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Delbrück, J., Hofmann, R., Zimmermann, A. (Eds.) (1985). German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht. Vol. 27 (1984). Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-45822-6
Delbrück, Jost; Hofmann, Rainer and Zimmermann, Andreas. German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 27 (1984). Duncker & Humblot, 1985. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-45822-6
Delbrück, J, Hofmann, R, Zimmermann, A (eds.) (1985): German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 27 (1984), Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-45822-6
Format
German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht
Vol. 27 (1984)
Editors: Delbrück, Jost | Hofmann, Rainer | Zimmermann, Andreas
German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, Vol. 27
(1985)
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Abstract
The German Yearbook of International Law, founded as the Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, provides an annual report on new developments in international law and is edited by the Walther Schücking Institute for International Law at the Kiel University. Since its inception in 1948, the Yearbook has endeavored to make a significant academic contribution to the ongoing development of international law. Over many decades the Yearbook has moved beyond its origins as a forum for German scholars to publish their research and has become a highly-regarded international forum for innovative scholarship in international law. In 1976, the Yearbook adopted its current title and began to publish contributions written in English in order to reach the largest possible international audience. This editorial decision has enabled the Yearbook to successfully overcome traditional language barriers and inform an international readership about current research in German academic institutions and, at the same time, to present international viewpoints to its German audience. Fully aware of the paramount importance of international practice, the Yearbook publishes contributions from active practitioners of international law on a regular basis. The Yearbook also includes critical comments on German state practice relating to international law, as well as international reactions to that practice.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| CONTENTS | 5 | ||
| In Memoriam Ralph F. Fuchs. March 8, 1899 – February 7, 1985 | 9 | ||
| ARTICLES | 11 | ||
| Edward H. Buehrig: Patterns of Authority in International Law | 11 | ||
| I. | 12 | ||
| II. | 13 | ||
| III. | 16 | ||
| IV. | 22 | ||
| V. | 26 | ||
| A Bibliographical Note | 27 | ||
| Klaus Bockslaff: The Pipeline Affair of 1981/82: A Case History | 28 | ||
| Detlev F. Vagts: The Pipeline Controversy: An American Viewpoint | 38 | ||
| I. The Sources of the Embargo in U.S. Institutions | 38 | ||
| II. United States International Law Theory | 43 | ||
| III. The Theories Applied: The Pipeline Case | 48 | ||
| Α. V. Lowe: International Law Issues Arising in the „Pipeline“ Dispute: the British Position | 54 | ||
| I. Introduction | 54 | ||
| II. The Legal Issues | 55 | ||
| 1. The Burden of Proof | 55 | ||
| 2. Territoriality as a Basis of Jurisdiction | 58 | ||
| 3. Nationality as a Basis of Jurisdiction | 60 | ||
| 4. Jurisdiction over Goods | 64 | ||
| 5. Submission to Jurisdiction by Private Agreement | 65 | ||
| 6. Conclusions on International Law Arguments | 66 | ||
| 7. The British Response | 67 | ||
| Pieter Jan Kuyper: The European Community and the US Pipeline Embargo: Comments on Comments | 72 | ||
| I. Introduction | 72 | ||
| II. The Comments of the European Community | 76 | ||
| 1. General | 76 | ||
| 2. The Territoriality Principle | 77 | ||
| 3. The Nationality Principle; US Subsidiaries | 78 | ||
| 4. The Nationality Principle; US Origin Goods and Technology | 82 | ||
