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Negligence

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Schrage, E. (Ed.) (2001). Negligence. The Comparative Legal History of the Law of Torts. Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-50516-6
Schrage, Eltjo J. H.. Negligence: The Comparative Legal History of the Law of Torts. Duncker & Humblot, 2001. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-50516-6
Schrage, E (ed.) (2001): Negligence: The Comparative Legal History of the Law of Torts, Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-50516-6

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Negligence

The Comparative Legal History of the Law of Torts

Editors: Schrage, Eltjo J. H.

Comparative Studies in Continental and Anglo-American Legal History, Vol. 22

(2001)

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Abstract

Der Autor zielt auf eine dynamische Vergleichung der Probleme auf dem Gebiet des Rechts der unerlaubten Handlung, die sich in der Geschichte auf der einen Seite auf dem Kontinent Westeuropas, auf der anderen Seite im Bereich des common law dargeboten haben. Das allgemeine Konzept der unerlaubten Handlung als solche ist, soweit es den Kontinent anbelangt, eine Schöpfung des mittelalterlichen, namentlich des kanonischen Rechts. Auf der anderen Seite des Kanals geht die unerlaubte Handlung, die man als negligence anzudeuten pflegt, hauptsächlich auf das 19. Jahrhundert zurück, obwohl deren Wurzeln sich schon beträchtlich früher auffinden lassen. In beiden Rechtskreisen handelt es sich um eine Generalisierung schon seit Alters her bestehender Konzepte, die mit der Formulierung der alten Klagen geradewegs in Verbindung stehen. Dieser Prozeß der Generalisierung hat sich aber nicht unbehindert vollzogen. Gerade die Hürden und Schwierigkeiten auf dem Wege zur Generalisierung der alten Klagen und Konzepte bilden das zentrale Thema dieses Buches. Sie werden von voranstehenden Rechtshistorikern aus dem Bereich des deutschen, englischen, französischen, niederländischen und schottischen Rechts erläutert. Der Herausgeber, der schon früher in dieser Reihe einen Band über ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung veröffentlicht hat, ist für die Einführung aus rechtsvergleichender Sicht verantwortlich.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Inhaltsverzeichnis 5
Eltjo J. H. Schrage: Negligence. A comparative and historical introduction to a legal concept 7
I. Introduction 7
1. Crime and tort; compensation and punishment 12
a) At Common law 12
b) At Civil law 13
II. Actionable types of conduct 16
1. Positive Acts 16
a) At Common law 16
b) At Civil law 18
2. Omissions 21
a) At Common law 21
b) At Civil law 23
3. Strict liabily - presumed fault 27
a) At Common law 27
b) At Civil law 30
III. Kinds of damage 33
a) At Common law 33
b) At Civil law 34
c) Death 37
IV. Types of causation - directness required? 40
a) At Common law 40
b) At Civil law 41
V. Conclusion 42
J. H. Baker: Trespass, Case, and the Common Law of Negligence 1500-1700 47
1. Negligence in performing an undertaking 53
2. Negligence in looking after another’s property 55
3. Negligent custody or control of hazards 59
4. Negligence in carrying on one’s own activities 62
Jan Hallebeek: Negligence in Medieval Roman Law 73
I. Introduction 73
II. Divergent degrees of liability for careless acting 74
III. The lack of a general legal remedy for unintentional harm 79
1. Justinianic law 79
2. Medieval interpretation: the specific delicts are not replaced by a general doctrine 79
3. Medieval interpretation : the emergence of a general but subsidiary remedy for damages 82
IV. Forms of liability for unintentional damages 85
1. Contractual liability for unintentional harm 86
a) commodatum 86
b) depositum 87
c) pignus 87
d) emptio/venditio 88
e) locatio/conductio 88
f) mandatum 89
g) societas 90
2. Quasi-contractual liability for unintentional harm 91
a) negotiorum gestio 91
b) tutela 91
c) precarium 92
d) dos 92
3. Delictual liability for unintentional harm 93
a) Damnum iniuria datum 93
b) pauperies 96
V. Conclusions 98
Harry Dondorp: Crime and Punishment. Negligentia for the canonists and moral theologians 101
I. Introduction 101
II. Private poena or compensation of damages 103
Actio legis Aquiliae 103
III. Private penalty or the compensation of incorporeal damages 111
Actio iniuriarum 111
IV. Private penalty or the compensation of incorporeal damage 117
A compromise: Covarruvias 117
V. Culpa lata or culpa levissima 119
Canonists and moral theologians 119
Robert Feenstra: Grotius’ doctrine of liability for negligence: its origin and its influence in Civil Law countries until modern codifications 129
I. Analysis of the Grotian texts and their sources 132
II. Influence of Grotius’ doctrine in the Netherlands 150
III. Influence of Grotius’ doctrine in Germany 160
IV. Influence of Grotius’ doctrine in France 167
V. Epilogue 170
Peter Birks: Negligence in the Eighteenth Century Common Law 173
Substantive Uncertainty 174
The Forms of Action 174
