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Delbrück, J., Hofmann, R., Zimmermann, A. (Eds.) (1991). German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht. Vol. 33 (1990). Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-47051-8
Delbrück, Jost; Hofmann, Rainer and Zimmermann, Andreas. German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 33 (1990). Duncker & Humblot, 1991. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-47051-8
Delbrück, J, Hofmann, R, Zimmermann, A (eds.) (1991): German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 33 (1990), Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-47051-8
Format
German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht
Vol. 33 (1990)
Editors: Delbrück, Jost | Hofmann, Rainer | Zimmermann, Andreas
German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, Vol. 33
(1991)
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Abstract
The German Yearbook of International Law, founded as the Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, provides an annual report on new developments in international law and is edited by the Walther Schücking Institute for International Law at the Kiel University. Since its inception in 1948, the Yearbook has endeavored to make a significant academic contribution to the ongoing development of international law. Over many decades the Yearbook has moved beyond its origins as a forum for German scholars to publish their research and has become a highly-regarded international forum for innovative scholarship in international law. In 1976, the Yearbook adopted its current title and began to publish contributions written in English in order to reach the largest possible international audience. This editorial decision has enabled the Yearbook to successfully overcome traditional language barriers and inform an international readership about current research in German academic institutions and, at the same time, to present international viewpoints to its German audience. Fully aware of the paramount importance of international practice, the Yearbook publishes contributions from active practitioners of international law on a regular basis. The Yearbook also includes critical comments on German state practice relating to international law, as well as international reactions to that practice.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | 5 | ||
| ARTICLES | 9 | ||
| René Barents: The Community and the Unity of the Common Market. Some Reflections on the Economic Constitution of the Community | 9 | ||
| I. Introduction | 9 | ||
| II. The Unity of the Common Market | 10 | ||
| 1. The Internal Market | 11 | ||
| 2. Freedom of Trade and Undistorted Competition | 12 | ||
| 3. Market Unity | 13 | ||
| III. The Common Market and the Member States | 15 | ||
| 1. Free Movement | 15 | ||
| a) The Country of Destination Principle | 15 | ||
| b) The Country of Origin Principle | 15 | ||
| 2. Undistorted Competition | 18 | ||
| a) Distortion of Competition | 18 | ||
| b) Disparities | 19 | ||
| 3. Discrimination(s) and Distortion(s) | 20 | ||
| IV. The Common Market and the Community | 21 | ||
| 1. Unity of the Market and Non-discrimination | 21 | ||
| 2. The Case Law | 22 | ||
| 3. Non-Discrimination or Non-interference With Trade | 24 | ||
| V. Non-Discrimination and Differentiation | 26 | ||
| 1. Discrimination and Renationalization | 26 | ||
| 2. Duty to Differentiate | 26 | ||
| 3. Differentiation in the Framework of Discretionary Policy | 28 | ||
| 4. Complementary Actions of Member States | 30 | ||
| 5. Proportionality and Non-Discrimination | 30 | ||
| VI. Exceptions to the Unity of the Common Market | 31 | ||
| 1. Emergencies and Absence of Alternatives | 31 | ||
| 2. Transitional and Political Difficulties | 32 | ||
| a) The Claw-back | 33 | ||
| b) A More Lenient Approach? | 35 | ||
