German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht
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Delbrück, J., Hofmann, R., Zimmermann, A. (Eds.) (2004). German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht. Vol. 46 (2003). Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-51525-7
Delbrück, Jost; Hofmann, Rainer and Zimmermann, Andreas. German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 46 (2003). Duncker & Humblot, 2004. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-51525-7
Delbrück, J, Hofmann, R, Zimmermann, A (eds.) (2004): German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 46 (2003), Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-51525-7
Format
German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht
Vol. 46 (2003)
Editors: Delbrück, Jost | Hofmann, Rainer | Zimmermann, Andreas
German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, Vol. 46
(2004)
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Abstract
The German Yearbook of International Law was founded in 1948 as the "Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht" by Rudolf Laun and Hermann von Mangoldt and is now edited by the Institute for International Law at the University of Kiel. Since its inception it has endeavoured to contribute to the development of international law. Originally it has done this mainly by providing German scholars with an opportunity to publish the results of their works, but increasingly also by offering an international forum.In view of the desirability of obtaining for the Yearbook the largest possible international audience, the editors in 1976 have decided to use the present English title and to accept for publication preferably contributions written in English, or - to a lesser degree - in French. Naturally, the Yearbook also contains contributions written in German. This policy to overcome traditional language barriers appears to have proven successful both in informing the international law community about research done in German academic institutions and in presenting international viewpoints on various topics to the German audience.The Yearbook provides an annual report on the work of international organizations and bodies including the International Court of Justice and the European Court and Commission of Human Rights. Fully aware of the paramount importance of practical aspects in this field, the editors from the beginning also have sought to include contributions from practitioners of international law.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | 5 | ||
| Forum | 9 | ||
| Jochen Abr. Frowein: Is Public International Law Dead? | 9 | ||
| A. Even a Dramatic Violation of International Law Does not Kill Public International Law | 9 | ||
| B. The Prohibition of Force is Generally Recognized | 9 | ||
| C. Self-defense in the Age of Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction | 12 | ||
| D. Prevention or Pre-emption | 12 | ||
| E. Strengthening International Structures | 14 | ||
| Focus Section: 1973–2003: Thirty Years of German Membership in the United Nations | 17 | ||
| Andreas Zimmermann: Introductory Remarks | 17 | ||
| Jochen Abr. Fromin: From Two to One – Germany and the United Nations | 20 | ||
| A. Introduction | 20 | ||
| B. Ostpolitik | 21 | ||
| C. The Safeguards for Reunification | 24 | ||
| D. Developments in 1990 | 26 | ||
| E. Conclusion | 29 | ||
| Ingo Winkelmann: Germany's Role in the Security Council of the United Nations – Past and Present Involvement, Future Participation and European Accentuation – | 30 | ||
| A. The Federal Republic of Germany's Past and Present Terms as a Member of the Security Council | 32 | ||
| I. The First Term (1977–1978) | 33 | ||
| II. The Second Term (1987–1988) | 34 | ||
| III. The Third Term (1995–1996) | 35 | ||
| IV. The Fourth Term (2003–2004) | 36 | ||
| V. Conclusions | 40 | ||
| B. The Long-overdue Enlargement of the Security Council | 41 | ||
| 1.1992–1993: The Beginning of the Reform Process | 42 | ||
| II. 1997: The Razali Draft | 43 | ||
| III. The Further Course of the Reform Deliberations | 45 | ||
| C. Intensification of the Common Foreign and Security Policy at the UN | 47 | ||
| I. The CFSP at the UN: the Legal Basis | 47 | ||
| II. CFSP Involvement in the Discussion of Topics Addressed by the Security Council | 49 | ||
| III. EU-UN Cooperation in Crisis Management: A Practical Approach | 50 | ||
| IV. The So-called "Patten Paper" | 52 | ||
| V. The Conclusions of the Brussels General Affairs and External Relations Council of 8 December and the Brussels European Council of 12 December 2003 | 54 | ||
| VI. The European Security Strategy | 55 | ||
| D. Common Representation of EU Interests in the Security Council in the Future? | 58 | ||
| I. European Parliament Resolution Framed by the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Human Rights, Common Security, and Defence Policy of the European Parliament | 58 | ||
| II. Previous EU Statements Concerning a Reform of the Security Council | 59 | ||
| III. Views of EU Member States on the Subject of Reform | 59 | ||
| IV. The Current Unfeasibility of a Single EU Seat | 60 | ||