The Language of Blameworthiness 175
I. The Word ‘Negligence’ 176
The Bridge to Careless Misfeasance 178
II. The Principal Actions 180
1. The Principle of Liability in Trespass vi et armis 181
2. Principles of Liability in Trespass on the Case 186
3. Standards 191
4. The Limits of Liability 197
5. The Boundaries of Actions 199
6. Defining the Factual Boundary of Trespass vi et armis 200
7. Trespass on the Case: Subsidiarity at the End of the Century 206
III. System 209
Thomas Wood 210
Robert Eden 211
William Blackstone 212
Francis Buller 214
Trespass , Case, and Tort 216
Conclusion 219
Appendix: Trespass and Trespass on the Case 220
1. Browne v. Davis 220
2. Wallbanck v. Bucknall and others 221
3. Hawbank v. Trim 222
4. Nurton v. Paris 224
5. Wickam v. Sperring 224
6. Harding v. Wood 225
D. J. Ibbetson: The Tort of Negligence in the Common Law in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 229
I. The birth of the Tort of Negligence 229
II. The Idea of Negligence: Trinity and Unity 230
III. The Structure of the Tort of Negligence 234
1. The Separation between Duty and Breach 235
a) Liability for Omissions 236
b) Contract and Tort 236
c) Restrictions on Liability 239
d) Law and Fact 240
2. Generality and Specificity : Duties of Care or Duty of Care? 241
3. Breach of Duty and Remoteness of Damage 244
a) Breach of Duty 244
b) Causation of Damage: Remoteness and Proximity 245
4. Duty, Breach and Remoteness 247
IV. Liability without Personal Fault 248
V. The Incidence of Liability 252
VI. The Tort of Negligence in the Twentieth Century 257
1. Transformative Factors in the Twentieth-Century Tort of Negligence 258
2. The Structure of the Tort of Negligence 260
3. Kinds of Harm 266
4. Return to the Eighteenth Century : Decomposition of the Tort of Negligence 268
Hector L. MacQueen and W. David H. Sellar: History of Negligence in Scots Law 273
Introduction 273
The Early Law 276
Stair and the Eighteenth Century 277
The Modern Law 283
The General Action 283
The Jury Court 288
Culpa, Negligence and Foreseeability 291
Vicarious Liability 293
Liability for escapes from property 294
Contributory Negligence 294
The Language of Duty 295
Liability to trespassers 298
Common employment 300
Duty as a requirement 300
The Development of the Modern Law 302
The Case for Convergence 304
Conclusion 306
Bernadette Auzary-Schmaltz: Liability in Tort in France before the Code Civil: The Origins of Art. 1382 ff. Code Civil 309
I. 310
First Period: Creative Evolution (Twelfth to Fourteenth Centuries) 310
1. The separation of reparation and punishment 311
a) In the early days, liability is barely distinguishable from monetary composition 311
b) In the field of civil liability, a distinction is drawn between liability for contractual and delictal fault 315
2. Problems relating to measure of damages and methods of reparation 317
a) The waning of collective responsibility 317
b) Measure of damages 319
aa) Civil damages distinguished from the fine payable to the court 319
bb) The nature of the damage 320
(1) Damage to property 320
(2) Damages for personal injury 320
(3) The method of evaluation 323
cc) Modes of reparation 324
Second Period: Theorisation (Sixteenth and Seventeenth centuries) 327
1. Survival of earlier principles 327
a) Civil Liability retains certain penal elements 328
b) Collective Responsibility gives way to Individual Liability 329
2. Doctrine 330
II. 332
a) Defining the relationship of subordination 332
b) Distinctive features of the decisions of Parlement 334
Wolfgang Ernst: Negligence in 19th Century Germany 341
I. Introduction 341
II. 19th Century Writers on Delictual Liability 343
III. 19th Century Case Law 350
1. The Courts 350
2. The Cases 351
a) Material Loss Due to Defamation 351
b) Damage Due to The Execution of Judgements Later Annuled 353
c) Liability for Negligent Statements? 354
d) Contractual Positions Infringed by Third Parties 355
IV. Vicarious Liability 357
Patrick Mossler: The discussion on general clause or numerus clausus during the preparation of the German Civil Code 361
I. General clause and numerus clausus in the law of the nineteenth century 361
1. The gemeines Recht 361
2. The general clause of the jus naturale 362
a) The Code civil 362
aa) Damage 363
bb) Faute (act that creates liability) 363
cc) The relation between liability in tort and contract 365
b) Other codifications 365
II. The deliberations on §§ 823, 826 BGB 366
1. The preliminary draft 368
2. The first draft (Erster Entwurf) and deliberations of the First Commission 372
3. Criticisms of the First Draft 378
4. The Pre-Commission of the Ministry of Justice (Vorkommission des Reichsjustizamts 379
5. The Second Draft (Zweiter Entwurf) and deliberations of the Second Commission 381
6. Editorial department (Redaktionskommission), Bundesrat, Reichstag 384
III. Conclusion 385
IV. Appendix: Vicarious liability – The deliberations on § 831 BGB 386
Eltjo J. H. Schrage: Negligence in the discussion during the preparation of the Dutch Civil Code of 1838 391
List of Authors 399