| 5. Clash of Public Policies? | 83 | ||
| 6. Abuse of Rights? | 84 | ||
| 7. Other Bases of Jurisdiction | 87 | ||
| 8. The Amendments under US Law | 88 | ||
| 9. Conclusion | 92 | ||
| III. Towards a Community Blocking Statute? | 94 | ||
| Karl M. Meessen: Extraterritoriality of Export Control: A German Lawyer's Analysis of the Pipeline Case | 97 | ||
| I. Extraterritoriality: One Among Several Troubling Aspects | 97 | ||
| II. Pipelines Put Into Perspective | 98 | ||
| III. The Antitrust Approach | 99 | ||
| IV. Basis of Jurisdiction Regarding Foreign-State-to-Foreign-State Exports | 100 | ||
| V. Exercise of Jurisdiction in Cases of Concurrent Jurisdiction | 102 | ||
| VI. Double Standardin Favor of Third States? | 106 | ||
| Jürgen Basedow: Private Law Effects of Foreign Export Controls – An International Case Report – | 109 | ||
| I. Introduction | 110 | ||
| II. Types of Export Restrictions | 112 | ||
| III. "Enforcement" and "Effects“ of Forign Export Restrictions | 115 | ||
| 1. Government Claims – Enforcement | 116 | ||
| 2. Private Litigation – Effects | 118 | ||
| IV. Evasion Contracts | 119 | ||
| 1. Claims for Delivery and Damages | 120 | ||
| 2. Claims for Consideration | 124 | ||
| 3. Insurance Claims | 126 | ||
| 4. Contention of Transferred Rights | 128 | ||
| V. Compliance Contracts | 129 | ||
| 1. Excuse of Nonperformance | 129 | ||
| 2. Specific Contract Clauses | 136 | ||
| VI. Conclusion: The European Perspective | 139 | ||
| Stanley C. A. Obeyesekere: International Economic Co-operation Through International Law: The IMF Agreement and the Recognition of Foreign Exchange Control Regulations | 142 | ||
| Α. Introduction | 142 | ||
| B. The Pre-IMF Period | 144 | ||
| C. The IMF Era | 146 | ||
| D. Scope of Article VIII, Section 2(b) | 148 | ||
| E. Interpretation of Article VIII, Section 2(b) by National Courts | 159 | ||
| 1. Exchange Contracts | 160 | ||
| 2. Involve the Currency | 163 | ||
| 3. „Of Any Member“ and „Of That Member“ | 167 | ||
| 4. Which are Contrary | 169 | ||
| 5. Exchange Control Regulations | 171 | ||
| 6. Maintained or Imposed | 174 | ||
| 7. Consistently with this Agreement | 178 | ||
| 8. Shall be Unenforceable | 184 | ||
| 9. Territories of Any Member | 189 | ||
| F. Conclusion | 190 | ||
| G. E. do Nascimento e Silva: The Influence of Science and Technology on International Law | 196 | ||
| Influence on the Sources of International Law | 198 | ||
| International Spaces | 204 | ||
| Environmental Pollution | 206 | ||
| Albrecht Weber: Safeguards in International Economic Organizations in Times of Crisis – with Special Reference to the European Economic Community | 212 | ||
| I. Delimitation of Safeguard Mechanisms | 212 | ||
| 1. Escape Clauses | 213 | ||
| 2. „Ordre-public Clauses“ | 214 | ||
| a) General Exceptions | 214 | ||
| b) Security and Emergency Exceptions | 214 | ||
| 3. Reservations of National Sovereignty | 214 | ||
| 4. Preferential Arrangements | 215 | ||
| 5. Transitional Regulations | 215 | ||
| 6. Waiver | 216 | ||
| 7. Adaptation and Compensatory Mechanisms | 216 | ||
| a) Compensatory Measures | 216 | ||
| b) Adaptation and Readaptation Clauses | 216 | ||
| II. Functions and Character of Safeguard and Ordre-Public Clauses | 217 | ||
| 1. Legal Character | 218 | ||
| 2. Functions | 218 | ||
| III. Free Movement of Goods | 219 | ||
| 1. Escape and Public-Policy Clauses Concerning the Tree Movement of Goods in the EE | 219 | ||
| a) Common Customs Tariffs | 219 | ||
| b) Deflection of Trade | 220 | ||
| c) Public Policy (Art. 36 EEC) | 221 | ||
| 2. Escape and Ordre-Public Clauses not Restricted to the Free Movement of Goods | 222 | ||
| IV. Free Movement of Workers; Freedom of Establishment and Freedom to Provide Services | 222 | ||
| 1. Free Movement of Workers | 222 | ||
| 2. Right of Establishment and Freedom to Provide Services | 223 | ||