| V. The Concept of a "European Bench": A More Effective Form of EU Representation | 61 | ||
| E. Conclusions | 62 | ||
| Torsten Stein: German Military Participation in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations – Maybe too late, but not too little – | 64 | ||
| A. Introduction | 64 | ||
| B. The Constitutional Background | 65 | ||
| C. The Political Problem | 68 | ||
| D. The Historical Argument | 70 | ||
| E. The Constitutional Card | 71 | ||
| F. The Turnaround | 72 | ||
| G. The Grey Area Missions | 75 | ||
| H. The Decision of the Bundesverfassungsgericht | 78 | ||
| I. The Claims | 78 | ||
| II. The Decision | 79 | ||
| III. Assessment | 81 | ||
| J. State Practice Since 1994 | 82 | ||
| I. Restructuring the Armed Forces | 82 | ||
| II. Missions Since 1994 | 83 | ||
| K. Conclusion | 86 | ||
| Robert Uerpmann: Implementation of United Nations Human Rights Law by German Courts | 87 | ||
| A. Introduction | 87 | ||
| Β. Case Law | 90 | ||
| I. Relevant UN Human Rights Treaties | 90 | ||
| II. Relevant Jurisdictions and Courts | 94 | ||
| III. Impact of UN Human Rights Law on the Outcome of the Case | 95 | ||
| C. Formal Incorporation | 97 | ||
| I. The Incorporating Act | 97 | ||
| II. Direct Effect | 99 | ||
| 1. Appropriateness for Direct Effect (Precise and Unconditiona) | 99 | ||
| 2. Intention of the Drafters | 100 | ||
| III. Rank | 102 | ||
| IV. Reservations | 104 | ||
| 1. Unilateral Exclusion of Internal Effect | 104 | ||
| 2. Substantial Reservations with Regard to Specific Guarantees | 107 | ||
| V. Incorporation by Express Legal Reference | 107 | ||
| D. UN Human Rights Law as a Means of Interpretation | 108 | ||
| E. Application of UN Human Rights Norms with Regard to Foreign States | 112 | ||
| F. U N Human Rights Norms as an Expression of Fundamental Principles of Justice | 114 | ||
| G. Impact of UN Treaty Bodies | 117 | ||
| I. Case Law | 117 | ||
| II. Formal Effects | 118 | ||
| III. Informal Effects | 119 | ||
| H. A Common Human Rights Order Based on Universal, European, and National Elements | 121 | ||
| Ulrich Beyerlin and Martin Reichard: German Participation in United Nations Environmental Activities: From Stockholm to Johannesburg | 123 | ||
| A. Introduction | 123 | ||
| B. The United Nations – A High-level Framework for International Environmental Cooperation | 124 | ||
| C. The FRG and the EU as Players in UN Environmental Affairs | 131 | ||
| D. Participation of the FRG and EC in UN-related Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) | 135 | ||
| I. The FRG and EC as Parties to UN-related MEAs | 135 | ||
| II. MEAs with Specific German/EC Imprints | 136 | ||
| 1. Ozone Convention and Montreal Protocol | 136 | ||
| a) The Late 1970s: Mounting of Scientific Evidence and Initial Solutions | 136 | ||
| b) Gradual Phase-out of CFCs Under the Vienna Convention | 138 | ||
| 2. Climate Change Convention and the Kyoto Protocol | 141 | ||
| a) The Road Towards the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) | 141 | ||
| b) The Negotiation of the Kyoto Protocol (KP) | 143 | ||
| c) The Kyoto Protocol Process | 145 | ||
| d) Outlook | 147 | ||
| 3. Biodiversity | 148 | ||
| a) Equitable Sharing of Genetic Resources | 148 | ||
| b) Sustainable Tourism | 150 | ||
| c) The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety | 150 | ||
| 4. Convention on Trade in Endangered S pedes (CITES) | 152 | ||
| E. The FRG's Contribution to the Work of Relevant UN Bodies | 155 | ||
| I. UNEP | 155 | ||
| II. CSD | 157 | ||
| F. The FRG as Host of Secretariats to MEAs | 158 | ||
| G. Some Current German Initiatives Concerning UN-related Environmental Affairs | 160 | ||
| I. Renewable Energy (RE) | 160 | ||
| II. Water | 162 | ||
| III. Chemicals | 164 | ||
| IV. Sustainable Patterns of Production and Consumption | 165 | ||
| H. Conclusions | 166 | ||
| Annex: Status of Ratification of UN-related MEAs by Germany and the European Community | 168 | ||
| Wolfgang Weiß: Shift in Paradigm: From the New International Economic Order to the World Trade Organization – Germany's Contribution to the Development of International Economic Law – | 171 | ||
| A. Introduction | 171 | ||
| B. The Discussion on a New International Economic Order | 173 | ||
| I. Starting Point: New Legal Equality yet Continuing Economic Inequalities | 173 | ||
| II. The Demand of the Developing Countries for a New International Economic Order and the Response of the Western World, in Particular of West Germany | 174 | ||
| III. Germany's Role in the Failure of a New International Economic Order | 195 | ||
| IV. The Disappearance of the Debate in the 1980s | 203 | ||
| C. The Creation of the W TO by the Uruguay Round | 206 | ||
| I. Developing Countries and the Uruguay Round Negotiations | 206 | ||
| II. Development Needs and the Results of the Uruguay-Round | 210 | ||
| III. Germany's Role in the Uruguay Round | 215 | ||
| D. Development, Terrorism, and a New Global Deal | 219 | ||
| E. Conclusion | 221 | ||
| Kirsten Schmalenbach: Germany's Contribution to the Development of International Criminal Law, International Disarmament Law, and the Law of Bioethics | 226 | ||
