German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht

doi:10.3790/978-3-428-48521-5

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Delbrück, J., Hofmann, R., Zimmermann, A. (Eds.) (1996). German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht. Vol. 38 (1995). Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-48521-5

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German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht

Vol. 38 (1995)

Editors: Delbrück, Jost | Hofmann, Rainer | Zimmermann, Andreas

German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, Vol. 38

(1996)

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Book Details

Publisher Name: Duncker & Humblot
ISBN: 978-3-428-48521-5
978-3-428-08521-7 (print edition)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-48521-5
Edition: 1
Language: German
Pages: 488
Collections: NBE RECHT
NBE D&H
Subjects: Public international law

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Institution: € 270.00 (incl. local VAT if applicable)
Individual: € 179.90 (incl. local VAT if applicable)

Abstract

The German Yearbook of International Law was founded in 1948 by Rudolph Laun and Hermann von Mangoldt as the "Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht". The Yearbook is currently edited by the Walther-Schücking-Institute for International Law at the University of Kiel, and it continues to follow in its tradition of offering learned contributions to the development of international law. Although German scholars were once the primary contributors to the Yearbook, today authors from throughout the world are welcomed to publish their English language, and occasionally French language, articles. This trend has helped the Yearbook further open itself to new readers.

It is the goal of the Yearbook's editors to create a free forum for the discussion of international law that is available to the largest possible international audience. To this end, the Yearbook has remained progressive by discussing timely topics of interest and concern to international legal academics and practitioners. Its editors have also modified the Yearbook's approach to the field in recent years by offering a focus section in each volume that considers issues of particular importance to the further development of international law. The Yearbook has also been successful in informing the international law community with regard to research done in German academic institutions and in presenting international viewpoints on various topics to the German community.

In addition, the Yearbook publishes annual reports on the work of international organizations that make significant contributions to international law. These reports are, for the most part, published in German and review the current activities of bodies such as the International Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights. Contributors to the Yearbook include the full spectrum of individuals involved in the discussion of international law, including academics, practitioners, and students of the subject. The editors, in compiling each volume of the Yearbook, recognize the importance of allowing for discussion of the full range of opinions on international legal issues and especially encourage the expression of new ideas and legal theories that encourage further growth in the field of international law.