| VII. Market Unity as an Element of the Economic Constitution of the Community | 35 | ||
| Michael K. Addo: A Critical Analysis of the Perennial International Economic Law Problems of the EEC-ACP Relationship | 37 | ||
| I. Introduction | 37 | ||
| II. The Development and Ethos of Lomé | 40 | ||
| III. The Recurring Problems | 44 | ||
| 1. Self-interest in a Co-operative Setting | 44 | ||
| a) The Effect of the Shift in Legal Basis from Co-existence to Co-operation | 44 | ||
| b) The Place of Sovereignty in Unequal Co-operation | 46 | ||
| IV. Accountability Through Justiciability | 54 | ||
| 1. Other A ttempts at Essential A ccountability | 62 | ||
| a) Participation | 62 | ||
| b) Human Rights | 63 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 65 | ||
| Iain Cameron and Frank Horn: Reservations to the European Convention on Human Rights: The Belilos Case | 69 | ||
| I. Introduction | 69 | ||
| II. The Facts of the Case | 69 | ||
| III. The Approach of the Commission | 71 | ||
| IV. The Approach of the Court | 74 | ||
| V. Issues Raised by the Case | 76 | ||
| 1. | 77 | ||
| a) The Distinction Between Reservations and Interpretative Declarations | 77 | ||
| b) The Scope of the Swiss Proviso | 79 | ||
| c) The Nature of the Swiss Proviso | 81 | ||
| 2. | 87 | ||
| a) The Competence of the Commission and the Court to Determine the Validity of Reservations | 87 | ||
| b) A Common European Public Order | 92 | ||
| c) Implications for Other Treaty Régimes | 95 | ||
| 3. The Prohibition of General Reservations | 97 | ||
| a) The Concept of Generality | 99 | ||
| b) Imprecise Reservations | 99 | ||
| c) Specific Reservations to „General Reservations“ | 100 | ||
| d) „Overspill“ Reservations | 103 | ||
| e) Flexible Reservations | 103 | ||
| f) The Relationship Between Incompatibility and Generality | 105 | ||
| 4. The Requirement of a Brief Statement Under Article 64 (2) | 109 | ||
| 5. | 115 | ||
| a) The Effects of Invalid Reservations | 115 | ||
| b) Subsequent Developments | 117 | ||
| 6. Implications for Other Reservations to the Convention | 119 | ||
| a) Austria | 121 | ||
| b) Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) | 122 | ||
| c) Finland | 123 | ||
| d) France | 123 | ||
| e) Ireland | 124 | ||
| f) Liechtenstein | 124 | ||
| g) Malta | 125 | ||
| h) Portugal | 126 | ||
| i) San Marino | 126 | ||
| j) Spain | 126 | ||
| k) Switzerland | 126 | ||
| 1) The Turkish and Cypriot Declarations Under Article 25 | 127 | ||
| VI. Conclusions | 128 | ||
| Karl Zemanek: Austria and the European Community | 130 | ||
| I. Introduction | 130 | ||
| II. Austria's Permanent Neutrality | 131 | ||
| 1. The Concept of Permanent Neutrality | 131 | ||
| a) Permanent Neutrality as a Legal Status | 131 | ||
| b) Permanent Neutrality as a Function of Balance of Power | 133 | ||
| c) A Comprehensive View of Permanent Neutrality | 135 | ||
| 2. Permanent Neutrality in the Post-War European System | 136 | ||
| a) Austria's Situation in 1955 | 136 | ||
| b) The Neutrals in the European System and the Challenge of European Integration | 137 | ||
| c) A New European System? | 140 | ||
| III. Neutrality and EEC Membership | 142 | ||
| 1. Situations Requiring Specific Neutral Action | 143 | ||
| a) A „War“ in Which One or More EEC Members Confront One or More Non-Members | 143 | ||
| aa) Transit | 144 | ||
| bb) Uniform Application of Restrictions or Prohibitions Concerning the Export of War Material | 145 | ||
| b) A „War“ Between Non-Members of the EEC | 146 | ||
| c) A Politically-Motivated Embargo in Peace Time | 146 | ||
| 2. The Central Issues | 147 | ||
| a) The EEC Practice of Trade Embargoes | 148 | ||
| b) The Exception of „Arms, Munitions and War Material“: Article 223 EECT | 152 | ||
| c) The Exception of Special Situations: Article 224 EECT | 154 | ||
| aa) The Situations | 154 | ||
| bb) The Measures | 156 | ||
| cc) The Limitations | 158 | ||