| A. Introduction | 226 | ||
| B. Achievements in the Area of International Criminal Law: The Rome Statute | 229 | ||
| I. Creating an International Criminal Court Within the Framework of the United Nations | 229 | ||
| II. Motives for the German Commitment | 231 | ||
| III. Special Matter of Concern: Automatic and Universal Jurisdiction of the Court | 232 | ||
| IV. Less is More: Defining the Crime of Aggression | 234 | ||
| C. Promoting International Disarmament: The Convention Banning Antipersonnel Mines | 237 | ||
| I. Fighting Antipersonnel Mines | 237 | ||
| II. Antipersonnel Mines on the Security Council's Agenda | 240 | ||
| III. The Ottawa Process | 240 | ||
| IV. A Special Matter of German Concern: Verification of Compliance | 242 | ||
| D. Meeting New Challenges: Working on an International Convention Against Cloning of Human Beings | 244 | ||
| I. Controversies About Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning | 244 | ||
| II. Joint French-German Proposal and its Fate Within the International Arena | 246 | ||
| III. French-German Reasoning for Postponing the Project | 250 | ||
| E. Conclusion: The German Contribution to the Development of International Law | 251 | ||
| General Articles | 252 | ||
| Christof Heyns, Evarist Baimut and Magnus Killander. The African Union | 252 | ||
| A. Summary | 252 | ||
| B. Background | 253 | ||
| I. Political Cooperation: OAU | 253 | ||
| II. Economic Integration: African Economic Community (AEC) | 256 | ||
| III. Transformation of the OAU | 259 | ||
| C. Salient Features of the African Union | 261 | ||
| I. The Evolutionary Nature of the Constitutive Act | 261 | ||
| II. A Fusion of the OAU and the AEC | 263 | ||
| III. National Sovereignty and the AU | 263 | ||
| IV. The Objectives of the African Union | 264 | ||
| V. Organs of the AU | 264 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 264 | ||
| 2. The Assembly | 265 | ||
| 3. The Executive Counäl and the Permanent Representatives Committee | 266 | ||
| 4. The Pan-African Parliament | 266 | ||
| 5. The African Court of Justice | 267 | ||
| 6. The Commission | 267 | ||
| 7. Specialised Technical Committees | 267 | ||
| 8. Economic, Social and Cultural Council | 268 | ||
| 9. Financial Institutions | 268 | ||
| 10. The Peace and Security Council | 268 | ||
| D. New Features | 269 | ||
| I. Towards a People-centered Organization | 269 | ||
| II. Gender Issues Given Prominence | 270 | ||
| III. Socio-economic Development Agenda Linked to Regional Integration: NEPAD | 271 | ||
| IV. Focus on Human Rights | 272 | ||
| E. Legal Issues Raised by the Formation of the AU | 273 | ||
| I. Implementation of Decisions | 273 | ||
| 1. Suspension | 273 | ||
| 2. Sanctions | 274 | ||
| 3. The African Court of Justice | 274 | ||
| 4. Peer Review | 275 | ||
| II. The Use of Force by the AU and the U N Charter | 276 | ||
| III. The Constitutive Act and the AEC Treaty | 277 | ||
| F. The Future | 279 | ||
| I. The Problem of Proliferation | 279 | ||
| II. AU's Continuing Role as a Lawmaker: Contributingt o the Development of International Law | 280 | ||
| III. AU as a Forum for Developing Common Positions on Global Issues | 281 | ||
| IV. AU – A Working Template of "Ever Closer Union" of African States? | 281 | ||
| G. Conclusion | 282 | ||
| Allan Rosas: International Dispute Settlement: EU Practices and Procedures | 284 | ||
| A. Introduction | 284 | ||
| B. The EU and Dispute Settlement: General Considerations | 288 | ||
| C. The EU and the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism | 292 | ||
| D. Other Mechanisms | 299 | ||
| E. Special Problems of EU v. Member State Competence and Standing | 308 | ||
| F. Internal EU Procedures | 315 | ||
| G. Concluding Remarks | 320 | ||
| Claus Dieter Classen: The Draft Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe: A Contribution to the Improvement of Transparency, Proximity, and Efficiency of the European Union | 323 | ||
| A. Introduction | 323 | ||
| I. Initial Situation | 323 | ||
| II. The Convention | 324 | ||
| B. General Remarks | 326 | ||
| I. "Treaty Establishing a Constitution" | 326 | ||
| II. Structure of the Treaty Establishing a Constitution | 327 | ||
| III. Legal Character of the Union | 329 | ||
| IV. Right of Withdrawal and Suspension of Membership | 330 | ||
| C. Values and Rights | 331 | ||
| I. Fundamental Rights | 331 | ||
| 1. Part I: Article 7 | 332 | ||
| 2. Part II: The Charter | 333 | ||
| II. Preamble | 334 | ||
| III. Protection from Discrimination | 335 | ||
| IV. Democratic Life of the Union | 335 | ||
| D. Legal System and Legal Protection | 337 | ||
| I. Legal Acts | 337 | ||
| II. Relation Between European and National Law | 338 | ||
| III. Legal Protection | 339 | ||
| E. Competences | 340 | ||
| I. Material Rules of Competence | 341 | ||
| II. Procedure of Control | 342 | ||
| F. Organizational Structures | 344 | ||
| I. The European Parliament | 344 | ||
| II. Commission | 345 | ||
| III. European Council | 346 | ||
| IV. Council of Ministers | 346 | ||
| V. Other "Institutions" | 347 | ||
| VI. General Assessment | 347 | ||
