Negligence
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Schrage, E. (Ed.) (2001). Negligence. The Comparative Legal History of the Law of Torts. Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-50516-6
Schrage, Eltjo J. H.. Negligence: The Comparative Legal History of the Law of Torts. Duncker & Humblot, 2001. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-50516-6
Schrage, E (ed.) (2001): Negligence: The Comparative Legal History of the Law of Torts, Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-50516-6
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Negligence
The Comparative Legal History of the Law of Torts
Editors: Schrage, Eltjo J. H.
Comparative Studies in Continental and Anglo-American Legal History, Vol. 22
(2001)
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Abstract
Der Autor zielt auf eine dynamische Vergleichung der Probleme auf dem Gebiet des Rechts der unerlaubten Handlung, die sich in der Geschichte auf der einen Seite auf dem Kontinent Westeuropas, auf der anderen Seite im Bereich des common law dargeboten haben. Das allgemeine Konzept der unerlaubten Handlung als solche ist, soweit es den Kontinent anbelangt, eine Schöpfung des mittelalterlichen, namentlich des kanonischen Rechts. Auf der anderen Seite des Kanals geht die unerlaubte Handlung, die man als negligence anzudeuten pflegt, hauptsächlich auf das 19. Jahrhundert zurück, obwohl deren Wurzeln sich schon beträchtlich früher auffinden lassen. In beiden Rechtskreisen handelt es sich um eine Generalisierung schon seit Alters her bestehender Konzepte, die mit der Formulierung der alten Klagen geradewegs in Verbindung stehen. Dieser Prozeß der Generalisierung hat sich aber nicht unbehindert vollzogen. Gerade die Hürden und Schwierigkeiten auf dem Wege zur Generalisierung der alten Klagen und Konzepte bilden das zentrale Thema dieses Buches. Sie werden von voranstehenden Rechtshistorikern aus dem Bereich des deutschen, englischen, französischen, niederländischen und schottischen Rechts erläutert. Der Herausgeber, der schon früher in dieser Reihe einen Band über ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung veröffentlicht hat, ist für die Einführung aus rechtsvergleichender Sicht verantwortlich.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inhaltsverzeichnis | 5 | ||
| Eltjo J. H. Schrage: Negligence. A comparative and historical introduction to a legal concept | 7 | ||
| I. Introduction | 7 | ||
| 1. Crime and tort; compensation and punishment | 12 | ||
| a) At Common law | 12 | ||
| b) At Civil law | 13 | ||
| II. Actionable types of conduct | 16 | ||
| 1. Positive Acts | 16 | ||
| a) At Common law | 16 | ||
| b) At Civil law | 18 | ||
| 2. Omissions | 21 | ||
| a) At Common law | 21 | ||
| b) At Civil law | 23 | ||
| 3. Strict liabily - presumed fault | 27 | ||
| a) At Common law | 27 | ||
| b) At Civil law | 30 | ||
| III. Kinds of damage | 33 | ||
| a) At Common law | 33 | ||
| b) At Civil law | 34 | ||
| c) Death | 37 | ||
| IV. Types of causation - directness required? | 40 | ||
| a) At Common law | 40 | ||
| b) At Civil law | 41 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 42 | ||
| J. H. Baker: Trespass, Case, and the Common Law of Negligence 1500-1700 | 47 | ||
| 1. Negligence in performing an undertaking | 53 | ||
| 2. Negligence in looking after another’s property | 55 | ||
| 3. Negligent custody or control of hazards | 59 | ||
| 4. Negligence in carrying on one’s own activities | 62 | ||
| Jan Hallebeek: Negligence in Medieval Roman Law | 73 | ||
| I. Introduction | 73 | ||
| II. Divergent degrees of liability for careless acting | 74 | ||
| III. The lack of a general legal remedy for unintentional harm | 79 | ||
| 1. Justinianic law | 79 | ||
| 2. Medieval interpretation: the specific delicts are not replaced by a general doctrine | 79 | ||
| 3. Medieval interpretation : the emergence of a general but subsidiary remedy for damages | 82 | ||