| d) Control of the Freedom: Article 225 EECT | 159 | ||
| IV. Neutrality and the Political Evolution of the EC | 161 | ||
| 1. Building Political Identity: The EPC | 161 | ||
| 2. Moving Towards Union: Are There Limitations for a Permanently Neutral State? | 164 | ||
| Donald M. McRae and L. Rita Theil: The Implications of Europe 1992: A Canadian Perspective | 166 | ||
| I. Introduction | 166 | ||
| II. Canada and World Trade | 167 | ||
| 1. Constitutional Framework | 167 | ||
| 2. The International Trade Framework | 168 | ||
| a) Canada and the GATT | 168 | ||
| b) Canada-United States Free Trade | 169 | ||
| III. Canada and the European Community | 170 | ||
| IV. The Impact of 1992 on Canada: An Overview | 172 | ||
| V. The Impact of 1992 on Canada: The Telecommunications Industry | 173 | ||
| 1. Introduction: The Canadian Telecommunications Industry | 173 | ||
| 2. The Telecommunications Industry in the EC: The Imperative to Restructure | 174 | ||
| 3. The Impact of Increased Market Size and Competition | 176 | ||
| 4. The Impact of the Lowering of Technical Barriers and the Setting of Standards | 177 | ||
| 5. The Opening of Public Procurement | 180 | ||
| VI. The Problem of Reciprocity | 181 | ||
| VII. Conclusion | 182 | ||
| Thomas Läufer: Haushalt und Finanzen als Konfliktfeld der EG-Organe und der EG-Mitgliedstaaten | 184 | ||
| I. Einleitung | 184 | ||
| II. Haushaltsstruktur der EG | 185 | ||
| III. Haushaltsverfahren der EG | 187 | ||
| IV. Haushaltskonflikte seit 1975 | 189 | ||
| 1. Kompetenzabgrenzung durch Ausgabenklassifizierung | 189 | ||
| 2. Anwendung des Höchstsatzes | 191 | ||
| 3. Mittelbewilligung und Rechtsetzung | 194 | ||
| a) Haushaltsplan als Rechtsgrundlage | 194 | ||
| b) Ausgabenplafondierung durch Ratsbeschluß | 196 | ||
| 4. Kapitalhaushalt der EG | 197 | ||
| 5. Überblick über die Haushaltskonflikte | 197 | ||
| V. Interinstitutionelle Zusammenarbeit beim Haushalt | 198 | ||
| 1. Konzertierung | 198 | ||
| a) Zweck | 198 | ||
| b) Praxis | 200 | ||
| c) Bewertung | 202 | ||
| 2. Haushaltstrialog | 203 | ||
| a) Zweck | 203 | ||
| b) Praxis | 204 | ||
| c) Bewertung | 205 | ||
| 3. Haushaltsdisziplin | 206 | ||
| a) Zweck | 206 | ||
| aa) Maßnahmen von 1984 | 206 | ||
| bb) Beschlüsse von 1988 | 208 | ||
| b) Praxis | 209 | ||
| c) Bewertung | 210 | ||
| VI. Reformempfehlungen | 210 | ||
| Summary | 212 | ||
| M. Fitzmaurice: Common Market Participation in the Legal Regime of the Baltic Sea Fisheries | 214 | ||
| I. Introduction | 214 | ||
| II. Accession of EC to the Gdansk Convention | 214 | ||
| 1. Effect of Introduction of the EC Common Fisheries Policy | 214 | ||
| 2. Summary of the Provision of the EC Fisheries Policy | 215 | ||
| 3. Accession of the EC to the Gdansk Convention | 218 | ||
| III. Recommendations of the IBSFC | 221 | ||
| 1. The Veto Procedure | 221 | ||
| 2. The Opting-Out Procedure | 221 | ||
| IV. Conservation Measures Since Amendment of the Gdansk Convention | 222 | ||
| 1. 1984 Fisheries Rules | 222 | ||
| 2. The Rôle of the ICES | 223 | ||
| 3. The Effectiveness of the IBSFC | 224 | ||
| V. Exclusive Economic Zones | 225 | ||
| 1. Introduction of EEZ by USSR | 225 | ||
| 2. Legal Rights over Fishing in the EEZ | 226 | ||
| 3. Regulations of Fisheries in the EEZ of the USSR | 227 | ||
| VI. Fisheries and Delimitation Agreements between Baltic States | 228 | ||
| 1. Introductory | 228 | ||
| 2. The New Delimitation Agreements | 229 | ||
| 3. Fisheries Agreements with the EC Generally | 231 | ||
| 4. Fishing Agreements between Sweden and the EC | 233 | ||
| VII. Conclusions | 234 | ||
| Federico Durân Lopez: The Harmonisation of the Labour Systems of the Member States of the E.E.C. in the Perspective of European Unity | 236 | ||
| I. The Treaty of Rome and Social Objectives | 236 | ||
| II. The Single Act and the Demands, in Social Areas, for European Unity | 242 | ||