| G. Foreign Policy | 348 | ||
| I. Union Minister of Foreign Affairs | 348 | ||
| II. Decision-Making-Process | 349 | ||
| III. Material Regulations | 349 | ||
| H. Other Changes | 350 | ||
| I. Economy and Taxes | 350 | ||
| II. Energy | 350 | ||
| III. Perspective | 351 | ||
| Joachim Schwind: The Preamble of the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe – A Comment on the Work of the European Convention | 353 | ||
| A. General Function and Legal Effect of Preambles | 355 | ||
| I. Definition and Usage | 355 | ||
| II. Legal Value | 357 | ||
| III. The Function of Preambles | 359 | ||
| Β. The Drafting Process of the Preamble | 360 | ||
| C. Critical Analysis of the Provisions of the Preamble | 363 | ||
| I. The Quotation by Thucydides | 364 | ||
| II. The Elements of Humanism (First Consideration) | 366 | ||
| III. The Main Subject of the Discussion: Mentioning Christian Belief (Second Consideration) | 366 | ||
| IV. Aims and Objectives of the Union (Third Consideration) | 369 | ||
| V. Respect for National Identities in a Community United Ever More Closely (Fourth Consideration) | 370 | ||
| VI. United in Diversity as Motto of the Union (Fifth Consideration) | 371 | ||
| VII. An Important Question Incompletely Answered: Who is Speaking? (Sixth Consideration) | 372 | ||
| D. Conclusion | 373 | ||
| Max Uebe: Cyprus in the European Union | 375 | ||
| A. Introduction | 375 | ||
| B. Accession Process | 375 | ||
| C. The Efforts to Foster a Settlement Before Accession | 378 | ||
| I. Chronology | 378 | ||
| II. The European Union Within the UN Process | 379 | ||
| 1. EU Accession as a Catalyst? | 380 | ||
| 2. EU Support of the UN Process | 380 | ||
| D. The Terms of Accession – Protocol on Cyprus (Protocol No. 10) | 381 | ||
| I. History | 382 | ||
| II. Suspension of the Acquis | 383 | ||
| 1. Aim | 383 | ||
| 2. The Term "Acquis" | 384 | ||
| 3. Extent of the Suspension | 384 | ||
| 4. Withdrawal of the Suspension | 385 | ||
| III. Regime for the Line | 386 | ||
| IV. Support for the Northern Part | 387 | ||
| V. Enabling Clause | 388 | ||
| VI. Article 2 para. 3 Treaty of Accession | 390 | ||
| E. The Effect of Accession on the Free Movement of EU Citizens on the Island | 390 | ||
| I. Applicability of Article 18 EC | 391 | ||
| II. Scope of Article 18 EC | 392 | ||
| III. Justification of Restrictions | 393 | ||
| 1. Article 18 para. 1 EC | 393 | ||
| a) Legal Basis | 393 | ||
| b) Legitimate Aim | 394 | ||
| c) Proportionality | 395 | ||
| 2. Article 297 | 395 | ||
| a) Conditions for Invoking Article 297 EC | 396 | ||
| b) Proportionality | 397 | ||
| IV. Conclusion | 398 | ||
| F. Outlook | 398 | ||
| G. Summary | 399 | ||
| Gaetano Pentassuglia: Minority Issues as a Challenge in the European Court of Human Rights: A Comparison with the Case Law of the United Nations Human Rights Committee | 401 | ||
| A. Introduction | 401 | ||
| B. Setting a Benchmark for Minority Identity: Spaces of Freedom or the "Hands Off Approach" | 403 | ||
| C. From Indirect to Direct Protection? A Stocktaking of Relevant Issues | 411 | ||
| I. Private and Family Life | 411 | ||
| II. Understanding Education and Language Rights | 419 | ||
| III. The Anti-Discrimination Parameter:Reconceptualizing Equality? | 429 | ||
| D. Making Minority Issues Relevant: What Role for the Court? | 440 | ||
| E. The Procedural Approach: Access to Court and Minority Rights | 443 | ||
| F. Conclusion | 447 | ||
| Surya P. Subedi: The Legal Regime Concerning the Utilization of the Water Resources of the River Ganges Basin | 452 | ||
| A. Introduction | 452 | ||
| B. Problems Surrounding the Waters of the River Ganges Basin | 453 | ||
| C. Water Utilization Agreements Between Nepal and India | 454 | ||
| I. The Koshi, Gandak, and Tanakpur Agreements | 454 | ||
| II. The 1996 Mahakali River Treaty | 456 | ||
| 1. The Main Provisions of the Treaty | 456 | ||
| a) The Arrangement Regarding the Tanakpur Barrage | 457 | ||
| b) The Agreement on the Pancheswar Multipurpose Project | 458 | ||
| c) The Principles Governing the Rights and Duties of the Parties | 459 | ||
| d) The Joint River Commission | 461 | ||
| e) The Dispute Setdement Mechanism | 461 | ||
| 2. The Problems Relating to the Implementation of the Treaty | 462 | ||
| a) Problems During Ratification | 462 | ||
| b) The Concept of the Existing Consumptive Use | 463 | ||
| 3. The Legal Status of the River | 471 | ||
| 4. Problems Concerning the Finalisation of the Project Report | 473 | ||
| D. The Ganges River Treaty Between Bangladesh and India | 475 | ||
| I. Background to the Ganges Dispute | 475 | ||
| II. The Controversy Surrounding the Farakka Barrage | 476 | ||
| III. The Subsequent Agreements | 478 | ||
| IV. The Stalemate | 479 | ||
| V. The 1996 Ganges Treaty | 480 | ||
| 1. The Main Provisions of the Treaty | 480 | ||
| 2. The Principles Enundated in the Treaty | 482 | ||
| 3. The Dispute Settlement Mechanism | 487 | ||
| VI. The Aftermath | 489 | ||
| VII. Problems Associated with the Treaty | 489 | ||
| 1. The Problems Concerning the Actual Share of the Water | 489 | ||
| 2. The Problems Concerning the Interpretation of the Treaty | 491 | ||
