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Delbrück, J., Giegerich, T., Zimmermann, A. (Eds.) (2006). German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht. Vol. 48 (2005). Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-52222-4
Delbrück, Jost; Giegerich, Thomas and Zimmermann, Andreas. German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 48 (2005). Duncker & Humblot, 2006. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-52222-4
Delbrück, J, Giegerich, T, Zimmermann, A (eds.) (2006): German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 48 (2005), Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-52222-4
Format
German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht
Vol. 48 (2005)
Editors: Delbrück, Jost | Giegerich, Thomas | Zimmermann, Andreas
German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, Vol. 48
(2006)
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Abstract
The German Yearbook of International Law was founded in 1948 as the "Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht" by Rudolf Laun and Hermann von Mangoldt and is now edited by the Institute for International Law at the University of Kiel. Since its inception it has endeavoured to contribute to the development of international law. Originally it has done this mainly by providing German scholars with an opportunity to publish the results of their works, but increasingly also by offering an international forum.In view of the desirability of obtaining for the Yearbook the largest possible international audience, the editors in 1976 have decided to use the present English title and to accept for publication preferably contributions written in English, or - to a lesser degree - in French. Naturally, the Yearbook also contains contributions written in German. This policy to overcome traditional language barriers appears to have proven successful both in informing the international law community about research done in German academic institutions and in presenting international viewpoints on various topics to the German audience.The Yearbook provides an annual report on the work of internatioal organizations and bodies including the International Court of Justice and the European Court and Commission of Human Rights. Fully aware of the paramount importance of practical aspects in this field, the editors from the beginning also have sought to include contributions from practitioners of international law.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | 5 | ||
| FORUM | 9 | ||
| Stephan Hobe, Anne Peters, Eibe Riedel and Christian Tietje: A Tribute to Jost Delbrück on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday | 9 | ||
| A. Peace and Security | 11 | ||
| B. Human Rights | 14 | ||
| C. United Nations and Collective Security | 17 | ||
| D. Statehood and Globalization | 23 | ||
| Thomas Giegerich: “A Fork in the Road” – Constitutional Challenges, Chances and Lacunae of UN Reform | 29 | ||
| A. Improving Legitimacy and Fostering the Rule of Law on UN Level | 29 | ||
| I. Central Role of the UN and Inviolability of its Charter | 29 | ||
| II. The Art of the Feasible Between Skylla and Charybdis | 31 | ||
| B. Reform of the Security Council: Strengthening Democracy, Accountability and the Rule of Law | 33 | ||
| I. Democracy, Legitimacy and Political Accountability of the Security Council | 33 | ||
| 1. Input Legitimacy: Attributing Security Council Decisions to the “Peoples of the United Nations” | 34 | ||
| a) The Shadows of Yalta 1945 | 34 | ||
| b) Proposals to Secure Adequate Representation of the World’s Peoples and Regions | 35 | ||
| c) How to Establish Democracy and Accountability on the World Level | 37 | ||
| aa) States-oriented versus Peoples-oriented Concepts of International Democracy | 38 | ||
| bb) Democratizing the UN by Democratizing its Member States? | 39 | ||
| 2. Output Legitimacy: Effective Functioning for the Benefit of the Peoples of the United Nations | 41 | ||
| a) The Security Council as a World Legislature: (Over-)Extending its Powers? | 42 | ||
| aa) The UN Entering the Age of Hobbes but not yet Montesquieu | 42 | ||
| bb) The Security Council’s Emergency Laws Against International Terrorism and their Limits | 43 | ||
| cc) Toward a General Law-Making Capacity of the Security Council? | 45 | ||
| b) Reigning in the Veto Power | 46 | ||
| aa) How to Polish up a Persistent Anachronism | 46 | ||
| bb) Public Commitments by the P-5, Agreed Code of Conduct, Indicative Voting, and Sunset Provisions | 47 | ||
| cc) Facilitating Unilateral Action? | 49 | ||
| dd) Rejuvenating the “Uniting for Peace” Resolution | 50 | ||