| IV. Forms of liability for unintentional damages | 85 | ||
| 1. Contractual liability for unintentional harm | 86 | ||
| a) commodatum | 86 | ||
| b) depositum | 87 | ||
| c) pignus | 87 | ||
| d) emptio/venditio | 88 | ||
| e) locatio/conductio | 88 | ||
| f) mandatum | 89 | ||
| g) societas | 90 | ||
| 2. Quasi-contractual liability for unintentional harm | 91 | ||
| a) negotiorum gestio | 91 | ||
| b) tutela | 91 | ||
| c) precarium | 92 | ||
| d) dos | 92 | ||
| 3. Delictual liability for unintentional harm | 93 | ||
| a) Damnum iniuria datum | 93 | ||
| b) pauperies | 96 | ||
| V. Conclusions | 98 | ||
| Harry Dondorp: Crime and Punishment. Negligentia for the canonists and moral theologians | 101 | ||
| I. Introduction | 101 | ||
| II. Private poena or compensation of damages | 103 | ||
| Actio legis Aquiliae | 103 | ||
| III. Private penalty or the compensation of incorporeal damages | 111 | ||
| Actio iniuriarum | 111 | ||
| IV. Private penalty or the compensation of incorporeal damage | 117 | ||
| A compromise: Covarruvias | 117 | ||
| V. Culpa lata or culpa levissima | 119 | ||
| Canonists and moral theologians | 119 | ||
| Robert Feenstra: Grotius’ doctrine of liability for negligence: its origin and its influence in Civil Law countries until modern codifications | 129 | ||
| I. Analysis of the Grotian texts and their sources | 132 | ||
| II. Influence of Grotius’ doctrine in the Netherlands | 150 | ||
| III. Influence of Grotius’ doctrine in Germany | 160 | ||
| IV. Influence of Grotius’ doctrine in France | 167 | ||
| V. Epilogue | 170 | ||
| Peter Birks: Negligence in the Eighteenth Century Common Law | 173 | ||
| Substantive Uncertainty | 174 | ||
| The Forms of Action | 174 | ||
| The Language of Blameworthiness | 175 | ||
| I. The Word ‘Negligence’ | 176 | ||
| The Bridge to Careless Misfeasance | 178 | ||
| II. The Principal Actions | 180 | ||
| 1. The Principle of Liability in Trespass vi et armis | 181 | ||
| 2. Principles of Liability in Trespass on the Case | 186 | ||
| 3. Standards | 191 | ||
| 4. The Limits of Liability | 197 | ||
| 5. The Boundaries of Actions | 199 | ||
| 6. Defining the Factual Boundary of Trespass vi et armis | 200 | ||
| 7. Trespass on the Case: Subsidiarity at the End of the Century | 206 | ||
| III. System | 209 | ||
| Thomas Wood | 210 | ||
| Robert Eden | 211 | ||
| William Blackstone | 212 | ||
| Francis Buller | 214 | ||
| Trespass , Case, and Tort | 216 | ||
| Conclusion | 219 | ||
| Appendix: Trespass and Trespass on the Case | 220 | ||
| 1. Browne v. Davis | 220 | ||
| 2. Wallbanck v. Bucknall and others | 221 | ||
| 3. Hawbank v. Trim | 222 | ||
| 4. Nurton v. Paris | 224 | ||
| 5. Wickam v. Sperring | 224 | ||
| 6. Harding v. Wood | 225 | ||
| D. J. Ibbetson: The Tort of Negligence in the Common Law in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries | 229 | ||
| I. The birth of the Tort of Negligence | 229 | ||
| II. The Idea of Negligence: Trinity and Unity | 230 | ||
| III. The Structure of the Tort of Negligence | 234 | ||
| 1. The Separation between Duty and Breach | 235 | ||
| a) Liability for Omissions | 236 | ||
| b) Contract and Tort | 236 | ||
| c) Restrictions on Liability | 239 | ||
| d) Law and Fact | 240 | ||
| 2. Generality and Specificity : Duties of Care or Duty of Care? | 241 | ||
| 3. Breach of Duty and Remoteness of Damage | 244 | ||
| a) Breach of Duty | 244 | ||
| b) Causation of Damage: Remoteness and Proximity | 245 | ||
| 4. Duty, Breach and Remoteness | 247 | ||
| IV. Liability without Personal Fault | 248 | ||
| V. The Incidence of Liability | 252 | ||
| VI. The Tort of Negligence in the Twentieth Century | 257 | ||
| 1. Transformative Factors in the Twentieth-Century Tort of Negligence | 258 | ||
| 2. The Structure of the Tort of Negligence | 260 | ||
| 3. Kinds of Harm | 266 | ||
| 4. Return to the Eighteenth Century : Decomposition of the Tort of Negligence | 268 | ||
