Maritime Sicherheit im Bundesstaat

Abstract

Die Aufgabe der Gefahrenabwehr auf See ist auf eine Vielzahl von Bundes- und Landesbehörden verteilt. Versuche, den daraus resultierenden Effektivitäts- und Effizienzverlusten durch verstärkte Koordination und Kooperation entgegenzuwirken, stoßen an verfassungsrechtliche Grenzen. Bereits das als Bund-Länder-Einrichtung gegründete Havariekommando erweist sich als verfassungswidrig. Es braucht eine Neuordnung der Zuständigkeiten auf See. Einzelne Reformschritte sind bereits de constitutione lata möglich, die Gründung einer einheitlichen Küstenwache hingegen bedarf einer Grundgesetzänderung. Ein weiteres Problem liegt in der unzureichenden Einsetzbarkeit der Marine zur Gefahrenabwehr auf See. Verfassungsrechtliche Restriktionen führen dazu, dass die Marine selbst in Situationen, die die Polizeikräfte überfordern, nicht handeln darf. Diese staatliche Handlungsunfähigkeit muss behoben werden.Maritime navigation is exposed to various dangers. Aside from the risk of operating accidents it faces the omnipresent threat of piracy and increasing warnings even of a »maritime 9/11«. All these dangers have to be averted effectively. Yet in Germany there are federal and administrative barriers that prevent an effective and efficient enforcement of maritime safety and security. There is no unitary German Coast Guard. There is rather a multitude of authorities of Bund and Länder charged with partial functions that are involved in policing at sea. Instead of clear structures there is a tangle of responsibilities. In recent years attempts have been made to reduce the consequential loss in effectiveness and efficiency by strengthening coordination and cooperation among the particular authorities. This, however, runs up against constitutional limits imposed by the Grundgesetz which allows federal cooperation only on a small scale. Thus, effectiveness and efficiency cannot be increased by establishing closer cooperation. Instead of mitigating its consequences, the root causes for the fragmentation of functions have to be changed. What is needed is a fundamental reform of the responsibilities at sea. Some steps can be taken already under current constitutional law. The foundation of a unitary German Coast Guard, however, requires an amendment to the Grundgesetz. The fragmentation of civil responsibilities, however, is not the only problem. Furthermore, naval forces can only be engaged insufficiently to support policing measures at sea in cases of urgent need. Actual or pretended restrictions of the Grundgesetz may lead to situations in which the police are allowed but not able to act, whereas the navy is able but not allowed to. This governmental incapacity to act has to be resolved.