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Delbrück, J., Hofmann, R., Zimmermann, A. (Eds.) (1990). German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht. Vol. 32 (1989). Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46826-3
Delbrück, Jost; Hofmann, Rainer and Zimmermann, Andreas. German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 32 (1989). Duncker & Humblot, 1990. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46826-3
Delbrück, J, Hofmann, R, Zimmermann, A (eds.) (1990): German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 32 (1989), Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46826-3
Format
German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht
Vol. 32 (1989)
Editors: Delbrück, Jost | Hofmann, Rainer | Zimmermann, Andreas
German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, Vol. 32
(1990)
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Abstract
The German Yearbook of International Law, founded as the Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, provides an annual report on new developments in international law and is edited by the Walther Schücking Institute for International Law at the Kiel University. Since its inception in 1948, the Yearbook has endeavored to make a significant academic contribution to the ongoing development of international law. Over many decades the Yearbook has moved beyond its origins as a forum for German scholars to publish their research and has become a highly-regarded international forum for innovative scholarship in international law. In 1976, the Yearbook adopted its current title and began to publish contributions written in English in order to reach the largest possible international audience. This editorial decision has enabled the Yearbook to successfully overcome traditional language barriers and inform an international readership about current research in German academic institutions and, at the same time, to present international viewpoints to its German audience. Fully aware of the paramount importance of international practice, the Yearbook publishes contributions from active practitioners of international law on a regular basis. The Yearbook also includes critical comments on German state practice relating to international law, as well as international reactions to that practice.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | 5 | ||
| ARTICLES | 9 | ||
| Stephen Zamora: Is There Customary International Economic Law? | 9 | ||
| I. Introduction | 9 | ||
| 1. The Role (or non-Role) of Customary International Economic Law | 10 | ||
| 2. International Economic Law Defined | 13 | ||
| 3. Customary International Law and the New International Economic Order | 15 | ||
| II. Basic Elements of Customary International Law | 18 | ||
| 1. State Practice | 18 | ||
| 2. Opinio Juris | 21 | ||
| 3. Codification of Customary International Law | 22 | ||
| III. Possible Areas of Customary International Economic Law | 23 | ||
| 1. Expropriation | 23 | ||
| 2. Economic Coercion | 25 | ||
| 3. The Most-Favoured-Nation Principle | 28 | ||
| 4. International Monetary Law | 29 | ||
| 5. Other Legal Subjects | 31 | ||
| a) Sovereign Immunity | 31 | ||
| b) Extraterritorial Effects of Government Regulation | 32 | ||
| c) Regulation of Multinational Enterprises | 33 | ||
| IV. Common Characteristics of Customary International Economic Law | 34 | ||
| 1. The Passive Character of Customary International Economic Law | 34 | ||
| 2. The „Soft Law“ Nature of Customary International Economic Law | 34 | ||
| 3. Customary International Economic Law at the Extremes of Economic Behaviour | 35 | ||
| V. Customary International Economic Law and the Courts | 36 | ||
| VI. An Assessment of the Analytical Framework for Customary International Economic Law | 38 | ||
| 1. Weaknesses in Customary International Law Analysi | 38 | ||
| 2. Customary Law and the Element of Exchange in International Economic Law | 39 | ||
| 3. The Role of Custom in an Evolving World Economy | 40 | ||
| VII. Conclusion – The True Role of Custom in International Economic Law | 41 | ||
| Ignaz Seidl-Hohenveldern: Piercing the Corporate Veil of International Organizations: The International Tin Council Case in the English Court of Appeal | 43 | ||