| Hector L. MacQueen and W. David H. Sellar: History of Negligence in Scots Law | 273 | ||
| Introduction | 273 | ||
| The Early Law | 276 | ||
| Stair and the Eighteenth Century | 277 | ||
| The Modern Law | 283 | ||
| The General Action | 283 | ||
| The Jury Court | 288 | ||
| Culpa, Negligence and Foreseeability | 291 | ||
| Vicarious Liability | 293 | ||
| Liability for escapes from property | 294 | ||
| Contributory Negligence | 294 | ||
| The Language of Duty | 295 | ||
| Liability to trespassers | 298 | ||
| Common employment | 300 | ||
| Duty as a requirement | 300 | ||
| The Development of the Modern Law | 302 | ||
| The Case for Convergence | 304 | ||
| Conclusion | 306 | ||
| Bernadette Auzary-Schmaltz: Liability in Tort in France before the Code Civil: The Origins of Art. 1382 ff. Code Civil | 309 | ||
| I. | 310 | ||
| First Period: Creative Evolution (Twelfth to Fourteenth Centuries) | 310 | ||
| 1. The separation of reparation and punishment | 311 | ||
| a) In the early days, liability is barely distinguishable from monetary composition | 311 | ||
| b) In the field of civil liability, a distinction is drawn between liability for contractual and delictal fault | 315 | ||
| 2. Problems relating to measure of damages and methods of reparation | 317 | ||
| a) The waning of collective responsibility | 317 | ||
| b) Measure of damages | 319 | ||
| aa) Civil damages distinguished from the fine payable to the court | 319 | ||
| bb) The nature of the damage | 320 | ||
| (1) Damage to property | 320 | ||
| (2) Damages for personal injury | 320 | ||
| (3) The method of evaluation | 323 | ||
| cc) Modes of reparation | 324 | ||
| Second Period: Theorisation (Sixteenth and Seventeenth centuries) | 327 | ||
| 1. Survival of earlier principles | 327 | ||
| a) Civil Liability retains certain penal elements | 328 | ||
| b) Collective Responsibility gives way to Individual Liability | 329 | ||
| 2. Doctrine | 330 | ||
| II. | 332 | ||
| a) Defining the relationship of subordination | 332 | ||
| b) Distinctive features of the decisions of Parlement | 334 | ||
| Wolfgang Ernst: Negligence in 19th Century Germany | 341 | ||
| I. Introduction | 341 | ||
| II. 19th Century Writers on Delictual Liability | 343 | ||
| III. 19th Century Case Law | 350 | ||
| 1. The Courts | 350 | ||
| 2. The Cases | 351 | ||
| a) Material Loss Due to Defamation | 351 | ||
| b) Damage Due to The Execution of Judgements Later Annuled | 353 | ||
| c) Liability for Negligent Statements? | 354 | ||
| d) Contractual Positions Infringed by Third Parties | 355 | ||
| IV. Vicarious Liability | 357 | ||
| Patrick Mossler: The discussion on general clause or numerus clausus during the preparation of the German Civil Code | 361 | ||
| I. General clause and numerus clausus in the law of the nineteenth century | 361 | ||
| 1. The gemeines Recht | 361 | ||
| 2. The general clause of the jus naturale | 362 | ||
| a) The Code civil | 362 | ||
| aa) Damage | 363 | ||
| bb) Faute (act that creates liability) | 363 | ||
| cc) The relation between liability in tort and contract | 365 | ||
| b) Other codifications | 365 | ||
| II. The deliberations on §§ 823, 826 BGB | 366 | ||
| 1. The preliminary draft | 368 | ||
| 2. The first draft (Erster Entwurf) and deliberations of the First Commission | 372 | ||
| 3. Criticisms of the First Draft | 378 | ||
| 4. The Pre-Commission of the Ministry of Justice (Vorkommission des Reichsjustizamts | 379 | ||
| 5. The Second Draft (Zweiter Entwurf) and deliberations of the Second Commission | 381 | ||
| 6. Editorial department (Redaktionskommission), Bundesrat, Reichstag | 384 | ||
| III. Conclusion | 385 | ||
| IV. Appendix: Vicarious liability – The deliberations on § 831 BGB | 386 | ||
| Eltjo J. H. Schrage: Negligence in the discussion during the preparation of the Dutch Civil Code of 1838 | 391 | ||
| List of Authors | 399 |