. The Situation in Sudan and the Case of Ahmad Harun and Ali Kushayb | 691 | ||
| IV. The Situation in the Central African Republic | 697 | ||
| D. Substantive Legal Questions Addressed by the Organs of the Court | 700 | ||
| I. The Prosecutor’s Policy Paper on the Interest of Justice | 700 | ||
| II. The Notion of Co-Perpetration | 702 | ||
| III. Interim Release of the Accused | 703 | ||
| E. Conclusion and Outlook | 704 | ||
| Eleonor Fernández Muñoz and Till Gut: The Work of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in the Year 2007 | 707 | ||
| A. Introduction | 707 | ||
| B. Changes to the Legal Bases and the Composition of the Tribunal | 708 | ||
| I. Amendments to the Rules of Procedure and Evidence | 709 | ||
| II. Changes to the Personal Composition of the Tribunal | 709 | ||
| C. Proceedings before the Tribunal | 710 | ||
| I. Pre-Trial Proceedings | 710 | ||
| 1. Arrests and Indictments | 710 | ||
| a) Prosecutor v. Vlastimir Ðorđević | 710 | ||
| b) Prosecutor v. Ante Gotovina et al. | 711 | ||
| c) Prosecutor v. Momčilo Perišić | 712 | ||
| d) Prosecutor v. Franko Simatović and Jovica Stanišić | 713 | ||
| e) Prosecutor v. Mićo Stanišić | 713 | ||
| f) Prosecutor v. Zdravko Tolimir | 714 | ||
| 2. Referrals of Cases Pursuant to Rule 11bis RPE | 715 | ||
| II. Judgments and Proceedings before the Trial Chambers | 716 | ||
| 1. Running Trials | 716 | ||
| a) Prosecutor v. Lujbe Boškoski and Johan Tarčulovski | 716 | ||
| b) Prosecutor v. Rasim Delić | 716 | ||
| c) Prosecutor v. Ramush Haradinaj et al. | 717 | ||
| d) Prosecutor v. Dragan Jokić | 719 | ||
| e) Prosecutor v. Milan Milutinović et al. | 719 | ||
| f) Prosecutor v. Vujadin Popović et al. | 720 | ||
| g) Prosecutor v. Jadranko Prlić et al. | 721 | ||
| h) Prosecutor v. Vojislav Šešelj | 721 | ||
| 2. Judgments | 721 | ||
| a) Prosecutor v. Dragan Zelenović | 721 | ||
| aa) Finding on the Counts | 722 | ||
| bb) Sentencing Considerations | 723 | ||
| b) Prosecutor v. Domagoj Margetić | 724 | ||
| c) Prosecutor v. Milan Martić | 725 | ||
| aa) Findings on the Counts | 725 | ||
| bb) Individual Criminal Liability of the Accused | 726 | ||
| cc) Sentence | 728 | ||
| d) Prosecutor v. Mile Mrkšić et al. | 728 | ||
| aa) Findings on the Counts | 729 | ||
| bb) Individual Criminal Responsibility | 729 | ||
| e) Prosecutor v. Dragomir Milošević | 730 | ||
| aa) Findings on the Counts | 731 | ||
| bb) Individual Criminal Liability of the Accused | 731 | ||
| cc) Sentence | 732 | ||
| III. Judgments and Proceedings before the Appeals Chamber | 733 | ||
| 1. Judgments | 733 | ||
| a) Prosecutor v. Josip Jović | 733 | ||
| b) Prosecutor v. Miroslav Bralo | 734 | ||
| c) Prosecutor v. Radoslav Brđanin | 735 | ||
| aa) Grounds of Appeal of the Defense | 736 | ||
| bb) Grounds of Appeal of the Prosecution | 737 | ||
| cc) Sentencing | 739 | ||
| dd) The Minority Judges on JCE | 739 | ||
| d) Prosecutor v. Vidoje Blagojević and Dragan Jokić | 740 | ||
| aa) The Defense Appeal of Blagojević | 740 | ||
| bb) The Defense Appeal of Jokić | 742 | ||
| cc) The Prosecution Appeal | 742 | ||
| e) Prosecutor v. Fatmir Limaj et al. | 743 | ||
| aa) Bala Defense Appeal and Prosecution Appeal | 743 | ||
| bb) Limaj and Musliu Prosecution Appeal | 744 | ||
| f) Prosecutor v. Sefer Halilović | 745 | ||
| aa) The Admissibility of the 1996 Statement | 745 | ||
| bb) Command Responsibility | 746 | ||
| g) Prosecutor v. Dragan Zelenović | 748 | ||
| 2. Cases Pending before the Appeals Chamber | 748 | ||
| a) Prosecutor v. Pavle Strugar | 748 | ||
| b) Prosecutor v. Mom ilo Krajišnik | 749 | ||
| c) Other Pending Cases | 750 | ||
| D. Outlook | 750 | ||
| Veronika Strnisková und Anja Trautmann: Die Rechtsprechung der WTO-Streitbeilegungsgremien im Jahre 2007 | 751 | ||
| A. Einführung | 751 | ||
| B. Die WTO-Rechtsprechung zu den einzelnen Handelsabkommen | 752 | ||
| I. Multilaterale Übereinkommen zum Warenhandel | 752 | ||
| 1. Allgemeines Zoll- und Handelsabkommen (GATT 1994) | 752 | ||