Section Title	Page	Action	Price
Contents	5
Articles	9
Carl-August Fleischhauer: The United Nations at Fifty	9
I.	9
II.	11
III.	18
IV.	19
V.	23
VI.	24
VII.	25
Albert Bleckmann: General Theory of Obligations under Public International Law	26
Introduction	26
I. Approaches to a General Theory of Obligations under National Legal Systems	28
II. Transfer of National Legal Principles to the Sphere of Public International Law	30
III. On the Intermediation by the State with Respect to Individuals	36
IV. On the Intermediation by the State with Respect to Subordinate Public Entities	39
Stephen C. Neff: The Prerogatives of Violence – In Search ofthe Conceptual Foundations of Belligerents' Rights	41
Introduction	41
1. Two Sub-categories of Belligerents' Rights	42
2. Two Schools of Thought	42
I. The Necessity or Conflict-of-Rights School	43
1. The Theory	43
2. State Practice	46
3. Comments	48
II. The Code-of-Conduct School	53
1. The Theory	53
2. State Practice	57
3. Comments	63
Conclusion	69
Stefan Oeter: State Succession and the Struggle over Equity: Some Observations on the Laws of State Succession with Respect to State Property and Debts in Casesof Separation and Dissolution of States	73
Introduction	73
I. Consensual Solution: The Case of the Czechoslovak Federation	76
II. Peaceful Succession with Conflicts on the Redistribution of Assets and Liabilities: The Breakup of the Soviet Union	77
III. Interim Result: Redistribution of Assets and Liabilities as a Multidimensional Task	83
IV. Conflicting Positions on the Distribution of Liabilities in Cases of Contentious Partition: The Case of Yugoslavia	84
V. Liability Pro Rata as the only Viable Solution	89
VI. Criteria of Redistribution of Assets and Liabilities	92
VII. Quota Allocation by the IMF and the Apportionment of Debts	97
Conclusion	101
Doris König: Putting an End to an Endless Constitutional Debate? The Decision of the Federal Constitutional Court on the 'Out of Area' Deployment of German Armed Forces	103
Introduction	103
I. Background and Facts	104
1. German State Practice before 1992	104
2. Deployment of German Soldiers in the Former Yugoslavia and Somalia in 1992	106
3. Preliminary Proceedings Before the Federal Constitutional Court	107
II. The Constitutional Controversy and the Issues before the Court	108
1. The 'Out of Area' Deployment of German Armed Forces	108
a) Constitutional Basis for the 'Out of Area' Deployment of German Armed Forces	109
aa) The Interpretation of Article 87a paragraph 2 Basic Law	109
bb) The Interpretation of Article 24 paragraph 2 Basic Law	112
cc) The Interrelationship between Article 87a paragraph 2 and Article 24 paragraph 2 Basic Law	113
b) Competence to Decide upon an 'Out of Area' Use of German Armed Forces	114
2. The Expansion of NATO and WEU Tasks	115
3. Summary of the Arguments before the Court	116
III. The Court's Decision	117
1. Constitutionality of the Participation of German Armed Forces in UN Operations	117
a) Sedes materiae: Article 24 paragraph 2 Basic Law	117
b) The Interrelationship between Article 24 paragraph 2 and Article 87a paragraph 2	118
c) The Interpretation of the Term 'System of Collective Security'	118
aa) UNOSOM II	119
bb) The NATO and WEU Operations in the Adriatic and in Bosnia-Herzegovina	120
2. Article 59 paragraph 2 Basic Law and the New Tasks of NATO and WEU	120
3. The Need for Parliament's Prior Consent to the Use of German Armed Forces	124
Concluding Remarks	126
Emmanuel Spiry: From 'Self-Determination' to a Right to 'Self-Development' for Indigenous Groups	129
Introduction	129
I. Indigenous Populations and the Evolution of the Right to Self-Determination	130
1. From the Classical, Post Second World War 'Right of All Peoples'...	131
2. ... to the Emergence of a Post Cold War Right to 'Self-Determination'	136
II. Towards a Right to 'Self-Development' for Indigenous Peoples	141
1. Indigenous Peoples and Internal Autonomy or Self-Government	141
a) Democratic Government	145
b) Group Autonomy	145
2. Indigenous Peoples and the Right to Maintain or Develop Traditional Economic Structures	147