| ee) Ex post facto Approval of Regional Action by the Security Council | 52 | ||
| 3. Social Legitimacy: Bringing the UN Closer to its Peoples | 53 | ||
| a) The Gap between the Necessity and the Acceptability of World Government | 53 | ||
| b) Parliamentarization of the United Nations? | 54 | ||
| c) Alternative Ways of Increasing Parliamentary Influence in the UN | 57 | ||
| II. International Rule of Law: Defining and Implementing the Legal Accountability of the Security Council | 59 | ||
| 1. The Negative and the Positive Function of the Rule of Law | 59 | ||
| 2. Legal Accountability of the Security Council for Actions Taken | 59 | ||
| a) Conferred Powers and Constitutional Constraints: The Spirit of John Locke | 59 | ||
| aa) The Vast Implied Powers of the Security Council | 59 | ||
| bb) Procedural and Substantive Constitutional Constraints | 60 | ||
| b) Judicial Review of Security Council Action? | 63 | ||
| aa) Quasi-Review in Advisory Opinions and Incidental Review in Contentious Cases | 63 | ||
| bb) The Fogs of Lockerbie versus the Brightness of Tadić | 64 | ||
| cc) Substitute Judicial Review by Regional and National Courts: Enforcing or Jeopardizing the International Rule of Law? | 65 | ||
| (1) Does the UN Charter Permit Substitute Judicial Review? | 65 | ||
| (2) The Yusuf Case of the European Court of First Instance | 66 | ||
| (3) The Al-Adsani and Bosphorus Cases of the European Court of Human Rights | 67 | ||
| (4) Preliminary Rulings of the ICJ to Secure Uniformity in Reviewing Security Council Action | 69 | ||
| dd) Neglect of the ICJ in the Current UN Reform Debate: The Most Distressing Lacuna | 70 | ||
| 3. Legal Accountability of the Security Council for Failure to Act | 71 | ||
| C. If UN Reform Fails: Constitutional Contingency Planning in Germany | 73 | ||
| D. Where Immanuel Kant Meets Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.: Approaching Utopia | 75 | ||
| FOCUS SECTION: UNCLOS REVISITED: 1995–2005 | 77 | ||
| Andreas Zimmermann: Introductory Remarks | 77 | ||
| Robin R. Churchill: 10 Years of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea – Towards a Global Ocean Regime? A General Appraisal | 81 | ||
| A. Introduction | 81 | ||
| B. The Legal Nature of the Convention – A Constitution for the Oceans | 84 | ||
| C. Participation in the Convention | 89 | ||
| D. Coastal State Maritime Zones – Ending Creeping Jurisdiction | 92 | ||
| E. Deep Sea Mining | 99 | ||
| F. Navigation | 101 | ||
| G. Fisheries | 106 | ||
| H. Prevention of Pollution | 110 | ||
| I. Dispute Settlement | 113 | ||
| J. Conclusions | 115 | ||
| Erik Franckx: The 200-mile Limit: Between Creeping Jurisdiction and Creeping Common Heritage? | 117 | ||
| A. The Division of Competence According to the 1982 Convention | 121 | ||
| B. Creeping Jurisdiction | 125 | ||
| I. Origins and Definition of the Term | 125 | ||
| II. State Practice | 130 | ||
| 1. Unilateral Actions | 132 | ||
| 2. Multilateral Action | 133 | ||
| C. Creeping Common Heritage | 135 | ||
| I. Origins and Definition of the Term | 135 | ||
| II. Practice | 136 | ||
| D. Evaluation | 136 | ||
| I. Definitional Clarification | 136 | ||
| II. Creeping Jurisdiction | 139 | ||
| III. Creeping Common Heritage | 146 | ||
| E. Conclusions | 147 | ||
| Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg: The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and Maritime Security Operations | 151 | ||
| A. Introduction | 151 | ||
| B. Naval Warfare and Maritime Neutrality | 154 | ||
| I. The Impact of UNCLOS | 156 | ||
| 1. Definition of Warships | 156 | ||
| 2. Regions of Operations | 158 | ||
| II. Challenges | 160 | ||
| 1. Excessive Maritime Claims | 161 | ||
| 2. A Special Method of Naval Warfare: Zones | 162 | ||
| C. (Other) Maritime Security Operations | 167 | ||
| I. Sea Power 21 | 167 | ||
| II. Counter-Terrorism | 169 | ||
| 1. Self-Defense | 170 | ||
| 2. Maritime Interception Operations under UNCLOS | 171 | ||
| 3. Countermeasures | 172 | ||
| III. Counter-Proliferation at Sea and the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) | 173 | ||
| 1. Responding to the Threat: Security Strategies and PSI | 174 | ||
| 2. Interception of Foreign Merchant Vessels in the Territorial Sea | 179 | ||
| 3. Interception of Foreign Merchant Vessels in High Seas Areas | 182 | ||
| D. Concluding Remarks | 185 | ||
| Susanne Wasum-Rainer and Daniela Schlegel: The UNCLOS Dispute Settlement System – Between Hamburg and The Hague | 187 | ||
| A. Introductory Remarks | 187 | ||
| B. Development of the Tribunal for the Law of the Sea – Drafting History | 194 | ||