| III. The Harmonisation of Labour Regulations in the Internal Market | 246 | ||
| Ruth Nielsen: The Contract of Employment in the Member States of the European Communities and in Community Law | 258 | ||
| I. Introduction | 258 | ||
| II. National Differences, a Comparative Analysis | 260 | ||
| 1. The Concept of the Contract of Employment | 260 | ||
| 2. Consent, Object, Cause and Consideration in Contract Law | 260 | ||
| 3. Defining Elements of the Contract of Employment: Subordination | 261 | ||
| 4. Subjective Scope of the Contract of Employment and the Employment Relationship | 262 | ||
| III. Freedom of Contract | 262 | ||
| 1. The General Principle | 263 | ||
| 2. Atypical Employment Contracts | 265 | ||
| a) Fixed Term Contracts | 265 | ||
| b) Temporary Work Contracts | 266 | ||
| c) Part-Time Employment Contracts | 267 | ||
| 3. Form and Proof of the Contract of Employment | 269 | ||
| 4. Recruitment Procedures and Worker Participation | 269 | ||
| 5. Written form and Language requirements | 270 | ||
| a) Continental European Countries | 271 | ||
| b) Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom | 271 | ||
| IV. Written Particulars | 272 | ||
| V. Community Law | 273 | ||
| 1. Stages in the Development of Community Law | 273 | ||
| 2. Why is the Law on the Contract of Employment of Interest to the Community? | 277 | ||
| a) Distortion of Competition | 277 | ||
| b) Free Movement | 277 | ||
| c) Improvement of Working Conditions | 278 | ||
| 3. Is the Contract of Employment Covered by Existing Community Legislation? | 278 | ||
| 4. Current Proposals | 281 | ||
| Erika Szyszczak: L'Espace Sociale Européenne: Reality, Dreams, or Nightmares? | 284 | ||
| I. Introduction | 284 | ||
| II. Legal and Political Problems With the Social Charter | 286 | ||
| III. The Impact of the Equal Treatment Programme | 291 | ||
| 1. The Development of the Equal Treatment Programme | 291 | ||
| 2. The Impact of the Equal Treatment Programme in the United Kingdom | 297 | ||
| 3. Enforcement of Community Rights | 299 | ||
| IV. Direct Effect and Supremacy of Community Law | 300 | ||
| V. Towards a More Effective Enforcement of Community Social Rights? | 303 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 306 | ||
| Rüdiger Wolfrum: Purposes and Principles of International Environmental Law | 308 | ||
| I. Introduction | 308 | ||
| II. The Elements of International Law Concerning the Protection of the Environment | 309 | ||
| 1. Prohibition of Transfrontier Damage to Components of the Environment | 309 | ||
| 2. Use and Protection of Commonly Shared Natural Resources | 318 | ||
| 3. The Utilization and Protection of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction | 321 | ||
| 4. Environmental Problems of Global Relevance | 327 | ||
| Wolfgang Spröte: Negotiations on a United Nations Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations | 331 | ||
| I. Introduction | 331 | ||
| II. The Background of the Negotiations on the Code of Conduct | 332 | ||
| 1. The Developments in the Early Seventies | 332 | ||
| 2. Thirteen Years of Negotiations on the Code of Conduct | 334 | ||
| III. The Structure and the Main Provisions of the Latest Draft Code of Conduct | 337 | ||
| IV. Main Outstanding Issues and Chances for Their Resolution | 344 | ||
| Uwe Jenisch: Die Ostsee als Wirtschafts- und Lebensraum Wirtschaft, Umweltschutz, Seerecht | 349 | ||
| I. Geopolitische und wirtschaftliche Fakten | 349 | ||
| II. Auswirkungen des neuen Internationalen Seerechts | 356 | ||
| 1. Küstenmeergrenzen | 357 | ||
| 2. Meerengen | 360 | ||
| 3. Sonder status für die Ostsee? | 361 | ||
| 4. Fischereizonen, Festlandsockel- und Wirtschaftszonen | 363 | ||
| 5. Seegrenzprobleme | 365 | ||
| a) Dänemark / Schweden | 365 | ||
| b) Gotland-Problem | 366 | ||
| c) Bornholm-Problem | 366 | ||
| d) Oderbucht | 367 | ||
| e) Offene Seegrenzprobleme | 370 | ||