| E. Conclusion | 491 | ||
| Alexander Behnsen: The Status of Mercenaries and Other Illegal Combatants Under International Humanitarian Law | 494 | ||
| A. Introduction | 494 | ||
| Β. Combatants and Civilians | 495 | ||
| I. The Legal Status of Combatants | 495 | ||
| II. The Legal Status of Civilians | 496 | ||
| C. Problems of the Present System – Existence of a Third Category | 497 | ||
| I. Mercenaries | 497 | ||
| 1. Definition | 497 | ||
| 2. Problems Arising out of the Present Legal Treatment of Mercenaries | 500 | ||
| a) Problems Concerning the Protection of Mercenaries | 500 | ||
| b) Problems Concerning the Legal Status of Mercenaries when Involved in Hostilities | 503 | ||
| II. Illegal Combatants | 505 | ||
| III. Existence of a 'Third Category'? | 506 | ||
| D. Possibilities of Legal Treatment | 507 | ||
| I. Mercenaries | 507 | ||
| 1. Historical Treatment of Mercenaries | 507 | ||
| 2. The Background of Article 47 Protocol I | 508 | ||
| 3. Is Article 47para. 1 Protocol I Still Up-to-Date? | 509 | ||
| 4. Is an Extension of the Combatant Status Reasonable? | 512 | ||
| a) Domestication of the Conflict by Taking Away the Fear of Being Penalized | 512 | ||
| b) Reciprocity | 513 | ||
| c) The Character of Mercenarism | 514 | ||
| d) No Absolute Prohibition of Mercenarism | 515 | ||
| e) General Intention of International Humanitarian Law | 516 | ||
| 5. Is Recognition of Mercenaries as Combatants Possible? | 517 | ||
| II. Illegal Combatants | 518 | ||
| 1. The Problem | 518 | ||
| a) Taliban Personnel | 519 | ||
| b) Al Qaeda Personnel | 524 | ||
| 2. Comparability | 525 | ||
| a) Comparability of the Two Groups of Persons | 525 | ||
| aa) Motivation | 525 | ||
| bb) Lack of a Genuine Link | 526 | ||
| b) Transferability of the Argumentation | 527 | ||
| aa) The Protective Character of International Humanitarian Law | 527 | ||
| bb) No Loss of Individual Criminal Responsibility for the Commitment of War Crimes | 528 | ||
| cc) Repatriation | 528 | ||
| dd) Domestication of the Conflict | 531 | ||
| ee) Reciprocity | 532 | ||
| c) Is an Extension of the Status of Combatant to Members of Al Qaeda Compared to an Extension of the Status of Combatant to Mercenaries Reasonable? | 533 | ||
| E. Conclusions | 534 | ||
| Vanessa Klingberg: (Former) Heads of State Before Internationalized) Criminal Courts: the Case of Charles Taylor Before the Special Court for Sierra Leone | 537 | ||
| A. Introduction | 537 | ||
| Β. The Special Court for Sierra Leone | 539 | ||
| C. The Arrest Warrant Against Charles Taylor | 542 | ||
| I. The Exercise of Jurisdiction by the Special Court for Sierra Leone over Charles Taylor | 542 | ||
| II. Is Charles Taylor Immune from Prosecution | 543 | ||
| 1. Immunity Ratione Personae | 545 | ||
| 2. Immunity Ratione Materiae | 552 | ||
| 3. Must the Arrest Warrant be Cancelled | 556 | ||
| III. The Amnesty Provided for in the Lomé Peace Agreement | 559 | ||
| D. Excursus: The Arrest Warrant of the Special Court for Sierra Leone Against Charles Taylor before the International Court of Justice | 563 | ||
| E. Conclusions | 564 | ||
| Reports | 565 | ||
| Jan Martin Lemnitzer und Philipp Wendel: Die Rechtsprechung des Internationalen Gerichtshofes im Jahre 2003 | 565 | ||
| A. Einleitung und Überblick über die anhängigen Verfahren | 565 | ||
| B. Die im Jahr 2003 anhängigen Verfahren im Überblick | 566 | ||
| C. Fall bezüglich der Revision des Urteils vom 11. Juli 1996 über die Anwendung der Konvention zur Verhütung und Bestrafung des Völkermordes (Jugoslawien gegen Bosnien-Herzegowina) | 571 | ||
| I. Verfahrensverlauf und Anträge der Parteien | 571 | ||
| II. Historische Hintergründe des Falles | 572 | ||
| III. Erwägungen des Gerichtshofs im vorherigen Verfahren | 575 | ||
| IV. Rechtliche Erwägungen des Gerichtshofes | 575 | ||
| V. Entscheidungsformel | 576 | ||
| VI. Erklärungen, Sondervoten und abweichende Meinungen | 577 | ||
| 1. Sondervotum von Richter Koroma | 577 | ||
| 2. Abweichende Meinung von Richter Vereshchetin | 577 | ||
| 3. Erklärung von Pachter Re%ek | 578 | ||
| 4. Abweichende Meinung von Ad-hoc-Richter Dimitrijevic | 578 | ||
| 5. Sondervotum von Ad-hoc-Ricbter Mahiou | 579 | ||
| D. Fall betreffend Avenas und anderer mexikanischer Staatsangehöriger (Mexiko gegen Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika) | 580 | ||
| I. Hintergrund des Falles und Anträge der Parteien | 580 | ||
| II. Rechtliche Erwägungen des Gerichtshofes | 581 | ||
| III. Entscheidungsformel | 582 | ||
| IV. Erklärung von Richter Oda | 582 | ||
| E. Fall betreffend bestimmter Strafverfahren in Frankreich (Republik Kongo gegen Frankreich) | 583 | ||
| I. Hintergrund des Falles und Anträge der Parteien | 583 | ||
| II. Rechtliche Erwägungen des Gerichtshofes | 585 | ||
| III. Entscheidungsformel | 586 | ||
| IV. Sondervoten und abweichende Meinungen | 586 | ||
| 1. Sondervotum der Richter Koroma und Vereshchetin | 586 | ||
| 2. Abweichende Meinung von Ad-hoc-Richter de Cara | 587 | ||
| F. Fall betreffend der Zerstörung iranischer Bohrinseln durch US-amerikanische Kriegsschiffe in den Jahren 1987 und 1988 (Iran gegen Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika) | 588 | ||
