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German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht

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Delbrück, J., Hofmann, R., Zimmermann, A. (Eds.) (1996). German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht. Vol. 38 (1995). Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-48521-5
Delbrück, Jost; Hofmann, Rainer and Zimmermann, Andreas. German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 38 (1995). Duncker & Humblot, 1996. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-48521-5
Delbrück, J, Hofmann, R, Zimmermann, A (eds.) (1996): German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 38 (1995), Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-48521-5

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German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht

Vol. 38 (1995)

Editors: Delbrück, Jost | Hofmann, Rainer | Zimmermann, Andreas

German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, Vol. 38

(1996)

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Abstract

The German Yearbook of International Law was founded in 1948 by Rudolph Laun and Hermann von Mangoldt as the "Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht". The Yearbook is currently edited by the Walther-Schücking-Institute for International Law at the University of Kiel, and it continues to follow in its tradition of offering learned contributions to the development of international law. Although German scholars were once the primary contributors to the Yearbook, today authors from throughout the world are welcomed to publish their English language, and occasionally French language, articles. This trend has helped the Yearbook further open itself to new readers.

It is the goal of the Yearbook's editors to create a free forum for the discussion of international law that is available to the largest possible international audience. To this end, the Yearbook has remained progressive by discussing timely topics of interest and concern to international legal academics and practitioners. Its editors have also modified the Yearbook's approach to the field in recent years by offering a focus section in each volume that considers issues of particular importance to the further development of international law. The Yearbook has also been successful in informing the international law community with regard to research done in German academic institutions and in presenting international viewpoints on various topics to the German community.