| III. Fischereizusammenarbeit / Danziger Übereinkommen | 370 | ||
| IV. Umweltschutz/Helsinki-Übereinkommen | 374 | ||
| Summary | 380 | ||
| Jagdeep S. Bhandari: International Debt Litigation in United States Courts | 383 | ||
| I. Introduction | 383 | ||
| II. Types of Cases | 384 | ||
| 1. Loan Transactions | 385 | ||
| 2. Eurodollar Transactions | 385 | ||
| 3. Expropriation Cases | 386 | ||
| III. Defenses of Debtors | 386 | ||
| 1. Sovereign Immunity | 386 | ||
| a) Who May Plead the Defense | 388 | ||
| b) When the Defense May Be Successfully Asserted | 389 | ||
| aa) The Waiver Exception (28 USC § 1605 (a) (1)) | 389 | ||
| bb) The Expropriation Exception | 391 | ||
| cc) The Commercial Activity Exception | 391 | ||
| 2. Comity | 394 | ||
| 3. Forum Non Conveniens | 396 | ||
| a) The Nature of the Forum Non Conveniens Doctrine | 397 | ||
| b) Obtaining a Forum Non Conveniens Dismissal | 398 | ||
| 4. Sovereign Compulsion | 400 | ||
| 5. Article VIII 2(b) | 401 | ||
| 6. Act of State | 404 | ||
| a) The Bernstein Exception | 406 | ||
| b) The Hickenlooper Amendment | 406 | ||
| c) Counterclaim Exception | 407 | ||
| d) The Treaty Exception | 407 | ||
| e) The Territorial Exception: Situs Rules | 408 | ||
| f) The Commercial Activity Exception | 410 | ||
| 7. Other Defenses: Force Majeure, Supervening Illegality, Legal Impossibility | 413 | ||
| IV. Executive and Judicial Participation | 416 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 421 | ||
| NOTES AND COMMENTS | 422 | ||
| Michael Bothe: International Regulation of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste | 422 | ||
| I. Introduction | 422 | ||
| II. A Brief History of Attempts made to deal with the Problem of Transboundary Movement of Waste | 423 | ||
| III. The Basic Obligations according to the Basel Convention | 424 | ||
| IV. The Scope of Application of the Basel Convention Régime | 426 | ||
| 1. Definitions | 426 | ||
| 2. Nuclear Waste | 427 | ||
| V. Additional and Collateral Measures | 428 | ||
| 1. The Prevention of Illegal Traffic | 428 | ||
| 2. Reduction of the Generation of Waste | 429 | ||
| 3. Adequate Treatment and Disposal | 429 | ||
| 4. The Principle of Subsidiarity | 429 | ||
| 5. Transparency | 430 | ||
| VI. The Problem of Responsibility | 430 | ||
| VII. Conclusion | 430 | ||
| César Sepulveda: Methods and Procedures for the Creation of Legal Norms in the International System of States: An Inquiry into the Progressive Development of International Law in the Present Era | 432 | ||
| I. Preliminary Observations | 432 | ||
| II. Characteristics of International Law in Our Time | 433 | ||
| III. „Traditional“ Sources and Modern Processes for the Formation of International Juridical Rules | 436 | ||
| IV. The Relationship Between International Politics and International Law | 441 | ||
| V. Parliamentary Diplomacy in the Formation Process of International Legal Norms | 442 | ||
| VI. The Quasi-Legislative Function of the General Assembly and Other Organs of the United Nations | 444 | ||
| VII. The Resolutions of the Ad-Hoc Conferences as Processes for the Creation of Norms of International Law | 448 | ||
| VIII. The Codifying Function of the United Nations' International Law Commission | 451 | ||
| REPORT | 460 | ||
| Carsten Krage: Die Tätigkeit des Nordischen Rates im Jahre 1989 | 460 | ||
| I. Die ordentliche Jahrestagung | 460 | ||
| 1. Die Generaldebatte | 462 | ||
| 2. Die Fachausschüsse | 466 | ||
| a) Der Wirtschaftsausschuß | 466 | ||
| b) Der Sozial- und Umweltausschuß | 468 | ||
| c) Der Kommunikationsausschuß | 471 | ||
| d) Der Rechtsausschuß | 472 | ||
| e) Der Kulturausschuß | 474 | ||
| f) Der Haushalts- und Kontrollausschuß | 476 | ||
| II. Die außerordentliche Sitzung | 476 | ||
| III. Sonstige Ereignisse | 480 | ||
| Summary | 483 | ||
| Book Reviews | 486 | ||
| Books Received | 534 | ||
| List of Contributors | 540 |