| I. Verfahrensverlauf und Anträge der Parteien | 588 | ||
| II. Historischer Hintergrund des Falles | 589 | ||
| III. Rechtliche Erwägungen des Gerichtshofes | 590 | ||
| IV. Entscheidungsformel | 597 | ||
| V. Erklärungen, Sondervoten und abweichende Meinungen | 598 | ||
| 1. Erklärung von Vizepräsident Ranjeva | 598 | ||
| 2. Erklärung von Richter Koroma | 598 | ||
| 3. Sondervotum von Richtenn Higgins | 598 | ||
| 4. Sondervotum von Richter Parra-Aranguren | 599 | ||
| 5. Sondervotum von Richter Kooijmans | 599 | ||
| 6. Abweichende Meinung von Pächter Al-Khasawneh | 600 | ||
| 7. Sondervotum von Pächter Buergenthal | 600 | ||
| 8. Abweichende Meinung von Richter Elaraby | 601 | ||
| 9. Sondervotum von Richter Owada | 601 | ||
| 10. Sondervotum von Richter Sim | 601 | ||
| 11. Sondervotum von Ad-hoc-RichterRigaux | 602 | ||
| G. Antrag zur Wiederaufnahme des Urteils vom 11. September 1992 im Fall betreffend der Land- und Meeresgrenze sowie die Souveränität über bestimmte Inseln (El Salvador gegen Honduras, Nebenintervention durch Nicaragua) | 602 | ||
| I. Hintergrund des Falls und Anträge der Parteien | 602 | ||
| II. Rechtliche Erwägungen der Kammer | 603 | ||
| III. Entscheidungsformel | 605 | ||
| IV. Abweichende Meinung von Ad-hoc-Richter Paolillio | 605 | ||
| Moritz Goedecke: Die Rechtsprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofes für Menschenrechte im Jahre 2003 | 606 | ||
| A. Einleitung | 606 | ||
| B. Zulässigkeit | 608 | ||
| C. Materielle Rechte | 609 | ||
| I. Das Recht auf Leben, Artikel 2 | 609 | ||
| II. Das Verbot der Folter und unmenschlicher Behandlung, Artikel 3 | 610 | ||
| III. Das Recht auf Freiheit und Sicherheit, Artikel 5 | 612 | ||
| 1. Rechtmäßigkeit der Haß | 613 | ||
| 2. Pflicht zur unverzüglichen Vorführung, Artikel 5 Abs. 3 Satz 1 | 613 | ||
| 3. Angemessene Dauer der Untersuchungshaft, Artikel 5 Abs. 3 Satz | 614 | ||
| 4. Das Recht auf Haftprüfung, Artikel 5 Abs. 4 | 614 | ||
| IV. Verfahrensgarantien, Artikel 6 | 615 | ||
| 1. Anwendbarkeit | 615 | ||
| 2. Verfahrensgarantien des Artikel 6 Abs. 1 | 615 | ||
| a) Anforderungen an das nationale Gericht, Artikel 6 Abs. 1 | 615 | ||
| aa) Das Recht auf Zugang zu einem Gericht | 615 | ||
| bb) Das Recht auf Unabhängigkeit und Unbefangenheit des Gerichts | 616 | ||
| cc) Das Recht auf Entscheidung in angemessener Frist | 617 | ||
| b) Grundsatz des fairen Verfahrens, Artikel 6 Abs. 1 | 618 | ||
| 3. Die Unschuldsvermutung, Artikel 6 Abs. 2 | 619 | ||
| 4. Die Verfahrensgarantien für den Beschuldigten, Artikel 6 Abs. 3 | 620 | ||
| V. Keine Strafe ohne Gesetz, Artikel 7 | 620 | ||
| VI. Die Freiheitsrechte, Artikel 8 bis 12 | 621 | ||
| 1. Recht auf Achtung des Privat- und Familienlebens, Artikel 8 | 621 | ||
| a) Schutzbereich | 621 | ||
| b) Rechtfertigung | 622 | ||
| aa) Gesetzlich vorgesehen | 622 | ||
| bb) Legitimes Ziel | 623 | ||
| cc) Notwendigkeit des Eingriffs in einer demokratischen Gesellschaft | 623 | ||
| Sara Jötten und Julia Schütze: Die Rechtsprechung des Internationalen Strafgerichtshofes fur das ehemalige Jugoslawien im Jahre 2003 | 635 | ||
| 2. Gedanken-, Gewissens- und Religionsfreiheit, Artikel 9 | 625 | ||
| 3. Das Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung, Artikel 10 | 626 | ||
| 4. Versammlungs- und Vereinigungsfreiheit, Artikel 11 | 627 | ||
| 5. Recht auf Ehe und Familiengründung Artikel 12 | 628 | ||
| VII. Rechte aus den Zusatzprotokollen | 628 | ||
| V I I I . Das Recht auf wirksame Beschwerde, Artikel 13 | 629 | ||
| IX. Das Diskriminierungsverbot, Artikel 14 | 630 | ||
| D. Gerechte Entschädigung – Artikel 41 | 632 | ||
| I. Materieller Schaden | 632 | ||
| II. Immaterieller Schaden | 632 | ||
| E. Ausblick: Zu erwartende Entscheidungen von allgemeiner politischer Bedeutung | 633 | ||
| Alexander Szodruck und Carl-Sebastian Zoellner. Die Rechtsprechung des WTOStreitbeilegungsgremiums im Jahre 2003 | 675 | ||
| A. Einleitung | 635 | ||
| B. Änderungen des Statuts, Änderung der Verfahrensordnung (VerfO) und der Zusammensetzung des Tribunals | 636 | ||
| C. Verfahren vor dem Tribunal | 637 | ||
| I. Vorverfahren | 637 | ||
| 1. Die Erhebung neuer Anklagen im Jahre 2003 | 637 | ||
| 2. Das Verfahren gegen Enver Hadzihasanovic, Mehmed Alagic und Amir Kubura („Central Bosnia ") | 639 | ||
| 3. Das Verfahren gegen Milan Milutinovic, Nikola Êainovic und Dragoljub Ojdanic („Kosovo") | 639 | ||
| 4. Weitere Verfahren im Vorverfahren | 640 | ||
| 5. Die Schuldbekenntnisse der Angeklagten Darko Mrdja, Miodrag Jokic, Miroslav Deronjic und Ranko Cesic | 642 | ||
| II. Urteile und Verfahren der ersten Instanz | 643 | ||
| 1. Verfahren | 643 | ||
| a) Das Verfahren gegen Slobodan Milosevic („Kroatien") | 643 | ||
| b) Das Verfahren gegen Radoslav Brdjanin („Krajina") | 645 | ||
| c) Das Verfahren gegen Vidoje Blagojevic und Dragan Jokic („Srebrenica") | 646 | ||
| 2. Urteile | 648 | ||
| a) Urteil im Verfahren gegen Miroslav Tadic, Simo Zaric und Blagoje Simic („Bosanski Samac") | 648 | ||
| aa) Anordnung von Befehlen, Entscheidungen und anderen Regulationen, Befragung und Plünderung | 649 | ||