| C. UNCLOS Compulsory Dispute Settlement Procedures | 197 | ||
| I. Choice of Procedure, Limitations, and Exceptions to Compulsory Procedures | 197 | ||
| II. Status and Organization of the Tribunal | 201 | ||
| III. Jurisdiction of the Tribunal | 206 | ||
| D. Relationship between the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and the International Court of Justice | 211 | ||
| I. General Observations | 211 | ||
| II. Cases before the Tribunal and the ICJ from 1996 to 2005 | 212 | ||
| E. From Hamburg to The Hague? – Conclusions | 219 | ||
| Uwe Jenisch: The European Union as an Actor in the Law of the Sea: The Emergence of Regionalism in Maritime Safety, Transportation and Ports | 223 | ||
| A. The EU’s Maritime Policy Context | 223 | ||
| I. Sectoral Maritime Interests | 224 | ||
| II. Maritime Policy Context | 228 | ||
| 1. The Maritime Industries Forum MIF | 228 | ||
| 2. The EC as Party to Major Maritime Conventions | 229 | ||
| 3. Towards a Comprehensive Maritime Policy | 234 | ||
| B. EC Legislation on Maritime Transport and Safety | 236 | ||
| I. Procedures for Legislation | 236 | ||
| II. The Early Phase of Maritime Transport Legislation | 237 | ||
| III. Safe Seas Policy and Quality Shipping | 239 | ||
| IV. Safety of Passenger Ships | 242 | ||
| V. The Erika Packages | 244 | ||
| 1. The Erika I Package | 244 | ||
| 2. The Erika II Package | 245 | ||
| 3. Erika III Package | 246 | ||
| 4. Other New Proposals Following the Prestige Accident | 248 | ||
| C. Legal Instruments in the Field of Port Management | 251 | ||
| I. The ‘Port Package’ Proposals | 251 | ||
| II. Port Infrastructure: Waste Reception Facilities | 252 | ||
| D. The Emerging Regime of EU Maritime Administration | 253 | ||
| I. EU Maritime Administration (EMSA) | 254 | ||
| II. EU and IMO – Regionalization versus Internationalization | 258 | ||
| Erich Vranes: Jurisdiction and Applicable Law in WTO Dispute Settlement | 265 | ||
| A. Introduction | 265 | ||
| B. Legal Starting-Points | 267 | ||
| C. Review of Relevant Dispute Settlement Practice | 274 | ||
| I. Decisions Concerning the Jurisdiction of WTO Adjudicating Bodies | 274 | ||
| II. Decisions Concerning Applicable Law in WTO Proceedings | 275 | ||
| D. Examination of the Arguments Prevailing in Academic Writing | 279 | ||
| I. Articles 3 para. 2 and 19 para. 2 DSU as the Main Anchors for Divergent Theories | 279 | ||
| 1. Do these Provisions Exclude the Applicability of Non-WTO International Law? | 279 | ||
| 2. Do Articles 3 para. 2 and 19 para. 2 DSU Restrict the “Constitutional Capacity” of Panels? | 281 | ||
| II. Arguments Based on Articles 7 and 11 DSU | 284 | ||
| III. Article 23 DSU – Exclusive or Insuperable Jurisdiction? | 286 | ||
| E. Interim Conclusions | 288 | ||
| F. The Decisive Argument: International Law as Part of Applicable Law in WTO Dispute Settlement | 288 | ||
| Vera Weißflog: Germany’s New Immigration Law – A Paradigm Shift or Lost in Transition? | 291 | ||
| A. Introduction | 291 | ||
| B. The Immigration Act (2004) | 292 | ||
| I. Labor Migration | 293 | ||
| 1. From Guest Workers to Green Cards | 293 | ||
| 2. Achievements of the New Law | 296 | ||
| II. Humanitarian Migration | 298 | ||
| 1. National Right of Asylum and International Definition of Refugees | 299 | ||
| 2. Rules on Humanitarian Migration in the Residence Act (2004) | 301 | ||
| a) Defining Political Prosecution | 301 | ||
| aa) General Reference to the 1951 Refugee Convention | 303 | ||
| bb) Persecution for Reason of Religion | 303 | ||
| cc) Persecution for Reason of Political Opinion: Conscientious Objectors | 305 | ||
| b) The Relevance of Non-State Persecution | 305 | ||
| c) The Relevance of Gender-Specific Persecution | 307 | ||
| d) Subsidiary Protection | 308 | ||
| aa) Relevance of Non-State Actors? | 308 | ||
| bb) The New Status | 311 | ||
| e) Prevention of Successive Suspensions of Deportation and Hardship Commissions | 311 | ||
| f) Temporary Status, Settlement and Revocation of Refugee Status | 313 | ||
| III. Provisions on Internal Security | 314 | ||
| 1. Expulsion of Foreigners | 315 | ||
| a) The New Regulations on Expulsion | 315 | ||
| b) Safeguards for the “Second Generation” | 316 | ||
| 2. The New Instrument of Deportation Orders | 317 | ||
| a) The Notion of “Danger” in Section 58a RA | 318 | ||
| b) Non-Enforceability because of Deportation Bans | 319 | ||
| c) Judicial Review and Procedural Aspects | 320 | ||
| IV. Integration Measures | 322 | ||
| V. Repatriates of German Origin | 324 | ||
| C. Conclusion | 325 | ||
| Kalle Merusk and Mart Susi: Ten Years After Ratification – The European Convention on Human Rights and Its Impact on Estonia | 327 | ||