| Ibrahim F. I. Shihata: The „Gold Dollar“ as a Measure of Capital Valuation after Termination of the Par Value System: The Case of IBRD Capital | 55 | ||
| I. Introduction | 55 | ||
| II. Determination of the Standard of Value for the Bank's Capital – A Legal Analysis | 59 | ||
| 1. Power of Interpretation of the Bank's Articles of Agreement | 59 | ||
| 2. Practice of Other Agencies | 63 | ||
| 3. Judicial Practice | 65 | ||
| 4. Interpretation of the Provisions of Article //, Section 2 (a) of the Bank's Articles of Agreements | 69 | ||
| a) Implications of the Issue | 69 | ||
| b) Conflicting Interpretations | 70 | ||
| III. Work of the First Ad-Hoc Committee on Valuation of Bank Capital and the Executive Directors' Decision of 14 October 1986 | 75 | ||
| IV. The Issue Revisited – Options before the Second Ad-Hoc Committee | 79 | ||
| 1. Establishment and Task of the New Committee | 79 | ||
| 2. Options Before the Committee | 82 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 85 | ||
| Francis Snyde: European Community Law and Third World Food Entitlements | 87 | ||
| I. Introduction | 87 | ||
| II. Internal Policies with External Consequences | 90 | ||
| III. The Third Lomé Convention | 96 | ||
| IV. Other External Relations | 103 | ||
| V. Concluding Remarks on Law and Policy | 107 | ||
| Julius Emeka Okolo: ECOWAS Regional Cooperation Regime | 111 | ||
| I. The Treaty for ECOWAS Cooperation | 111 | ||
| 1. General Background | 111 | ||
| 2. Legal-Institutional Issues of the Treaty | 113 | ||
| a) The Community's Aims and Purposes | 113 | ||
| b) Membership Rights and Obligations | 117 | ||
| c) Institutional Structure of the Community | 118 | ||
| aa) The Authority | 118 | ||
| bb) Council of Ministers | 119 | ||
| cc) The Executive Secretariat | 119 | ||
| dd) The Tribunal of the Community | 121 | ||
| ee) Technical and Specialized Commissions | 121 | ||
| ff) Financial Controls | 123 | ||
| d) Features of Institutional Issues | 124 | ||
| aa) Free Trade and Common External Tariff | 124 | ||
| bb) Free Movement of Peoples | 126 | ||
| cc) Defence Pact | 128 | ||
| dd) Sectoral Industrial Planning and Related Matters | 130 | ||
| ee) Institutional Mechanisms and Treaty Implementation | 132 | ||
| II. Relations with Other Regional and International Bodies | 132 | ||
| III. The Future of ECOWAS | 134 | ||
| Jean-Pierre Quéneudec: Les rapports entre zone de pêche et zone économique exclusive | 138 | ||
| I. Une équivalence relative | 139 | ||
| 1. Les Droits de L'Etat côtier | 140 | ||
| 2. Les obligations de L'Etat côtier | 143 | ||
| 3. La nature des compétences de L'Etat côtier | 146 | ||
| II. Une assimilation impossible | 147 | ||
| 1. Les raisons | 148 | ||
| 2. Les conséquences | 151 | ||
| Francis Auburn: The Erebus Disaster | 156 | ||
| I. The Accident | 156 | ||
| II. The Air Accident Report | 157 | ||
| III. Royal Commission | 160 | ||
| IV. Chief Inspector's Comments | 165 | ||
| V. Civil Aviation Review | 167 | ||
| VI. Court of Appeal | 168 | ||
| VII. Privy Council | 175 | ||
| VIII. New Zealand Litigation | 177 | ||
| IX. The Mason Case | 183 | ||
| X. Beattie and Its Implications | 184 | ||
| XI. Recommendation X-8 | 190 | ||
| Mechthild Minkner: Central American Integration: Evolution, Experiences and Perspectives | 195 | ||
| I. Introduction | 195 | ||
| II. Central American Integration: an Overview | 196 | ||
| 1. Historical Background, Political and Economic Origins of the Integration Movement | 196 | ||
| 2. Stages of the Integration Process | 198 | ||
| a) 1st period (1951–1960) | 198 | ||
| b) 2nd period (1960–1965) | 199 | ||
| c) 3rd period (1965–1969) | 199 | ||
| d) 4th period (1970–1975) | 200 | ||
| e) 5th period (1975–1980) | 200 | ||
| f) 6th period: the Post-1979 Crisis | 200 | ||
| III. The Central American Common Market: a Successful Attempt at Economic Integration? | 202 | ||
| 1. The Role of ECLA and the United States | 203 | ||
| 2. Development and Effects of the CACM until 1969 | 204 | ||
| a) Trade Liberalization and External Tariff | 204 | ||
| b) Integration Industries | 206 | ||
| c) Harmonization of Fiscal Incentives | 207 | ||
| d) Financing of the Integration Process | 207 | ||
| e) Institutions and Mechanisms for Monetary Policy | 208 | ||
| f) Organs of the General Treaty | 209 | ||