| bb) Ungesetzliche Verhaftung, Festhalten und Inhaftierung | 649 | ||
| cc) Grausame und unmenschliche Behandlung | 650 | ||
| dd) Deportation und zwangsweiser Transfer als Untertatbestand des Artikel 5 (h) des Statuts und als Tatbestand des Artikel 5 (d) des Statuts | 651 | ||
| ee) Strafzumessung | 652 | ||
| b) Urteil im Verfahren gegen Milomir Stakic („Prijedor") | 653 | ||
| aa) Verantwortlichkeit nach Artikel 7 des Statuts | 653 | ||
| bb) Einzelne Straftatbestände | 654 | ||
| cc) Strafzumessung | 656 | ||
| c) Urteil im Verfahren gegen Mladen Νaletilic und Vinko Martinovic („Tuta und Stela") | 656 | ||
| aa) Verantwortlichkeit nach Artikel 7 des Statuts, Chapeaux der Artikel 2, 3 und 5 des Statuts | 657 | ||
| bb) Einzelne Straftatbestände | 659 | ||
| cc) Strafzumessung | 661 | ||
| d) Urteil im Verfahren gegen Stanislav Galic („Sarajevo") | 662 | ||
| aa) Chapeaux der Artikel 3 und 5 des Statuts, Verantwortlichkeit nach Artikel 7 des Statuts | 662 | ||
| bb) Beweiswürdigung | 664 | ||
| cc) Die Verantwortlichkeit Galics | 664 | ||
| dd) Strafzumessung | 665 | ||
| e) Die Strafzumessungsurteile in den Verfahren Oragan Οhrenovic und Momir Nikolic („Srebrenica") | 665 | ||
| f) Strafzumessungsurteil im Verfahren gegen Predrag Banovic („Omarska und Keraterm Camps") | 667 | ||
| g) Strafzumessungsurteil im Verfahren gegen Biljana Plavsic („Bosnien-Herzegowina'4) | 668 | ||
| h) Strafzumessungsurteil im Verfahren gegen Oragan Nikolic („Susica Camp") | 669 | ||
| III. Verfahren und Urteile vor der Berufungsinstanz | 670 | ||
| 1. Berufungsverfahren und -Urteile | 670 | ||
| a) Berufungsurteil im Verfahren gegen Milorad Krnojelac („Foca") | 671 | ||
| b) Berufungsurteil im Verfahren gegen Zdravko Mucic, Hazm Delic und Esad Landzo („Celebici") | 673 | ||
| 2. Wiederaufnahmeantrag von Drago Josipovic | 674 | ||
| Richard Happ: Awards and Decisions of ICSID Tribunals in 2003 | 711 | ||
| A. Introduction | 711 | ||
| I. Scope and Purpose of this Report | 711 | ||
| II. ICSID Tribunals in 2003 | 712 | ||
| B. Marvin Roy Feldman Karpa v. United Mexican States | 712 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 713 | ||
| II. The Decision | 713 | ||
| 1. Jurisdiction | 713 | ||
| 2. Merits | 714 | ||
| a) Expropriation | 714 | ||
| b) National Treatment | 716 | ||
| c) Damages | 716 | ||
| 3. Dissenting Opinion | 716 | ||
| C. ADF Group Inc. v. United States of America (Case No. ARB/AF/00/1) | 717 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 717 | ||
| II. The Decision | 718 | ||
| 1. Jurisdiction | 718 | ||
| 2. Merits | 719 | ||
| D. Zhinvali Development Ltd. v. Republic of Georgia (Case No. ARB/00/1) | 721 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 721 | ||
| II. The Decision | 721 | ||
| E. Société d'Exploitation des Mines d'Or de Sadiola S.A. v. Republic of Mali (Case No. ARB/01/5) | 722 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 723 | ||
| II. The Decision | 723 | ||
| F. Técnicas Medioambientales Teemed, S.A. v. United Mexican States (Case No. ARB (AF)/00/2 | 724 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 724 | ||
| II. The Decision | 725 | ||
| 1. Jurisdiction | 725 | ||
| 2. Merits | 725 | ||
| G. The Loewen Group, Inc. and Raymond L. Loewen v. United States of America (Case No. ARB (AF)/98/3) | 728 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 728 | ||
| II. The Decision | 729 | ||
| H. CMS Gas Transition Company v. Republic of Argentina (Case No. ARB/01/8) | 731 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 731 | ||
| II. The Decision | 731 | ||
| J. Fireman's Fund Insurance Company v. The United Mexican States (Case No. ARB(AF)/02/01) | 733 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 733 | ||
| II. The Decision | 734 | ||
| K. SGS Société Générale de Surveillance S.A. v. Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Case No. ARB/01/13) | 734 | ||
| I. The Dispute | 734 | ||
| II. The Decision | 735 | ||
| L. Concluding Remarks | 738 | ||
| Björn Elberling: Die Tätigkeit der International Law Commission im Jahre 2003 | 740 | ||
| A. Einleitung | 740 | ||
| B. Diplomatischer Schutz | 741 | ||
| I. Behandlung des vierten Berichts zum Schutz von Unternehmen und Anteilseignerinnen bzw. -eignem sowie von sonstigen juristischen Personen | 741 | ||
| 1. Artikel 17 – Grundsatz Diplomatischer Schutz durch den Heimatstaat des Unternehmens | 741 | ||
| 2. Artikel 18 – Diplomatischer Schutz durch den Heimatstaatder Anteilseignennnen und -eigner | 742 | ||
| 3. Artikel 19 – Diplomatischer Schutz bei direkter Verletzung von Aktionärsrechten | 743 | ||
| 4. Artikel 20 – Relevante Zeitpunkte | 743 | ||
| 5. Artikel 21 – Verhältnis zu Investitionsschutzyerträgen | 744 | ||
| 6. Artikel 22 – Schutz sonstigerjuristischer Personen | 744 | ||
| II. In erster Lesung angenommene Vorschriften zu innerstaatlichen Rechtsbehelfen | 745 | ||
| 1. Artikel 8 [10] – Erschöpfung innerstaatlicher Rechtsbehelfe | 745 | ||
| 2. Artikel 9 [11] – Einordnung von Ansprüchen | 746 | ||
| 3. Artikel 10 [14] – Ausnahmen vom Gebot der Erschöpfunginnerstaatlicher Rechtsbehelfe | 746 | ||