In addition, the Yearbook publishes annual reports on the work of international organizations that make significant contributions to international law. These reports are, for the most part, published in German and review the current activities of bodies such as the International Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights. Contributors to the Yearbook include the full spectrum of individuals involved in the discussion of international law, including academics, practitioners, and students of the subject. The editors, in compiling each volume of the Yearbook, recognize the importance of allowing for discussion of the full range of opinions on international legal issues and especially encourage the expression of new ideas and legal theories that encourage further growth in the field of international law.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Contents 5
Articles 9
Carl-August Fleischhauer: The United Nations at Fifty 9
I. 9
II. 11
III. 18
IV. 19
V. 23
VI. 24
VII. 25
Albert Bleckmann: General Theory of Obligations under Public International Law 26
Introduction 26
I. Approaches to a General Theory of Obligations under National Legal Systems 28
II. Transfer of National Legal Principles to the Sphere of Public International Law 30
III. On the Intermediation by the State with Respect to Individuals 36
IV. On the Intermediation by the State with Respect to Subordinate Public Entities 39
Stephen C. Neff: The Prerogatives of Violence – In Search ofthe Conceptual Foundations of Belligerents' Rights 41
Introduction 41
1. Two Sub-categories of Belligerents' Rights 42
2. Two Schools of Thought 42
I. The Necessity or Conflict-of-Rights School 43
1. The Theory 43
2. State Practice 46
3. Comments 48
II. The Code-of-Conduct School 53
1. The Theory 53
2. State Practice 57
3. Comments 63
Conclusion 69
Stefan Oeter: State Succession and the Struggle over Equity: Some Observations on the Laws of State Succession with Respect to State Property and Debts in Casesof Separation and Dissolution of States 73
Introduction 73
I. Consensual Solution: The Case of the Czechoslovak Federation 76
II. Peaceful Succession with Conflicts on the Redistribution of Assets and Liabilities: The Breakup of the Soviet Union 77
III. Interim Result: Redistribution of Assets and Liabilities as a Multidimensional Task 83
IV. Conflicting Positions on the Distribution of Liabilities in Cases of Contentious Partition: The Case of Yugoslavia 84
V. Liability Pro Rata as the only Viable Solution 89
VI. Criteria of Redistribution of Assets and Liabilities 92
VII. Quota Allocation by the IMF and the Apportionment of Debts 97
Conclusion 101
Doris König: Putting an End to an Endless Constitutional Debate? The Decision of the Federal Constitutional Court on the 'Out of Area' Deployment of German Armed Forces 103
Introduction 103
I. Background and Facts 104
1. German State Practice before 1992 104
2. Deployment of German Soldiers in the Former Yugoslavia and Somalia in 1992 106
3. Preliminary Proceedings Before the Federal Constitutional Court 107
II. The Constitutional Controversy and the Issues before the Court 108
1. The 'Out of Area' Deployment of German Armed Forces 108
a) Constitutional Basis for the 'Out of Area' Deployment of German Armed Forces 109
aa) The Interpretation of Article 87a paragraph 2 Basic Law 109
bb) The Interpretation of Article 24 paragraph 2 Basic Law 112
cc) The Interrelationship between Article 87a paragraph 2 and Article 24 paragraph 2 Basic Law 113
b) Competence to Decide upon an 'Out of Area' Use of German Armed Forces 114
2. The Expansion of NATO and WEU Tasks 115
3. Summary of the Arguments before the Court 116
III. The Court's Decision 117
1. Constitutionality of the Participation of German Armed Forces in UN Operations 117
a) Sedes materiae: Article 24 paragraph 2 Basic Law 117
b) The Interrelationship between Article 24 paragraph 2 and Article 87a paragraph 2 118
c) The Interpretation of the Term 'System of Collective Security' 118
aa) UNOSOM II 119
bb) The NATO and WEU Operations in the Adriatic and in Bosnia-Herzegovina 120
2. Article 59 paragraph 2 Basic Law and the New Tasks of NATO and WEU 120
3. The Need for Parliament's Prior Consent to the Use of German Armed Forces 124