a) Land, Territory and Resources	150
b) Economic Development	150
Conclusion	151
Maureen A. Convery: The Privacy of Telephone Conversations under German Law and Article 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights: Improving Human Rights Enforcement through Domestic Decisions	153
Introduction	153
I. Does Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights Protect against an Interference in a Telephone Conversation that is Made with the Consent of One of the Participants?	154
1. Does the Scope of Article 8(1) Include All Telephone Conversations ?	155
2. The Application of Article 8(1) to the BGH Case	158
II. Is Overhearing a Conversation with Only the Consent of a Participant a Permissible Interference under Article 8(2)?	166
1. Is There a Legal Basis in Domestic Law for the Interference?	167
2. Could the Interference Be Seen as Compatible with the Rule of Law?	170
III . What Is the Legal Effect of Decisions by the ECHR Organs in German Law?	171
Conclusion	176
Ulf Bernitz: The Incorporation of the European Human Rights Conventionin to Swedish Law – A Half Measure	178
Introduction	178
I. Legislative Treatment of the Question of Incorporating the European Convention	179
II. The Status of the European Convention within European Community Law	181
III. The Relation of the European Convention to Domestic Human Rights Protection	184
IV. The Status of the European Convention and its Relationship to Swedish Legislation	187
Concluding Remarks	190
Special Theme: Migration	191
Rüdiger Wolfrum: International Law on Migration Reconsidered Under the Challenge of New Population Movements	191
Introduction	191
The Development of 'International Migration Law'	194
I. General Development	194
II. Status of Refugees	195
III. Human Rights Minimum Standards for Aliens	200
Conclusions	204
Michael Hasenau: Changing Features of Economic Migrationand International Law	208
Introduction	208
I. Economic Migration Flows	208
1. Americas and Australasia	209
2. Europe	209
3. Gulf States	211
4. Sub-Saharan Africa	212
5. Asia	213
II. International Law of Economic Migration	214
1. Migration for Settlement and to Create Employment	214
2. Migration for Education and Training	215
3. Migration for Professional or Business Purposes	215
4. Contract Migration	216
5. Irregular Migration	217
6. Asylum Seeking	219
III. Politics of Economic Migration	220
1. Irregular Migration of Unskilled Workers	221
2. Multilateral Mechanisms of Migration Management	221
3. National Migration Strategies	222
Otto Kimminich: The Conventions for the Prevention of Double Citizenship and their Meaning for Germany and Europe in an Era of Migration	224
I. The Shifting Positions of Nation, State and Individual in International Law	224
II. The Hague Conference of 1930	231
III. The Convention of 1963	240
Karin Oellers-Frahm and Andreas Zimmermann: France's and Germany's Constitutional Changes and their Impact on Migration Law – Policy and Practice –	249
Introduction	249
I. Developments in France	250
1. Introduction: The Factual Situation Concerning Immigration and Asylum and the Interrelationship Between the Two Concepts	250
2. The Legal Situation of Asylum Seekers in France Before	252
a) Constitutional Rules	252
b) International Rules	254
c) Implementation and Procedural Rules	255
II. History Leading to the Revision of the Constitution	256
1. The Three Decisions of the Conseil Constitutionnel	257
a) The Adoption of the Schengen Convention and the Decision of 25 July 1991	257
b) The Decision of 25 February 1992	259
c) The Decision of 13 August 1993	259
2. The Essence of the Controversy	260
3. The Advisory Opinion of the Conseil d'Etat	262
III. The Revision of the Constitution	263
IV. The Legal Situation of Asylum Seekers After the Revision	264
V. Probable Impact of the New Rules on the French Asylum Practice	267
VI. Developments in Germany	268
VII. History Leading to the Revision of the Constitution	269
1. German Asylum Law Before 1993	269
2. The Impact of the Political Changes in Europe on the Number of Persons Seeking Asylum in Germany	271