| 2. Übereinkommen über die Landwirtschaft (AoA) | 756 | ||
| a) Chile – Price Band System and Safeguard Measures Relating to Certain Agricultural Products (Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by Argentina) | 757 | ||
| b) Turkey – Measures Affecting Importation of Rice | 758 | ||
| 3. Übereinkommen zur Durchführung des Artikels VI des GATT 1994 (ADÜ) | 760 | ||
| a) United States – Sunset Reviews of Anti-Dumping Measures on Oil Country Tubular Goods from Argentina (Recourse to Art. 21.5 of the DSU by Argentina) | 760 | ||
| b) United States – Anti-Dumping Measure on Shrimps from Ecuador | 764 | ||
| c) United States – Measures Relating to Zeroing and Sunset Reviews | 765 | ||
| d) Korea-Anti Dumping Duties on Imports of Certain Paper from Indonesia (Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by Indonesia) | 768 | ||
| e) Mexico – Anti-Dumping Duties on Steel Pipes and Tubes from Guatemala | 770 | ||
| f) European Communities – Anti-Dumping Measure on Farmed Salmon from Norway | 772 | ||
| 4. Übereinkommen über Subventionen und Ausgleichsmaßnahmen (SCM) | 774 | ||
| II. Allgemeines Übereinkommen über den Handel mit Dienstleistungen (GATS) | 778 | ||
| C. Ausblick | 780 | ||
| Richard Happ and Noah Rubins: Awards and Decisions of ICSID Tribunals in 2007 | 781 | ||
| A. Introduction | 781 | ||
| B. PSEG Global Inc. and Konya Ilgin Elektrik Uretim ve Ticaret Limited Sirketi v. The Republic of Turkey (Case No. ARB/02/5) | 782 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 782 | ||
| II. The Decision | 783 | ||
| C. Siemens A.G. v. The Argentine Republic (Case No. ARB/02/8) | 785 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 785 | ||
| II. The Decision | 785 | ||
| 1. Merits | 786 | ||
| 2. Compensation | 788 | ||
| D. Waguih Elie George Siag and Clorinda Vecchi v. The Arab Republic of Egypt (Case No. ARB/05/15) | 789 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 789 | ||
| II. The Decision | 790 | ||
| E. Malaysian Historical Salvors SDN, BHD v. The Government of Malaysia (Case No. ARB/05/10) | 792 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 792 | ||
| II. The Decision | 792 | ||
| F. Enron Corporation & Ponderosa Assets, L.P. v. Argentine Republic (Case No. ARB/01/3) | 794 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 795 | ||
| II. The Decision | 795 | ||
| G. Hussein Nuaman Soufraki v. the United Arab Emirates (Case No. ARB/02/7) | 798 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 798 | ||
| II. The Decision | 798 | ||
| H. Tokios Tokelès v. Ukraine (Case No. ARB/02/18) | 799 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 800 | ||
| II. The Decision | 800 | ||
| 1. Jurisdiction | 800 | ||
| 2. Merits | 801 | ||
| 3. Dissenting Opinion | 802 | ||
| J. Ioannis Kardassopolous v. Georgia (Case No. ARB/05/18) | 803 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 803 | ||
| II. The Decision | 804 | ||
| K. MCI Power Group L.C. and New Turbine, Inc. v. Ecuador (Case No. ARB/03/6) | 806 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 806 | ||
| II. The Decision | 807 | ||
| 1. Jurisdiction | 807 | ||
| 2. Merits | 808 | ||
| L. Fraport AG v. The Republic of the Philippines (Case No. ARB/03/25) | 809 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 810 | ||
| II. The Decision | 811 | ||
| III. Dissenting Opinion | 812 | ||
| M. Compania de Aguas del Aconquija S.A. and Vivendi Universal S.A. v. Argentine Republic (Case No. ARB/97/3) | 813 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 813 | ||
| II. The Decision | 814 | ||
| N. Parkerings-Compagniet AS v. the Republic of Lithuania (Case No. ARB/05/8) | 817 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 817 | ||
| II. The Decision | 818 | ||
| O. CMS Gas Transmission Company v. Argentine Republic (Case No. ARB/01/8) | 819 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 819 | ||
| II. The Decision | 820 | ||
| P. Archer Daniels Midland Company and Tale & Lyle Ingredients Americas, Inc. v. The United Mexican States (Case No. ARB(AF)/04/5) | 822 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 822 | ||