| 3. The 1969-Crisis and the Attempts at Reconstruction of the Common Market | 209 | ||
| 4. The Post-1979 Crisis of the CACM | 214 | ||
| IV. The Virtual Collapse of the Integration Process: Effect of the Crisis of the 1980s | 215 | ||
| 1. The Evolution of Regional Trade | 216 | ||
| 2. Performance of the Industrial Sector | 218 | ||
| 3. The Situation of the Institutional Framework | 219 | ||
| 4. The Behaviour of the Public and Private Sectors Toward the Integration Process in Crisis | 221 | ||
| V. The Attempts at Integrational Restructuring in the '80s | 222 | ||
| 1. The Common External Tariff and the Fiscal Incentive Systems | 222 | ||
| 2. Regional Cooperation in the Industrial and Agricultural Sector | 225 | ||
| a) Industrial Cooperation | 225 | ||
| b) Cooperation in Agriculture | 227 | ||
| 3. Legal Aspects and Institutional Framework | 228 | ||
| VI. Role of the U.S. and Western Europe in Reactivating Integration | 235 | ||
| 1. The U.S.-Position | 235 | ||
| 2. Western Europe's Role | 235 | ||
| VII. Assessment and Perspectives of the CACM and of the Integration Movement | 237 | ||
| Alexandre Kiss: Nouvelles tendances en droit international de l'environnement | 241 | ||
| I. La première approche: la protection de l'environnement envisagée en tant que rapport bilatéral entre Etats | 244 | ||
| II. La globalisation et les transformations de la technique juridique | 252 | ||
| 1. La globalisation du droit international de l'environnement | 252 | ||
| a) L'importance croissante des problèmes transversaux | 252 | ||
| b) De la réglementation transversale à la réglementation globale | 256 | ||
| 2. Evolution des techniques juridiques | 259 | ||
| Claudio Grossman: Proposals to Strengthen the Inter-American System of Protection of Human Rights | 264 | ||
| I. Introduction | 264 | ||
| II. Outline of the System | 265 | ||
| 1. Tensions | 265 | ||
| a) Municipal or International Protection | 265 | ||
| b) Moral or Legal Obligation | 266 | ||
| c) Political, Judicial or Semi-Judicial Supervision | 268 | ||
| 2. Political Forces | 269 | ||
| III. Accomplishments | 270 | ||
| IV. Suggestions for Development of the System | 274 | ||
| 1. Strengthening the Organs | 274 | ||
| 2. Promotional Activities | 275 | ||
| 3. Areas of Particular Interest | 276 | ||
| a) Disappearances | 276 | ||
| b) Economic, Social and Cultural Rights | 277 | ||
| c) Direct Representation | 277 | ||
| d) Emergency Situations | 278 | ||
| e) Grass Roots Organizations | 278 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 279 | ||
| Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann: The Mid-Term Review Agreements of the Uruguay Round and the 1989 Improvements to the GATT Dispute Settlement Procedures | 280 | ||
| I. The First Two Years of the Uruguay Round | 280 | ||
| II. The Work of the Negotiating Group on Dispute Settlement up to the Mid-Term Review | 285 | ||
| III. The 1989 Mid-Term Review Agreements: an Overview | 289 | ||
| 1. Surveillance of Standstill and Rollback | 289 | ||
| 2. Tariffs | 291 | ||
| 3. Non-Tariff-Measures | 291 | ||
| 4. Natural Resource-Based Products | 292 | ||
| 5. Textiles and Clothing | 292 | ||
| 6. Agriculture | 293 | ||
| 7. Tropical Products | 293 | ||
| 8. GATT Articles | 294 | ||
| 9. MTN Agreements and Arrangemen | 294 | ||
| 10. Safeguards | 295 | ||
| 11. Subsidies and Countervailing Measures | 296 | ||
| 12. Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Including Trade in Counterfeit Goods | 296 | ||
| 13. Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS) | 299 | ||
| 14. Dispute Settlement | 299 | ||
| 15. Functioning of the GATT System („FOGS“) | 306 | ||
| a) Trade Policy Review Mechanism | 307 | ||
| b) Greater Ministerial Involvement in the GATT | 307 | ||
| c) Increasing the Contribution of the GATT to Achieving Greater Coherence in Global Economic Policy-Making | 307 | ||
| 16. Group of Negotiations on Services | 308 | ||
| IV. Outlook: Reciprocity, Globality and the Future of the GATT-MTN System | 310 | ||
| Annex | 316 | ||
| P. R. Ghandhi: The Human Rights Committee and Derogation in Public Emergencies | 323 | ||
| I. The Incidence of Derogation in Public Emergencies | 323 | ||
| II. The Derogation Clause | 327 | ||
| III. General Comments under Article 40 (4) of the Covenant | 330 | ||