| A. Introduction | 327 | ||
| I. Ratification of the Convention and Its Protocols | 327 | ||
| II. The Status of the Convention in the Estonian Legal System | 331 | ||
| B. Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights Regarding Estonia | 333 | ||
| I. A Survey of the Relevant Cases | 333 | ||
| II. Four Major Cases From Estonia to Strasbourg | 337 | ||
| 1. Tammer v. Estonia | 337 | ||
| 2. Veeber v. Estonia (No. 1) | 338 | ||
| 3. Puhk v. Estonia and Veeber v. Estonia (No. 2) | 339 | ||
| C. Reliance on the Strasbourg Case-law and Convention Rights by the Estonian Courts | 342 | ||
| I. The Direct Application of the Convention by Estonian Courts | 343 | ||
| II. Reliance on Strasbourg Case-law and Convention Articles in Estonian National Court Judgments in Criminal Matters Since 2003 | 347 | ||
| III. Decisions of the Grand Chamber (General Collegium) of the National Court | 350 | ||
| IV. Two Specific Cases | 353 | ||
| 1. Access to Court as the Right for an Effective Remedy – The Brusilov Case | 353 | ||
| 2. Direct Effect of the Strasbourg Judgments Versus Estonia? – The Uiga Case | 357 | ||
| D. Reopening Domestic Proceedings After Strasbourg Decisions: Revisiting Puhk and Veeber (No. 2) | 359 | ||
| E. Conclusion | 364 | ||
| Hacı Can and Cinar Özen: Turkey and the European Union – From Association to Future Membership | 367 | ||
| A. Introduction | 367 | ||
| B. The Historical Development of Turkey-EU Relations | 368 | ||
| C. Legal Questions of the Process of Turkish Integration into the EU | 372 | ||
| I. Legal Evaluation of Turkey’s Accession | 372 | ||
| II. The Question of ‘European Statehood’ | 374 | ||
| III. The Question of Cyprus | 376 | ||
| IV. The Issue of Turkey’s Democratization | 379 | ||
| V. Question of Transfer of National Sovereignty | 382 | ||
| D. The EU’s Approach to Turkey’s Membership | 382 | ||
| E. ‘Privileged Partnership’ Instead of Membership | 385 | ||
| F. Considerations on the Future of the Turkey-EU Integration | 387 | ||
| REPORTS | 391 | ||
| Heiko Leitsch: Die Rechtsprechung des Internationalen Gerichtshofes im Jahre 2005 | 391 | ||
| A. Einleitung | 391 | ||
| B. Die im Jahr 2005 anhängigen Verfahren im Überblick | 392 | ||
| C. Fall betreffend bestimmtes Eigentum (Liechtenstein v. Deutschland) | 393 | ||
| I. Hintergrund des Falles und Anträge der Parteien | 394 | ||
| II. Rechtliche Erwägungen des Gerichtshofes | 395 | ||
| 1. Erster prozesshindernder Einwand Deutschlands | 395 | ||
| 2. Zweiter prozesshindernder Einwand Deutschlands | 396 | ||
| 3. Die weiteren prozesshindernden Einwände Deutschlands | 399 | ||
| III. Entscheidungsformel | 399 | ||
| IV. Sondervoten | 400 | ||
| 1. Erklärung von ad hoc-Richter Fleischhauer | 400 | ||
| 2. Abweichende Meinung von Richter Elaraby | 400 | ||
| 3. Abweichende Meinung von Richter Kooijmans | 400 | ||
| 4. Abweichende Meinung von Richter Owada | 401 | ||
| 5. Abweichende Meinung von ad hoc-Richter Berman | 402 | ||
| D. Fall betreffend Grenzstreitigkeit (Benin v. Niger) | 402 | ||
| I. Hintergrund des Falles | 402 | ||
| II. Rechtliche Erwägungen des Gerichts | 403 | ||
| 1. Grenzverlauf entlang des Flusses Niger | 403 | ||
| a) Würdigung des Vortrags Benins | 404 | ||
| b) Würdigung des Vortrags Nigers | 404 | ||
| c) Bestimmung der Grenze | 405 | ||
| aa) Bestimmung der Grenze anhand des Effektivitätsprinzips | 405 | ||
| bb) Genaue Bestimmung der Grenzlinie im Hauptfahrwasser | 406 | ||
| 2. Grenzverlauf entlang des Flusses Mekrou | 406 | ||
| III. Entscheidungsformel | 408 | ||
| IV. Abweichende Meinung von Richter Bennouna | 408 | ||
| E. Fall betreffend bewaffnete Aktivitäten auf dem Staatsgebiet des Kongo (Demokratische Republik Kongo v. Uganda) | 408 | ||
| I. Hintergrund des Falles | 409 | ||
| II. Kongos Klage | 410 | ||
| 1. Rechtliche Erwägungen des Gerichtshofes hinsichtlich des Verstoßes gegen das Gewaltverbot durch Uganda | 410 | ||
| a) Tatsachenermittlung durch das Gericht | 410 | ||
| b) Rechtfertigung des Verstoßes gegen das Gewaltverbot aufgrund des Einverständnisses Kongos | 411 | ||
| aa) Einladung der ugandischen Truppen durch den Kongo | 411 | ||
| bb) Einverständnis Kongos durch verschiedene Übereinkommen | 412 | ||
| c) Rechtfertigung des Verstoßes gegen das Gewaltverbot aufgrund Artikel 51 UNC | 414 | ||
| 2. Rechtliche Erwägungen des Gerichtshofes hinsichtlich der Verletzung von Menschenrechten und humanitärem Völkerrecht durch Uganda | 415 | ||
| 3. Rechtliche Erwägungen des Gerichtshofes hinsichtlich der illegalen Ausbeutung von natürlichen Ressourcen durch Uganda | 418 | ||