| III. Weiteres Vorgehen | 747 | ||
| C. Vertragsvorbehalte | 747 | ||
| I. In erster Lesung angenommene Richtlinienentwürfe zur Zurücknahme von Vorbehalten | 748 | ||
| 1. Richtlinie 2.5.1 – Zurücknahme eines Vorbehalts | 748 | ||
| 2. Richtlinien 2.5.2 und 2.5.4 bis 2.5.6 – Zuständigkeit, Verfahren, Form | 748 | ||
| 3. Richtlinie 2.5.3 – Periodic Review | 749 | ||
| 4. Richtlinien 2.5.7–2.5.9 – Rechtsfolgen | 749 | ||
| 5. Richtlinien 2.5.10 und 2.5.11 – Teilweise Zurücknahme von Vorbehalten | 750 | ||
| II. Behandlung des achten Berichts zur Modifizierung und Zurücknahme von Vorbehalten und interpretierenden Erklärungen sowie zu Einsprüchen gegen Vorbehalte | 750 | ||
| 1. Richtlinie 2.3.5: Erweiterung des Anwendungsbereichs eines Vorbehalts | 751 | ||
| 2. Richtlinien 2.4.9, 2.4.10, 2.5.12 und 2.5.13 – Modifizierung und Zurücknahme interpretierender Erklärungen | 752 | ||
| 3. Richtlinien 2.6.1 bis 2.6.1 ter – Einsprüche gegen Vorbehalt | 752 | ||
| D. Einseitige Hoheitsakte | 754 | ||
| I. Einseitiger Hoheitsakt Anerkennung | 754 | ||
| II. Weiteres Vorgehen | 755 | ||
| E. Völkerrechtliche Haftung für Schäden aufgrund nicht völkerrechtswidriger Aktivitäten (Völkerrechtliche Haftung für grenzüberschreitende Schäden aufgrund risikoreicher Handlungen) | 756 | ||
| I. Erster Bericht von Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao | 756 | ||
| II. Diskussionen in der Kommission | 757 | ||
| F. Verantwortlichkeit internationaler Organisationen | 760 | ||
| I. Artikel 1: Anwendungsbereich | 760 | ||
| II. Artikel 2: Definition des Begriffs „internationale Organisation" | 761 | ||
| III. Artikel 3: Grundlegende Prinzipien | 762 | ||
| G. Fragmentierung des Völkerrechts: Schwierigkeiten, die sich aus der Diversifizierung und der Ausdehnung des Völkerrechts ergeben | 762 | ||
| I. Funktion und Umfang der lex specialis-Regel und die Frage der self-contained regimes | 763 | ||
| II. Weiteres Vorgehen | 764 | ||
| H. Geteilte natürliche Ressourcen | 765 | ||
| J. Ausblick | 767 | ||
| Book Reviews | 768 | ||
| Mashood A. Baderin: International Human Rights and Islamic Law (Scheel) | 768 | ||
| Jürgen F. Baur/Stephan Hobe (Hrsg.): Rechtsprobleme von Auslandsinvestitionen Konzessionen, Vertragsanpassung, Vergabeverfahren (Happ) | 769 | ||
| Natalie Bernard-Maugtron/Baudouin Dupret: Egypt and Its Laws (Scheel) | 771 | ||
| Antonio Cassese: International Criminal Law (Orakhelashvili) | 772 | ||
| Knut Dörmann (with contributions by Louise Doswald-Beck and Robert Kolb): Elements of War Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court; and Roy S. Lee (ed.): The International Criminal Court: Elements of Crimes and Rules of Procedure and Evidence (Zimmermann) | 775 | ||
| Dirk Ehlers (Hrsg.): Europäische Grundrechte und Grundfreiheiten (Schwind) | 776 | ||
| Hale Enayati: Die Garantie der individuellen Religionsfreiheit im Völkerrecht unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Stellung der Baha'i (Scheel) | 780 | ||
| Jochen Abr. Frowein/Klaus Schamth/Ingo WinkelmannIRüdiger Wolfrum (Hrsg.): Verhandeln für den Frieden - Negotiating for Peace, Liber Amicorum Tono Eitel (Tietje) | 781 | ||
| Christoph Grabenwarter: Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention (Behnsen) | 784 | ||
| Martti Koskenniemi: The Gende Civilizer of Nations. The Rise and Fall of International Law 1870-1960 (Tarns) | 787 | ||
| G. Gregory Letterman : Basics of Multilateral Institutions and Multinational Organizations: Economics and Commerce (Gerdung) | 789 | ||
| Ernst-Joachim Mestmäcker: Wirtschaft und Verfassung in der Europäischen Union (Schwind) | 794 | ||
| Jürgen Meyer (ed.): Kommentar zur Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union (Martins) | 797 | ||
| Jens Meyer-Ladewig: EMRK Handkommentar (Kühler) | 799 | ||
| Lindsay Moir: The Law of Internal Armed Conflict (Kessler) | 802 | ||
| Anne Peters: Einführung in die Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention (Behnsen) | 805 | ||
| Dieter H. Scheuing (Hrsg.): Europäische Verfassungsordnung (Schwind) | 808 | ||
| Sabine von Schorlemer (Hrsg.): Praxis-Handbuch UNO. Die Vereinten Nationen im Lichte globaler Herausforderungen (Winkelmann) | 810 | ||
| Frank Selbmann: Der Tatbestand des Genozids im Völkerstrafrecht; and Hans Vest: Genozid durch organisatorische Machtapparate. - An der Grenze von individueller und kollektiver Verantwortlichkeit (Mennecke) | 812 | ||
| Rudolf Streinz (Hrsg.): EUV / EGV, Vertrag über die Europäische Union und Vertrag zur Gründung der Europäischen Gemeinschaft (Zimmermann) | 816 | ||
| UNCTAD (ed.): International Investment Instruments: A Compendium (Wardin) | 817 | ||
| Wolfgang Graf Vitzthum/ Ingo Winkelmann (Hrsg.): Bosnien-Herzegowina im Horizont Europas. Demokratische und föderale Elemente der Staatswerdung in Südosteuropa (Steinberger) | 819 | ||
| Gerhard Werle (unter Mitarbeit von Florian Jeßberger, Wulf Burchards, Barbara Lüders, Stephan Meseke und Volker Nerlich): Völkerstrafrecht (Mennecke) | 825 | ||
| Salvatore Zappalà: Human Rights in International Criminal Proceedings (Orakhelashvih) | 827 | ||
| Books Received | 830 | ||
| List of Contributors | 833 |