VIII. The Revision of the Constitution	272
1. Necessity of a Revision	272
2. The Content of the Revision	272
IX. The Legal Situation of Asylum Seekers in Germany After the Revision	274
1. Sources of Law Concerning the Right of Asylum and Factual Situation	274
2. The Legal Situation of Different Groups of Asylum Seekers: Refugees Arriving from Secure Third States	275
a) The Determination of Secure Third States and European Asylum Policies	275
b) The Legal Situation of Asylum Seekers Arriving Through One of these Countries	277
3. Asylum Seekers Arriving from Safe Countries of	278
a) The Determination of Safe Countries of Origin	278
b) The Legal Situation of Asylum Seekers Arriving from one of These Safe Countries of Origin	279
4. Asylum Seekers Originating in Other Countries	280
5. Germany and the Schengen and Dublin Agreements	280
X. Impact of the New Rules on the German Asylum Practice	281
XI. The French and German Practice as Part of an Overall European Approach in Asylum Matter	282
Gerald L. Neuman: Recent Trends in United States Migration Control	284
I. The Current Environment	284
II. The Legal Geography	287
1. Extraterritorial Action and Constitutional Rights	287
2. Extraterritorial Refoulement	288
3. The Status of Guantánamo	290
III. Off-Shore Interventions	292
1. Haiti, From Interdiction to Safe Haven to Invasion	292
2. Cuba, From Welcome to Safe Haven to Interdiction	293
3. Interdiction in Territorial Waters	297
4. Preinspection	298
IV. Innovations at Home	298
1. The 1994 Asylum Procedure Reforms	298
2. The Rubric of Terrorism	301
a) Donors as Terrorists	301
b) Secret Deportation Proceedings	302
3. Criminal Alien Legislation	303
Conclusion	305
Arthur C. Helton: The Legal Dimensions of Forced Migration in the Former Soviet Union	306
Introduction	306
I. Background	307
II. The Russian Federation: A Case Study	309
1. Legal Arrangements	309
2. Proposed Amendments to the Refugee and Forced Migrant	313
3. Asylum Provision	314
4. Institutional Framework	315
5. Practice	316
III. The Treaty Regime	319
IV. The International Conference	324
Commemoration	325
Alexander Böhmer: One Hundred Years: The Kiel Canal in International Law	325
Introduction	325
I. Historical Outline of the Kiel Canal	326
II. The Problem of the Status of the Kiel Canal in International Law	328
1. The Treaty of Versailles	329
a) The Treaty Provisions	329
b) The Continuing Validity of the Treaty Provisions	330
aa) German State Practice Concerning Warships after World War II	331
bb) The Continuing Validity of the Treaty Provisions in General	332
c) Repudiation through the Memorandum of the German Government of 14 November 1936	333
aa) The Contemporaneous Reasoning of the German Government	334
bb) Subsequent Reasoning in the Literature	335
(1) The Protesting States	335
(2) The Non-Protesting States	337
(3) General Considerations	338
d) Termination due to the Outbreak of World War II	339
e) Termination on the Grounds of Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus	339
2. The Status of the Kiel Canal under Customary International	340
a) Customary International Law for International Canals	341
b) Other Bases of Customary International Law	342
aa) From the Versailles Treaty	342
bb) From State Practice and Other Treaties	342
cc) From European Community Law	343
c) Customary International Law Consistent with the Baltic Region as a Cooperation Zone	344
Conclusion	345
Reports	347
Dørte Pardo López: Die Rechtsprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofes für Menschenrechte im Jahre 1994	347
I. Allgemeines	347
II. Zulässigkeit von Individualbeschwerden gem. Art. 25,26 EMRK	348
1. Individualbeschwerde gem. Art. 25 EMRK	348
a) Zuständigkeit ratione personae	348
b) Opfereigenschaft	348
2. Voraussetzungen und Fristen für das Verfahren vor der Kommission gem. Art. 26 EMRK	349
a) Erschöpfung des Rechtsweges	349
b) Sechsmonatsfrist	350
III. Verfahrensgarantien gem. Art. 6 EMRK	351
1. Schutzbereich von Art. 6 Abs. 1 EMRK	351
a) "Zivilrechtliche Ansprüche" ("civilrights")	351
b) "Strafrechtliche Anklage" ("criminal charge")	352