| 4. Rechtliche Folgen der Verletzung des Völkerrechts durch Uganda | 419 | ||
| III. Die Widerklage Ugandas | 420 | ||
| IV. Entscheidungsformel | 422 | ||
| V. Erklärungen und Sondervoten | 423 | ||
| 1. Erklärung von Richter Koroma | 423 | ||
| 2. Erklärung von Richter Tomka | 423 | ||
| 3. Erklärung von ad hoc-Richter Verhoeven | 424 | ||
| 4. Sondervotum von Richter Elaraby | 424 | ||
| 5. Sondervotum von Richter Kooijmans | 424 | ||
| 6. Sondervotum von Richter Parra-Aranguren | 426 | ||
| 7. Sondervotum von Richter Simma | 427 | ||
| 8. Abweichende Meinung von ad hoc-Richter Kateka | 428 | ||
| Kristine Franzen und Till Müller: Die Rechtsprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofes für Menschenrechte im Jahre 2005 | 429 | ||
| A. Einleitung | 429 | ||
| B. Zulässigkeit | 431 | ||
| I. Jurisdiktion eines Vertragsstaates | 431 | ||
| II. Zulässigkeitsvoraussetzungen aus Artikel 34 | 432 | ||
| III. Zulässigkeit nach Artikel 35 | 433 | ||
| C. Materielle Rechte | 434 | ||
| I. Das Recht auf Leben, Artikel 2 | 434 | ||
| II. Das Verbot von Folter und unmenschlicher Behandlung, Artikel 3 | 436 | ||
| III. Das Recht auf Freiheit und Sicherheit, Artikel 5 | 439 | ||
| 1. Die Rechtmäßigkeit der Haft, Artikel 5 Abs. 1 | 440 | ||
| 2. Die Pflicht zur unverzüglichen Vorführung, Artikel 5 Abs. 3 Satz 1 | 441 | ||
| 3. Angemessene Dauer der Untersuchungshaft, Artikel 5 Abs. 3 Satz 2 | 442 | ||
| 4. Das Recht auf Haftprüfung, Artikel 5 Abs. 4 | 443 | ||
| 5. Das Recht auf angemessene Entschädigung, Artikel 5 Abs. 5 | 443 | ||
| IV. Verfahrensgarantien, Artikel 6 | 444 | ||
| 1. Anwendbarkeit des Artikel 6 | 444 | ||
| 2. Verfahrensgarantien des Artikel 6 Abs. 1 | 445 | ||
| a) Anforderungen an das nationale Gericht, Artikel 6 Abs. 1 | 445 | ||
| aa) Das Recht auf Zugang zu einem Gericht | 445 | ||
| bb) Das Recht auf Unabhängigkeit und Unbefangenheit der Gerichte | 446 | ||
| cc) Das Recht auf öffentliche Anhörung | 446 | ||
| dd) Das Recht auf Entscheidung in angemessener Frist | 447 | ||
| b) Grundsätze des fairen Verfahrens, Artikel 6 Abs. 1 | 447 | ||
| 3. Die Unschuldsvermutung, Artikel 6 Abs. 2 | 448 | ||
| 4. Die Verfahrensgarantien für den Beschuldigten, Artikel 6 Abs. 3 | 449 | ||
| a) Unterrichtung über die Beschuldigung, Artikel 6 Abs. 3 lit. a | 449 | ||
| b) Vorbereitung der Verteidigung, Artikel 6 Abs. 3 lit. b | 449 | ||
| c) Anwaltliche Vertretung, Artikel 6 Abs. 3 lit. c | 450 | ||
| d) Befragung und Ladung von Zeugen, Artikel 6 Abs. 3 lit. d | 451 | ||
| V. Nullum Crimen, Nulla Poena Sine Lege, Artikel 7 | 451 | ||
| VI. Die Freiheitsrechte | 452 | ||
| 1. Rechtfertigung | 452 | ||
| a) Gesetzlich vorgesehen | 452 | ||
| b) Legitimes Ziel | 453 | ||
| c) Notwendigkeit des Eingriffs in einer demokratischen Gesellschaft | 453 | ||
| 2. Schutzbereich und Besonderheiten | 454 | ||
| a) Recht auf Achtung des Privat- und Familienlebens, Artikel 8 | 454 | ||
| b) Gedanken-, Gewissens- und Religionsfreiheit, Artikel 9 | 455 | ||
| c) Das Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung, Artikel 10 | 456 | ||
| d) Das Recht auf Versammlungs- und Vereinigungsfreiheit, Artikel 11 | 457 | ||
| VII. Das Recht auf Ehe und Familiengründung, Artikel 12 | 457 | ||
| VIII. Rechte aus den Zusatzprotokollen | 458 | ||
| 1. Recht auf Schutz des Eigentums, Artikel 1 des 1. Zusatzprotokolls | 458 | ||
| a) Der Begriff des Eigentums | 458 | ||
| b) Eingriff und Rechtfertigung | 458 | ||
| c) Einzelne Verfahren | 460 | ||
| 2. Das Recht auf Bildung, Artikel 2 des 1. Zusatzprotokolls | 461 | ||
| 3. Das Recht auf freie Wahlen, Artikel 3 des 1. Zusatzprotokolls | 462 | ||
| 4. Freizügigkeit, Artikel 2 des 4. Zusatzprotokolls | 463 | ||
| 5. Das Recht auf Rechtsmittel in Strafsachen, Artikel 2 des 7. Zusatzprotokolls | 464 | ||
| 6. Das Recht, wegen derselben Strafsache nicht zweimal vor Gericht gestellt oder bestraft zu werden, Artikel 4 des 7. Zusatzprotokolls | 464 | ||
| IX. Das Recht auf wirksame Beschwerde, Artikel 13 | 465 | ||
| X. Das Diskriminierungsverbot, Artikel 14 | 466 | ||
| XI. Die wirksame Ausübung von Rechten, Artikel 34 Satz 2 | 467 | ||
| D. Folgen einer Konventionsverletzung | 468 | ||
| I. Gerechte Entschädigung nach Artikel 41 | 468 | ||
| II. Weitere Folgen aus Artikel 46 | 469 | ||
| E. Verhältnis EGMR v. EuGH | 470 | ||
| F. Ausblick | 472 | ||
| Robin Geiß: The Work of the International Criminal Court in 2005 | 473 | ||
| A. Introduction – Three Steps Towards Reality | 473 | ||
| B. Staff Developments | 475 | ||
| C. The Presidency | 475 | ||
| D. The Registry | 476 | ||
| E. The Work of the Pre-Trial Chambers | 477 | ||
| I. Pre-Trail Chamber I | 477 | ||