Concluding Remarks 126
Emmanuel Spiry: From 'Self-Determination' to a Right to 'Self-Development' for Indigenous Groups 129
Introduction 129
I. Indigenous Populations and the Evolution of the Right to Self-Determination 130
1. From the Classical, Post Second World War 'Right of All Peoples'... 131
2. ... to the Emergence of a Post Cold War Right to 'Self-Determination' 136
II. Towards a Right to 'Self-Development' for Indigenous Peoples 141
1. Indigenous Peoples and Internal Autonomy or Self-Government 141
a) Democratic Government 145
b) Group Autonomy 145
2. Indigenous Peoples and the Right to Maintain or Develop Traditional Economic Structures 147
a) Land, Territory and Resources 150
b) Economic Development 150
Conclusion 151
Maureen A. Convery: The Privacy of Telephone Conversations under German Law and Article 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights: Improving Human Rights Enforcement through Domestic Decisions 153
Introduction 153
I. Does Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights Protect against an Interference in a Telephone Conversation that is Made with the Consent of One of the Participants? 154
1. Does the Scope of Article 8(1) Include All Telephone Conversations ? 155
2. The Application of Article 8(1) to the BGH Case 158
II. Is Overhearing a Conversation with Only the Consent of a Participant a Permissible Interference under Article 8(2)? 166
1. Is There a Legal Basis in Domestic Law for the Interference? 167
2. Could the Interference Be Seen as Compatible with the Rule of Law? 170
III . What Is the Legal Effect of Decisions by the ECHR Organs in German Law? 171
Conclusion 176
Ulf Bernitz: The Incorporation of the European Human Rights Conventionin to Swedish Law – A Half Measure 178
Introduction 178
I. Legislative Treatment of the Question of Incorporating the European Convention 179
II. The Status of the European Convention within European Community Law 181
III. The Relation of the European Convention to Domestic Human Rights Protection 184
IV. The Status of the European Convention and its Relationship to Swedish Legislation 187
Concluding Remarks 190
Special Theme: Migration 191
Rüdiger Wolfrum: International Law on Migration Reconsidered Under the Challenge of New Population Movements 191
Introduction 191
The Development of 'International Migration Law' 194
I. General Development 194
II. Status of Refugees 195
III. Human Rights Minimum Standards for Aliens 200
Conclusions 204
Michael Hasenau: Changing Features of Economic Migrationand International Law 208
Introduction 208
I. Economic Migration Flows 208
1. Americas and Australasia 209
2. Europe 209
3. Gulf States 211
4. Sub-Saharan Africa 212
5. Asia 213
II. International Law of Economic Migration 214
1. Migration for Settlement and to Create Employment 214
2. Migration for Education and Training 215
3. Migration for Professional or Business Purposes 215
4. Contract Migration 216
5. Irregular Migration 217
6. Asylum Seeking 219
III. Politics of Economic Migration 220
1. Irregular Migration of Unskilled Workers 221
2. Multilateral Mechanisms of Migration Management 221
3. National Migration Strategies 222
Otto Kimminich: The Conventions for the Prevention of Double Citizenship and their Meaning for Germany and Europe in an Era of Migration 224
I. The Shifting Positions of Nation, State and Individual in International Law 224
II. The Hague Conference of 1930 231
III. The Convention of 1963 240
Karin Oellers-Frahm and Andreas Zimmermann: France's and Germany's Constitutional Changes and their Impact on Migration Law – Policy and Practice – 249
Introduction 249
I. Developments in France 250
1. Introduction: The Factual Situation Concerning Immigration and Asylum and the Interrelationship Between the Two Concepts 250
2. The Legal Situation of Asylum Seekers in France Before 252
a) Constitutional Rules 252
b) International Rules 254
c) Implementation and Procedural Rules 255
II. History Leading to the Revision of the Constitution 256
1. The Three Decisions of the Conseil Constitutionnel 257
a) The Adoption of the Schengen Convention and the Decision of 25 July 1991 257
b) The Decision of 25 February 1992 259
c) The Decision of 13 August 1993 259