2. Grundsatz des fairen Verfahrens	353
a) Das Recht auf Anhörung "in billiger Weise"(Art. 6 Abs. 1 EMRK)	353
b) Das Recht auf öffentliche Verhandlung (Art. 6 Abs. 1 EMRK)	355
c) Das Recht auf eine Entscheidunginnerhalb einer angemessenen Frist (Art. 6 Abs. 1 EMRK)	355
d) Das Recht, "vor einem unabhängigen und unparteiischen, auf Gesetz beruhenden Gericht" gehört zu werden (Art. 6 Abs. 1 EMRK)	356
e) Das Recht auf die tatsächliche Teilnahme am Strafverfahren (Art. 6 Abs. 3 lit. c), d) und e) EMRK)	357
f) Das Recht "sich selbst zu verteidigen oder den Beistand eines Verteidigers seiner Wahl zu erhalten" (Art. 6 Abs. 3 lit. c) EMRK)	358
3. Unschuldsvermutung gem. Art. 6 Abs. 2 EMRK	359
IV. Das Verbot der unmenschlichen und erniedrigenden Behandlung gem. Art. 3 EMRK	360
V. Das Recht auf Freiheit und Sicherheit der Person gem. Art. 5 EMRK	360
1. Hinreichender Verdacht und weitere Haftvoraussetzungen gem. Art. 5 Abs. 1 lit. c) EMRK	360
2. Unverzügliche Unterrichtung über die erhobenen Beschuldigungen gem. Art. 5 Abs. 2 EMRK	361
3. Unverzügliche Entscheidung über die Rechtmäßigkeit der Haft gem. Art. 5 Abs. 4 EMRK	361
VI. Freiheitsrechte gem. Art. 8, 9 und 10 EMRK und Art. 2 des 4. Zusatzprotokolls der EMRK (4. ZP)	362
1. Achtung der privaten Sphäre gem. Art. 8 EMRK	362
a) "Privatleben"	362
b) Achtung der Wohnung	363
c) Familienleben	363
2. Anspruch auf Religionsfreiheit gem. Art. 9 EMRK	364
3. Freiheit zur Mitteilung von Nachrichten und Ideen gem. Art. 10 Abs. 1 EMRK	364
4. Das Recht auf Bewegungsfreiheit gem. Art. 2 des 4.	365
5. Rechtfertigung durch die jeweiligen Absätze 2	365
a) Gesetzlich vorgesehen	365
b) Legitimer Zweck	366
c) Notwendig in einer demokratischen Gesellschaft	366
VII. Das Recht auf Achtung des Eigentums gem. Art. 1 des 1. ZP	370
1. Recht auf Achtung des Eigentums	370
2. Eigentumsentzug (Art. 1 Abs. 1 Satz 2 des 1.)	371
3. Eigentumsnutzung (Art. 1 Abs. 2 des 1. ZP)	371
a) Für Eigentumsbeeinträchtigungen und Eigentumsentzug (Art. 1 Abs. 1 des 1. ZP)	371
b) Für Nutzungsentzug (Art. 1 Abs. 2 des 1. ZP)	373
VIII. Das Diskriminierungsverbot gem. Art. 14 EMRK	373
1. Art. 14 i. V. m. Art. 4 Abs. 3 lit. d) EMRK	374
2. Art. 14 i. V.m. Art. 8 EMRK	374
3. Art. 14 i. V. m. Art 6, 9 und 11 EMRK	375
IX. Beschwerdemöglichkeiten bei Verletzung der Rechte oder Freiheiten der Konvention gem. Art. 13 EMRK	375
Christian Feist: Die Tätigkeit der International Law Commission in den Jahren 1993 und 1994	376
I. Das Recht der nicht-schiffahrtlichen Nutzung internationaler Wasserläufe	377
II. Verbrechen gegen den Frieden und die Sicherheit der Menschheit	379
III. Das Recht der Staatenverantwortlichkeit	382
IV. Völkerrechtliche Haftung für Schäden aufgrund nicht völkerrechtswidriger Handlungen	386
V. Die Planungen der ILC für die Zukunft	388
Britta Buchenau und Anja Stein: Die Tätigkeit des Ministerkomitees und der Parlamentarischen Versammlung des Europarates in den Jahren 1993 und 1994	389
I. Organisatorische Fragen; Allgemeines	389
II. Behandlung allgemeinpolitischer Themen im Europarat	391
1. Das Ministerkomitee	391
a) Die Situation auf dem Gebiet des ehemaligen Jugoslawiens	391
b) Zusammenarbeit mit den Staaten Zentral- und Osteuropas	393
c) Schutz nationaler Minderheiten	394
d) Reform der EMRK und die Politik des Europarates	395
e) Kultur-, Wirtschafts-, Sozial- und Umweltpolitik	395
2. Parlamentarische Versammlung	397
a) Themen 1993	397
b) Ansprachen 1993	400
c) Themen 1994	401
d) Ansprachen 1994	403
3. Konferenzen der Mitgliedstaaten	404
III. Rechtsvereinheitlichung und rechtliche Zusammenarbeit zwischen den Mitgliedstaaten; Verträge und Empfehlungen	406
1. Neue Konventionen und Protokolle 1993 und 1994	406
a) 1993 – Vier Vertragswerke	406
b) 1994 – Drei Vertragswerke	407
2. Allgemeines	409
3. Rechtsvereinheitlichung und rechtliche Zusammenarbeit	410
Book Reviews	412
Books Received	483
List of Contributors	486

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German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht

Vol. 38 (1995)

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