| II. Pre-Trial Chamber II | 480 | ||
| III. Pre-Trial Chamber III | 482 | ||
| F. The Office of the Prosecutor | 482 | ||
| I. The Situation in Uganda | 483 | ||
| II. The Situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo | 484 | ||
| III. The Situation in Darfur, Sudan | 486 | ||
| IV. The Situation in the Central African Republic | 487 | ||
| G. Outlook | 487 | ||
| Andrea Meyer und Julia-Pia Schütze: Die Rechtsprechung des Internationalen Strafgerichtshofes für das ehemalige Jugoslawien im Jahre 2005 | 489 | ||
| A. Einleitung | 489 | ||
| B. Änderungen der Verfahrensordnung und der Beweisregeln sowie der Zusammensetzung des Tribunals | 491 | ||
| I. Änderungen der Verfahrensordnung und der Beweisregeln (VerfO) | 491 | ||
| II. Personelles | 491 | ||
| C. Verfahren vor dem Tribunal | 492 | ||
| I. Vorverfahren | 492 | ||
| 1. Anklageerweiterungen | 492 | ||
| a) Das Verfahren gegen Vinko Pandurević und Milorad Tribić („Srebrenica“) | 492 | ||
| b) Das Verfahren gegen Mićo Stanišić | 493 | ||
| c) Das Verfahren gegen Momčilo Perišić | 494 | ||
| d) Das Verfahren gegen Ljube Boškoski und Johan Tarćulovski | 494 | ||
| e) Das Verfahren gegen Rasim Delić | 495 | ||
| f) Das Verfahren gegen Haradinaj et al. | 496 | ||
| g) Das Verfahren Prlić et al. | 497 | ||
| h) Das Verfahren gegen Ivan Čermak und Mladen Markać („Operation Storm“) | 498 | ||
| 2. Anklageverbindungen | 498 | ||
| 3. Verweisung von Verfahren gemäß Regel 11bis VerfO | 500 | ||
| 4. Weitere Vorkommnisse im Vorverfahren | 502 | ||
| II. Urteile und Verfahren der ersten Instanz | 503 | ||
| 1. Verfahren | 503 | ||
| a) Verfahren gegen Simić et al. („Bosanski Samac“) | 503 | ||
| b) Verfahren gegen Enver Hadžihasanović und Amir Kubura | 504 | ||
| c) Verfahren gegen Slobodan Milošević | 506 | ||
| d) Das Verfahren gegen Naser Orić | 508 | ||
| 2. Urteile | 509 | ||
| a) Urteil im Verfahren gegen Vidoje Blagojević und Dragan Jokić | 509 | ||
| aa) Einzelne Straftatbestände | 509 | ||
| bb) Strafrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit nach Artikel 7 des Statuts | 510 | ||
| cc) Strafzumessung | 511 | ||
| b) Urteil im Verfahren gegen Pavle Strugar | 512 | ||
| aa) Einzelne Straftatbestände | 512 | ||
| bb) Strafrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit nach Artikel 7 des Statuts | 514 | ||
| cc) Strafzumessung | 515 | ||
| c) Urteil im Verfahren gegen Sefer Haliloviić | 515 | ||
| d) Urteil im Verfahren gegen Fatmir Limaj, Haradin Bala und Isak Musliu | 516 | ||
| aa) Chapeaux der Artikel 3 und 5 des Statuts | 516 | ||
| bb) Einzelne Straftatbestände | 517 | ||
| cc) Strafrechtliche Verantwortung der Angeklagten nach Artikel 7 des Statuts | 517 | ||
| dd) Strafzumessung | 518 | ||
| e) Strafzumessungsurteil im Verfahren gegen Miroslav Bralo | 518 | ||
| III. Urteile und Verfahren vor der Berufungsinstanz | 519 | ||
| 1. Berufungsurteil im Verfahren gegen Dragan Nikolić | 520 | ||
| 2. Berufungsurteil im Verfahren gegen Miroslav Kvočka, Mladjo Radić, Zoran Žigić und Dragoljub Prcać | 523 | ||
| a) Gemeinsame Berufungsgründe | 523 | ||
| b) Berufungsgründe Kvočkas | 525 | ||
| c) Berufungsgründe Radićs | 526 | ||
| d) Berufungsgründe Žigićs | 526 | ||
| e) Berufungsgründe Prcaćs | 527 | ||
| f) Strafzumessung | 527 | ||
| 3. Berufungsstrafzumessungsurteil im Verfahren gegen Milan Babić | 528 | ||
| 4. Berufungsstrafzumessungsurteil im Verfahren gegen Miroslav Deronjić | 529 | ||
| 5. Berufungsstrafzumessungsurteil im Verfahren gegen Miodrag Jokić | 530 | ||
| Matthias Bickel und Verena Ritz: Die Rechtsprechung der WTO-Streitbeilegungsgremien im Jahre 2005 | 533 | ||
| A. Einführung | 533 | ||
| B. Die WTO-Rechtsprechung zu den einzelnen Handelsübereinkommen | 534 | ||
| I. Multilaterale Übereinkommen zum Warenhandel | 534 | ||
| 1. Allgemeines Zoll- und Handelsübereinkommen (GATT 1994) | 535 | ||
| a) European Communities – Customs Classification of Frozen Boneless Chicken Cuts | 535 | ||
| b) Dominican Republic – Measures Affecting the Importation and Internal Sale of Cigarettes | 537 | ||
| c) Mexico – Tax Measures on Soft Drinks and Other Beverages | 539 | ||
| 2. Übereinkommen über die Landwirtschaft | 542 | ||
| a) European Communities – Export Subsidies on Sugar | 542 | ||
| b) United States – Subsidies on Upland Cotton | 546 | ||
| 3. Übereinkommen zur Durchführung des Artikels VI des GATT 1994 | 549 | ||
| a) United States – Anti-Dumping Measures on Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG) from Mexico | 550 | ||
| b) Mexico – Definitive Anti-Dumping Measures on Beef and Rice | 552 | ||
| c) Korea – Anti-Dumping Duties on Imports of Certain Paper from Indonesia | 555 | ||