2. The Essence of the Controversy 260
3. The Advisory Opinion of the Conseil d'Etat 262
III. The Revision of the Constitution 263
IV. The Legal Situation of Asylum Seekers After the Revision 264
V. Probable Impact of the New Rules on the French Asylum Practice 267
VI. Developments in Germany 268
VII. History Leading to the Revision of the Constitution 269
1. German Asylum Law Before 1993 269
2. The Impact of the Political Changes in Europe on the Number of Persons Seeking Asylum in Germany 271
VIII. The Revision of the Constitution 272
1. Necessity of a Revision 272
2. The Content of the Revision 272
IX. The Legal Situation of Asylum Seekers in Germany After the Revision 274
1. Sources of Law Concerning the Right of Asylum and Factual Situation 274
2. The Legal Situation of Different Groups of Asylum Seekers: Refugees Arriving from Secure Third States 275
a) The Determination of Secure Third States and European Asylum Policies 275
b) The Legal Situation of Asylum Seekers Arriving Through One of these Countries 277
3. Asylum Seekers Arriving from Safe Countries of 278
a) The Determination of Safe Countries of Origin 278
b) The Legal Situation of Asylum Seekers Arriving from one of These Safe Countries of Origin 279
4. Asylum Seekers Originating in Other Countries 280
5. Germany and the Schengen and Dublin Agreements 280
X. Impact of the New Rules on the German Asylum Practice 281
XI. The French and German Practice as Part of an Overall European Approach in Asylum Matter 282
Gerald L. Neuman: Recent Trends in United States Migration Control 284
I. The Current Environment 284
II. The Legal Geography 287
1. Extraterritorial Action and Constitutional Rights 287
2. Extraterritorial Refoulement 288
3. The Status of Guantánamo 290
III. Off-Shore Interventions 292
1. Haiti, From Interdiction to Safe Haven to Invasion 292
2. Cuba, From Welcome to Safe Haven to Interdiction 293
3. Interdiction in Territorial Waters 297
4. Preinspection 298
IV. Innovations at Home 298
1. The 1994 Asylum Procedure Reforms 298
2. The Rubric of Terrorism 301
a) Donors as Terrorists 301
b) Secret Deportation Proceedings 302
3. Criminal Alien Legislation 303
Conclusion 305
Arthur C. Helton: The Legal Dimensions of Forced Migration in the Former Soviet Union 306
Introduction 306
I. Background 307
II. The Russian Federation: A Case Study 309
1. Legal Arrangements 309
2. Proposed Amendments to the Refugee and Forced Migrant 313
3. Asylum Provision 314
4. Institutional Framework 315
5. Practice 316
III. The Treaty Regime 319
IV. The International Conference 324
Commemoration 325
Alexander Böhmer: One Hundred Years: The Kiel Canal in International Law 325
Introduction 325
I. Historical Outline of the Kiel Canal 326
II. The Problem of the Status of the Kiel Canal in International Law 328
1. The Treaty of Versailles 329
a) The Treaty Provisions 329
b) The Continuing Validity of the Treaty Provisions 330
aa) German State Practice Concerning Warships after World War II 331
bb) The Continuing Validity of the Treaty Provisions in General 332
c) Repudiation through the Memorandum of the German Government of 14 November 1936 333
aa) The Contemporaneous Reasoning of the German Government 334
bb) Subsequent Reasoning in the Literature 335
(1) The Protesting States 335
(2) The Non-Protesting States 337
(3) General Considerations 338
d) Termination due to the Outbreak of World War II 339
e) Termination on the Grounds of Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus 339
2. The Status of the Kiel Canal under Customary International 340
a) Customary International Law for International Canals 341
b) Other Bases of Customary International Law 342
aa) From the Versailles Treaty 342
bb) From State Practice and Other Treaties 342
cc) From European Community Law 343
c) Customary International Law Consistent with the Baltic Region as a Cooperation Zone 344
Conclusion 345
Reports 347
Dørte Pardo López: Die Rechtsprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofes für Menschenrechte im Jahre 1994 347
I. Allgemeines 347
II. Zulässigkeit von Individualbeschwerden gem. Art. 25,26 EMRK 348
1. Individualbeschwerde gem. Art. 25 EMRK 348
a) Zuständigkeit ratione personae 348
b) Opfereigenschaft 348