| IV. The Jurisprudence under the Right of Individual Communication | 334 | ||
| V. The Paris Minimum Standards of Human Rights Norms in a State of Emergency | 345 | ||
| VI. The Siracusa Principles: Derogation Provisions in the Covenan | 350 | ||
| VII. Conclusions | 357 | ||
| Ravi Tennekoon: Regulation of London's Financial Markets Under the Financial Services Act 1986 | 362 | ||
| I. Background | 362 | ||
| II. „Authorisation“ of Investment Business | 363 | ||
| III. Extraterritorial Application of Section 3 | 366 | ||
| IV. Exempt Persons | 368 | ||
| V. Routes to Authorisation | 370 | ||
| VI. Enforcement of the Requirement of Authorisation | 370 | ||
| VII. Advertisements | 371 | ||
| VIII. Unsolicited Calls | 374 | ||
| IX. Misleading Statements | 375 | ||
| X. Market Manipulation and Market Rigging | 375 | ||
| XI. Client Money | 377 | ||
| XII. Issues of Securities | 378 | ||
| XIII. Conduct of Business Rules | 379 | ||
| XIV. Overall Structure and Conclusions | 381 | ||
| Volker Röben: Le précédent dans la jurisprudence de la Cour internationale | 382 | ||
| I. Introduction | 382 | ||
| II. Régime légal et pratique jurisprudentielle du précédent | 384 | ||
| III. Essais de concilier régime légal et pratique en matière de précédent | 398 | ||
| IV. Conclusions | 406 | ||
| NOTES AND COMMENTS | 408 | ||
| Otto Kimminich: Anmerkung zu den Entscheidungen des Verfassungsgerichtshofes der Republik Österreich vom 21.6.1988, Β 400/87-10 und Β 625/87-8 | 408 | ||
| R. W. Bentham: The Law of Development: International Contracts | 418 | ||
| I. Introduction | 418 | ||
| II. The Lawyer's Role | 419 | ||
| III. The Importance of a Binding Contract | 420 | ||
| IV. Jurisdiction and Dispute Settlement | 421 | ||
| V. International Arbitration | 422 | ||
| VI. Choice of Venue | 423 | ||
| VII. Applicable Law | 425 | ||
| VIII. „Stabilisation“ Clauses | 425 | ||
| IX. Force Majeure and Change: Review Provisions | 429 | ||
| X. Other Provisions and the Language of the Contract | 431 | ||
| XI. The Background to International Contracts: Bilateral Treaties | 432 | ||
| XII. Conclusion | 433 | ||
| REPORTS | 435 | ||
| Eva-Maria Schulze und Stefan Schuppert: Die Rechtsprechung des Internationalen Gerichtshofes in den Jahren 1987 und 1988 | 435 | ||
| I. Fall betreffend bewaffnete Grenz- und grenzüberschreitende Zwischenfälle | 435 | ||
| A. | 436 | ||
| B. | 438 | ||
| II. Fall betreffend bewaffnete Grenz- und grenzüberschreitende Zwischenfälle | 441 | ||
| III. Fall betreffend militärische und paramilitärische Aktivitäten in und gegen Nicaragua | 441 | ||
| IV. Fall betreffend Elettronica Sicula S.p.A. (ELSI) | 442 | ||
| V. Fall betreffend die Grenzstreitigkeit (Burkina Faso/Mali) | 443 | ||
| VI. Fall betreffend die Land-, Insel- und Seegrenzstreitigkeiten | 443 | ||
| VII. Antrag auf Überprüfung des Urteils Nr. 333 des Verwaltungsgerichts der Vereinten Nationen | 444 | ||
| A. | 444 | ||
| B. | 445 | ||
| Wulf Hermann: Die Tätigkeit des Nordischen Rates im Jahre 1987 | 450 | ||
| I. Die Generaldebatte | 451 | ||
| II. Die Fachausschüsse | 453 | ||
| 1. Der Wirtschaftsausschuß | 453 | ||
| 2. Der Kulturausschuß | 457 | ||
| 3. Der Sozial- und Umweltausschuß | 458 | ||
| 4. Der Kommunikationsausschuß | 459 | ||
| 5. Der Rechtsausschuß | 461 | ||
| 6. Der Haushalts- und Kontrollausschuß | 461 | ||
| Carsten H. Krage: Die Tätigkeit des Nordischen Rates im Jahre 1988 | 463 | ||
| I. Die ordentliche Jahrestagung | 463 | ||
| 1. Die Generaldebatte | 463 | ||
| 2. Die Fachausschüsse | 466 | ||
| a) Der Wirtschaftsausschuß | 467 | ||
| b) Der Sozial- und Umweltausschuß | 469 | ||
| c) Der Kommunikationsauschuß | 472 | ||
| d) Der Rechtsausschuß | 473 | ||
| e) Der Kulturausschuß | 474 | ||
| f) Der Haushalts- und Kontrollausschuß | 475 | ||
| II. Die außerordentliche Sitzung | 475 | ||
| Karen Rickers: Die Tätigkeit des Europarates im Jahre 1988 | 478 | ||
| I. Organisatorische Fragen; Allgemeines | 478 | ||
| II. Behandlung allgemeinpolitischer Themen im Europarat | 479 | ||
| III. Rechtsvereinheitlichung und rechtliche Zusammenarbeit zwischen den Mitgliedstaaten; Verträge und Empfehlungen | 485 | ||
| IV. Schutz der Menschenrechte | 489 | ||
| Book Reviews | 501 | ||
| Books Received | 540 | ||
| List of Contributors | 542 |