| d) United States – Laws, Regulations and Methodology for Calculating Dumping Margins („Zeroing“) | 558 | ||
| 4. Übereinkommen über Subventionen und Ausgleichsmaßnahmen | 561 | ||
| a) Korea – Measures Affecting Trade in Commercial Vessels | 561 | ||
| b) United States – Countervailing Duty Investigation on Dynamic Random Access Memory Semiconductors (DRAMS) from Korea | 564 | ||
| c) European Communities – Countervailing Measures on Dynamic Random Access Memory Chips (DRAMS) from Korea | 566 | ||
| d) European Communities – Measures Affecting Trade in Commercial Vessels | 569 | ||
| II. Allgemeines Übereinkommen über den Handel mit Dienstleistungen (GATS) | 573 | ||
| III. Übereinkommen über handelsbezogene Aspekte der Rechte des Geistigen Eigentums (TRIPS) | 577 | ||
| C. Ausblick | 579 | ||
| Richard Happ and Noah Rubins: Awards and Decisions of ICSID Tribunals in 2005 | 581 | ||
| A. Introduction | 581 | ||
| B. Consorzio Groupement L.E.S.I. – DIPENTA v. Republic of Algeria (Case No. ARB/03/08) | 582 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 583 | ||
| II. The Decision | 583 | ||
| 1. Jurisdiction | 584 | ||
| 2. Admissibility | 586 | ||
| C. Empresas Lucchetti, S.A. and Lucchetti Peru, S.A. v. Republic of Peru (Case No. ARB/03/4) | 588 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 589 | ||
| II. The Decision | 589 | ||
| D. Plama Consortium Limited v. Republic of Bulgaria (Case No. ARB/03/24) | 590 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 590 | ||
| II. The Decision | 591 | ||
| 1. Jurisdiction under Article 26 ECT | 591 | ||
| 2. Jurisdiction under the BIT | 594 | ||
| E. Impregilo S.p.A. v. Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Case No. ARB/03/3) | 596 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 596 | ||
| II. The Decision | 597 | ||
| 1. Jurisdiction Ratione Personae | 597 | ||
| 2. Jurisdiction Ratione Materiae | 599 | ||
| 3. Jurisdiction Ratione Temporis | 601 | ||
| F. CMS Gas Transmission Company v. Republic of Argentina (Case No. ARB/01/8) | 601 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 602 | ||
| II. The Decision | 602 | ||
| 1. The Nature of Argentina’s Commitments | 603 | ||
| 2. Change of Circumstances | 604 | ||
| 3. Expropriation | 604 | ||
| 4. Fair and Equitable Treatment | 605 | ||
| 5. Arbitrary and Discriminatory Measures | 606 | ||
| 6. Umbrella Clause | 607 | ||
| 7. State of Necessity Defense | 607 | ||
| 8. Damages | 608 | ||
| G. Camuzzi International S.A. v. The Argentine Republic (Case No. ARB/03/02) | 609 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 609 | ||
| II. The Decision | 610 | ||
| H. Sempra Energy International v. Argentine Republic (Case No. ARB/02/16) | 613 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 613 | ||
| II. The Decision | 613 | ||
| I. Gas Natural SDG, S.A. v. Argentine Republic (Case No. ARB/03/10) | 614 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 615 | ||
| II. The Decision | 615 | ||
| J. Noble Ventures, Inc. v. Romania (Case No. ARB/01/11) | 617 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 617 | ||
| II. The Decision | 618 | ||
| K. Wena Hotels Ltd. v. Arab Republic of Egypt (Case No. ARB/98/4) | 621 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 621 | ||
| II. The Decision | 622 | ||
| L. Concluding Remarks | 623 | ||
| Eva Langer und Eva Linde: Die Tätigkeit der International Law Commission im Jahre 2005 | 625 | ||
| A. Einleitung | 625 | ||
| B. Gemeinsame natürliche Ressourcen | 626 | ||
| C. Verantwortlichkeit internationaler Organisationen | 627 | ||
| I. Dritter Bericht von Giorgio Gaja | 627 | ||
| II. Angenommene Artikel | 628 | ||
| 1. Bestimmungen in Kapitel III | 628 | ||
| 2. Bestimmungen in Kapitel IV | 628 | ||
| D. Diplomatischer Schutz | 630 | ||
| I. Die clean hands-Doktrin | 630 | ||
| II. Sonstiges | 632 | ||
| E. Einseitige Hoheitsakte | 632 | ||
| F. Vertragsvorbehalte | 633 | ||
| I. Vorstellung des Berichts durch den Sonderberichterstatter | 634 | ||
| II. Behandlung des Berichts in der Kommission | 635 | ||
| G. Fragmentierung des Völkerrechts: Schwierigkeiten, die sich aus der Diversifizierung und der Ausdehnung des Völkerrechts ergeben | 636 | ||
| I. Regionalismus im Kontext der Studie über Funktion und Umfang der lex specialis-Regel und die Frage der self-contained regimes | 636 | ||
| II. Vertragsauslegung im Lichte der „in den Beziehungen zwischen den Vertragsparteien anwendbaren einschlägigen Völkerrechtssätze“ (Artikel 31 Abs. 3 lit. c WVK) | 638 | ||
| III. Hierarchien im Völkerrecht: jus cogens, erga omnes-Verpflichtungen und Artikel 103 der Charta der Vereinten Nationen84 als Kollisionsregeln | 639 | ||