2. Voraussetzungen und Fristen für das Verfahren vor der Kommission gem. Art. 26 EMRK 349
a) Erschöpfung des Rechtsweges 349
b) Sechsmonatsfrist 350
III. Verfahrensgarantien gem. Art. 6 EMRK 351
1. Schutzbereich von Art. 6 Abs. 1 EMRK 351
a) "Zivilrechtliche Ansprüche" ("civilrights") 351
b) "Strafrechtliche Anklage" ("criminal charge") 352
2. Grundsatz des fairen Verfahrens 353
a) Das Recht auf Anhörung "in billiger Weise"(Art. 6 Abs. 1 EMRK) 353
b) Das Recht auf öffentliche Verhandlung (Art. 6 Abs. 1 EMRK) 355
c) Das Recht auf eine Entscheidunginnerhalb einer angemessenen Frist (Art. 6 Abs. 1 EMRK) 355
d) Das Recht, "vor einem unabhängigen und unparteiischen, auf Gesetz beruhenden Gericht" gehört zu werden (Art. 6 Abs. 1 EMRK) 356
e) Das Recht auf die tatsächliche Teilnahme am Strafverfahren (Art. 6 Abs. 3 lit. c), d) und e) EMRK) 357
f) Das Recht "sich selbst zu verteidigen oder den Beistand eines Verteidigers seiner Wahl zu erhalten" (Art. 6 Abs. 3 lit. c) EMRK) 358
3. Unschuldsvermutung gem. Art. 6 Abs. 2 EMRK 359
IV. Das Verbot der unmenschlichen und erniedrigenden Behandlung gem. Art. 3 EMRK 360
V. Das Recht auf Freiheit und Sicherheit der Person gem. Art. 5 EMRK 360
1. Hinreichender Verdacht und weitere Haftvoraussetzungen gem. Art. 5 Abs. 1 lit. c) EMRK 360
2. Unverzügliche Unterrichtung über die erhobenen Beschuldigungen gem. Art. 5 Abs. 2 EMRK 361
3. Unverzügliche Entscheidung über die Rechtmäßigkeit der Haft gem. Art. 5 Abs. 4 EMRK 361
VI. Freiheitsrechte gem. Art. 8, 9 und 10 EMRK und Art. 2 des 4. Zusatzprotokolls der EMRK (4. ZP) 362
1. Achtung der privaten Sphäre gem. Art. 8 EMRK 362
a) "Privatleben" 362
b) Achtung der Wohnung 363
c) Familienleben 363
2. Anspruch auf Religionsfreiheit gem. Art. 9 EMRK 364
3. Freiheit zur Mitteilung von Nachrichten und Ideen gem. Art. 10 Abs. 1 EMRK 364
4. Das Recht auf Bewegungsfreiheit gem. Art. 2 des 4. 365
5. Rechtfertigung durch die jeweiligen Absätze 2 365
a) Gesetzlich vorgesehen 365
b) Legitimer Zweck 366
c) Notwendig in einer demokratischen Gesellschaft 366
VII. Das Recht auf Achtung des Eigentums gem. Art. 1 des 1. ZP 370
1. Recht auf Achtung des Eigentums 370
2. Eigentumsentzug (Art. 1 Abs. 1 Satz 2 des 1.) 371
3. Eigentumsnutzung (Art. 1 Abs. 2 des 1. ZP) 371
a) Für Eigentumsbeeinträchtigungen und Eigentumsentzug (Art. 1 Abs. 1 des 1. ZP) 371
b) Für Nutzungsentzug (Art. 1 Abs. 2 des 1. ZP) 373
VIII. Das Diskriminierungsverbot gem. Art. 14 EMRK 373
1. Art. 14 i. V. m. Art. 4 Abs. 3 lit. d) EMRK 374
2. Art. 14 i. V.m. Art. 8 EMRK 374
3. Art. 14 i. V. m. Art 6, 9 und 11 EMRK 375
IX. Beschwerdemöglichkeiten bei Verletzung der Rechte oder Freiheiten der Konvention gem. Art. 13 EMRK 375
Christian Feist: Die Tätigkeit der International Law Commission in den Jahren 1993 und 1994 376
I. Das Recht der nicht-schiffahrtlichen Nutzung internationaler Wasserläufe 377
II. Verbrechen gegen den Frieden und die Sicherheit der Menschheit 379
III. Das Recht der Staatenverantwortlichkeit 382
IV. Völkerrechtliche Haftung für Schäden aufgrund nicht völkerrechtswidriger Handlungen 386
V. Die Planungen der ILC für die Zukunft 388
Britta Buchenau und Anja Stein: Die Tätigkeit des Ministerkomitees und der Parlamentarischen Versammlung des Europarates in den Jahren 1993 und 1994 389
I. Organisatorische Fragen; Allgemeines 389
II. Behandlung allgemeinpolitischer Themen im Europarat 391
1. Das Ministerkomitee 391
a) Die Situation auf dem Gebiet des ehemaligen Jugoslawiens 391
b) Zusammenarbeit mit den Staaten Zentral- und Osteuropas 393
c) Schutz nationaler Minderheiten 394
d) Reform der EMRK und die Politik des Europarates 395
e) Kultur-, Wirtschafts-, Sozial- und Umweltpolitik 395
2. Parlamentarische Versammlung 397
a) Themen 1993 397
b) Ansprachen 1993 400
c) Themen 1994 401
d) Ansprachen 1994 403
3. Konferenzen der Mitgliedstaaten 404
III. Rechtsvereinheitlichung und rechtliche Zusammenarbeit zwischen den Mitgliedstaaten; Verträge und Empfehlungen 406
1. Neue Konventionen und Protokolle 1993 und 1994 406
a) 1993 – Vier Vertragswerke 406
b) 1994 – Drei Vertragswerke 407
2. Allgemeines 409
3. Rechtsvereinheitlichung und rechtliche Zusammenarbeit 410
Book Reviews 412
Books Received 483
List of Contributors 486