| II. The Decision | 823 | ||
| Q. Concluding Remarks | 825 | ||
| Dörte Herrmann und Meike Laufmöller: Die Tätigkeit der International Law Commission im Jahre 2007 | 827 | ||
| A. Einleitung | 827 | ||
| B. Vorbehalte zu völkerrechtlichen Verträgen | 827 | ||
| I. Angenommene Richtlinien | 828 | ||
| II. Diskutierte Richtlinien | 829 | ||
| 1. Voraussetzungen für den Einspruch gegen einen Vorbehalt | 829 | ||
| 2. Form des Einspruchs | 829 | ||
| 3. Rücknahme eines Einspruchs | 831 | ||
| 4. Zustimmung zu einem Vorbehalt | 831 | ||
| C. Gemeinsame natürliche Ressourcen | 832 | ||
| D. Ausweisung von Ausländern | 833 | ||
| I. Zweiter Bericht des Sonderberichterstatters | 833 | ||
| 1. Reichweite (scope) | 833 | ||
| 2. Definitionen | 835 | ||
| a) Ausländer (alien) | 835 | ||
| b) Ausweisung (expulsion) | 835 | ||
| c) Staatsgebiet und Grenzen | 836 | ||
| II. Dritter Bericht des Sonderberichterstatters | 837 | ||
| 1. Recht auf Ausweisung (Art. 3) | 837 | ||
| 2. Begrenzungen durch die Völkerrechtsordnung | 838 | ||
| a) Ausweisung von Staatsangehörigen (Art. 4) | 838 | ||
| b) Ausweisung von Flüchtlingen (Art. 5) | 839 | ||
| c) Ausweisung von Staatenlosen (Art. 6) | 839 | ||
| d) Kollektivausweisungen (Art. 7) | 840 | ||
| III. Diskussion | 841 | ||
| IV. Ergebnisse der diesjährigen Sitzung | 842 | ||
| E. Wirkungen bewaffneter Konflikte auf Verträge | 843 | ||
| I. Verträge mit internationalen Organisationen | 843 | ||
| II. Nicht-internationale Konflikte | 844 | ||
| III. Parteiwille als Auslegungsfaktor | 844 | ||
| IV. Fortgeltende Verträge | 845 | ||
| F. Verantwortlichkeit internationaler Organisationen | 846 | ||
| I. Unerheblichkeit der Vorschriften der internationalen Organisation (Art. 35) | 846 | ||
| II. Sicherstellung der effektiven Erfüllung der Wiedergutmachungspflicht (Art. 43) | 847 | ||
| III. Mitwirkung bei der Beendigung eines ius-cogens-Verstoßes | 848 | ||
| G. Verpflichtung zur Strafverfolgung oder Auslieferung (aut dedere aut iudicare) | 848 | ||
| I. Rechtsquelle der Verpflichtung | 849 | ||
| II. Anwendungsbereich des Entwurfs und Verhältnis zur Strafverfolgung | 849 | ||
| III. Weiteres Vorgehen | 850 | ||
| H. Ausblick | 851 | ||
| BOOK REVIEWS | 853 | ||
| Gernot Biehler: Auswärtige Gewalt. Auswirkungen Auswärtiger Interessen im innerstaatlichen Recht (Ingo Winkelmann) | 853 | ||
| Angelika Emmerich-Fritsche: Vom Völkerrecht zum Weltrecht (Jost Delbrück) | 855 | ||
| Walter Frenz: Handbuch Europarecht. Band III: Beihilfe- und Vergaberecht (Joachim Schwind) | 856 | ||
| Steven Greer: European Convention on Human Rights – Achievement, Problems, Prospects (Tatjana Papic) | 860 | ||
| Oren Gross/Fionnuala Ní Aoláin: Law in Times of Crisis – Emergency Powers in Theory and Practice (Christian Johann) | 864 | ||
| Rainer Grote/Thilo Marauhn (Hrsg): EMRK/GG: Konkordanzkommentar (Rainer Hofmann) | 866 | ||
| Rainer Hofmann/Christian J. Tams (eds.): The International Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) – Taking Stock after 40 Years (Christian Tietje) | 868 | ||
| Dan Sarooshi: International Organizations and their Exercise of Sovereign Powers (Manuel Knebelsberger) | 871 | ||
| Theodor Schweisfurth: Völkerrecht (Christian Tomuschat) | 873 | ||
| Nikolas Stürchler: The Threat of Force in International Law (Alexander Proelß) | 876 | ||
| Sigrun I. Skogly: Beyond National Borders: States’ Human Rights Obligations in International Cooperation (Helmut Philipp Aust) | 878 | ||
| Todd Weiler (ed.): International Investment Law and Arbitration: Leading Cases from the ICSID, NAFTA, Bilateral Treaties and Customary International Law (Christian J. Tams) | 880 | ||
| Andreas Zimmermann/Christian Tomuschat/Karin Oellers-Frahm/Christian J. Tams/Tobias Thienel: The Statute of the International Court of Justice. A Commentary (Arthur Eyffinger) | 882 | ||
| BOOKS RECEIVED | 895 | ||
| LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS | 897 |