| H. Wirkung bewaffneter Konflikte auf Verträge | 639 | ||
| I. Behandlung des ersten Berichts von Ian Brownlie | 640 | ||
| 1. Anwendungsbereich (Artikel 1–2) | 640 | ||
| 2. Von Beendigung oder Suspendierung betroffene Verträge (Artikel 3–7) | 641 | ||
| 3. Form (Artikel 8–9) | 642 | ||
| 4. Weitere Aspekte (Artikel 10–14) | 642 | ||
| II. Weiteres Vorgehen | 643 | ||
| I. Ausweisung von Ausländern | 643 | ||
| I. Vorläufiger Bericht von Maurice Kamto | 643 | ||
| II. Debatte in der Kommission | 644 | ||
| III. Weiteres Vorgehen | 645 | ||
| J. Ausblick | 646 | ||
| BOOK REVIEWS | 647 | ||
| Ademola Abass: Regional Organisations and the Development of Collective Security (Christian Walter) | 647 | ||
| Chittharanjan Felix Amerasinghe: Local Remedies in International Law (Alexander Orakhelashvili) | 649 | ||
| Jurij Daniel Aston: Sekundärgesetzgebung internationaler Organisationen zwischen mitgliedstaatlicher Souveränität und Gemeinschaftsdisziplin (Björn Elberling) | 651 | ||
| Catherine Denis: Le pouvoir normatif du Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies: portée et limites (Björn Elberling) | 651 | ||
| Johann Bair: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its (First) Optional Protocol – A Short Commentary Based on Views, General Comments and Concluding Observations by the Human Rights Committee (Christian Johann) | 656 | ||
| Sarah Joseph/Jenny Schultz/Melissa Castan: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – Cases, Materials and Commentary (Christian Johann) | 656 | ||
| Manfred Nowak: U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – CCPR Commentary (Christian Johann) | 656 | ||
| Manlio Bellomo: Europäische Rechtseinheit (Hanna Goeters) | 661 | ||
| Roger Blanpain/Michele Colucci: The Globalization of Labour Standards: The Soft Law Track (Karsten Nowrot) | 663 | ||
| Michael Byers/Georg Nolte (eds.): United States Hegemony and the Foundations of International Law (Johannes van Aggelen) | 666 | ||
| Tom Campbell/Jeffrey Goldsworthy/Adrienne Stone (eds.): Protecting Human Rights – Instruments and Institutions (Till Müller) | 669 | ||
| Falko Dittmar: Angriffe auf Computernetzwerke – Ius ad bellum und ius in bello (Christian Johann) | 672 | ||
| Emmanuel Gaillard/Yas Banifatemi (eds.): Annulment of ICSID Awards (Christian J. Tams) | 674 | ||
| Hazel Fox: The Law of State Immunity (Jürgen Bröhmer) | 676 | ||
| Andrew Dickinson/Rae Lindsay/James P. Loonam: State Immunity – Selected Materials and Commentary (Jürgen Bröhmer) | 676 | ||
| Jean-Marie Henckaerts/Louise Doswald-Beck (eds.): Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules; Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume II: Practice, Parts 1 and 2 (Nicki Boldt) | 680 | ||
| Meinhard Hilf/Stefan Oeter: WTO-Recht – Rechtsordnung des Welthandels (Christian Tietje) | 689 | ||
| David Kennedy: The Dark Sides of Virtue: Reassessing International Humanitarianism (Björn Elberling) | 697 | ||
| Michael Mandel: How America Gets Away with Murder – Illegal Wars, Collateral Damage and Crimes Against Humanity (Björn Elberling) | 699 | ||
| Radu Mares (ed.): Business and Human Rights (Karsten Nowrot) | 702 | ||
| Jörg Menzel/Tobias Pierlings/Jeannine Hoffmann: Völkerrechtsprechung (Heiko Leitsch) | 704 | ||
| Victor Prescott/Clive Schofield: The Maritime Political Boundaries of the World (Christian J. Tams) | 706 | ||
| Maurizio Ragazzi (ed.): International Responsibility Today, Essays in Memory of Oscar Schachter (Christian J. Tams) | 708 | ||
| Götz Reichert: Der nachhaltige Schutz grenzübergreifender Gewässer in Europa (Hanna Goeters) | 711 | ||
| Shabtai Rosenne: Provisional Measures in International Law. The International Court of Justice and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (Tobias Thienel) | 713 | ||
| M. Sornarajah: The International Law on Foreign Investment (Alexander Orakhelashvili) | 716 | ||
| Janusz Symonides (ed.): Human Rights: International Protection, Monitoring, Enforcement (Till Müller) | 717 | ||
| Christian J. Tams: Enforcing Obligations Erga Omnes in International Law (Christian Tomuschat) | 720 | ||
| François Voeffray: L’actio popularis ou la défense de l’intérêt collectif devant les juridictions internationales (Christian J. Tams) | 723 | ||
| Santiago Villalpando: L’émergence de la communauté internationale dans la responsabilité des Etats (Christian J. Tams) | 723 | ||
| Erika de Wet: The Chapter VII Powers of the United Nations Security Council (Robin Geiß) | 728 | ||
| BOOKS RECEIVED | 733 | ||
| LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS | 737 |