| V. Exchange Rates and Balance of Payments Difficulties (Art.107, 108 para. 3, 109) | 224 | ||
| 1. Safeguard Clause Against Alterations of Exchange Rates Distorting Competition (Art. 107 para. 2 EEC) | 224 | ||
| 2. Escape Clauses in Balance of Payment Difficulties (Artt. 108 para. 3, 109 EEC) | 225 | ||
| VI. Escape Clauses Restricted to the Free Movement of Capital (Artt. 70 para. 2, 73 EEC) | 227 | ||
| VII. Agricultural Policy | 227 | ||
| 1. Specific Safeguard Clauses Restricted to the Agricultural Sector | 228 | ||
| 2. General or Basic Clauses | 228 | ||
| VIII. Residual Clauses and Implied Powers | 229 | ||
| IX. Safeguard and Ordre-Public Clauses and Related Instruments of International Treaty Law | 231 | ||
| 1. Reservations of a Signatory | 231 | ||
| 2. Denunciation and Withdrawal | 231 | ||
| 3. Revision of Treaties | 231 | ||
| Christoph Vedder: The International Olympic Committee: An Advanced Non-Governmental Organization and the International Law | 233 | ||
| I. Olympia Banished from Olympic Grounds | 233 | ||
| II. The Present Legal Status of the IOC | 235 | ||
| 1. The Constituents of the Olympic Movement | 235 | ||
| a) The IOC | 235 | ||
| b) The National Olympic Committees | 238 | ||
| c) The International Federations | 239 | ||
| 2. The Olympic Charter | 240 | ||
| 3. The Olympic Games | 243 | ||
| 4. The Status of the IOC under Swiss Law | 245 | ||
| 5. The Status of the IOC under Public International Law | 246 | ||
| 6. Activities of Intergovernmental Organizations in Connection with the Olympic Movement | 249 | ||
| III. Means of Status Improvement | 251 | ||
| 1. Consultative Status | 251 | ||
| 2. Modification of the Olympic Charter | 252 | ||
| 3. Bilateral Agreements on the Olympic Games | 253 | ||
| 4. Multilateral Declaration and Convention | 254 | ||
| IV. NGOs and Public International Law | 255 | ||
| Cord-Georg Hasselmann: Do We Need New IAEA Safeguards? | 259 | ||
| I. Introduction | 259 | ||
| II. Goals: What Do We Want? | 262 | ||
| III. Trends: What Do We Have? | 267 | ||
| 1. Historical Overview | 267 | ||
| 2. The Safeguards System | 269 | ||
| a) From Commercial Conditions to the Derogation of Sovereignty | 269 | ||
| b) The Safeguards Régime of INFCIRC/153 | 271 | ||
| aa) General Overview | 271 | ||
| bb) Detailed Analysis | 275 | ||
| IV. Appraisal and Policy Recommendations | 281 | ||
| 1. Appraisal | 281 | ||
| a) Evaluation Based on IAEA Goals | 281 | ||
| b) Evaluation Based on Goals Outlined in Part II | 291 | ||
| 2. Policy Recommendations | 297 | ||
| V. Conclusions | 302 | ||
| Tullio Treves: „Observers Signatory of the Final Act“ in the International Seabed Authority's Preparatory Commission | 303 | ||
| Janusz Symonides: The Legal Status of the Enclosed and Semi-Enclosed Seas | 315 | ||
| I. The Question of the Enclosed and Semi-Εnclosed in the Doctrine of International Law | 315 | ||
| II. The Question of the Enclosed and Semi-Enclosed Seas at the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea | 319 | ||
| III. Definition of the Enclosed and Semi-Enclosed Seas | 322 | ||
| IV. The Principle of Cooperation between States Bordering the Enclosed or Semi-Εnclοsed Seas | 326 | ||
| Meinhard Schröder: Der Kampf um die Falkland-Inseln – Völkerrechtliche und europarechtliche Aspekte – | 334 | ||
| I. Tatsachen und Argumente | 334 | ||
| II. Im Hintergrund: Kontroverse Konzeptionen der territorialen Souveränität | 337 | ||
| 1. Die britische Position | 337 | ||
| 2. Die argentinische Position | 339 | ||
| III. Argentiniens Schritt in die Gewalt | 343 | ||
| 1. Problem einer friedlichen Streitbeilegung | 343 | ||
| 2. Der argentinische Rechtsbruch | 343 | ||
| IV. Die britische Reaktion | 346 | ||
| 1. Probleme des Selbstverteidigungsrecbts | 346 | ||
| 2. Die Festlegung maritimer Sperrzonen während der Kampfhandlungen | 350 | ||
| 3. Die Einrichtung einer 150 sm-Grenze um die Falkland-Inseln nach Beendigung der Kampfhandlungen | 356 | ||
| 4. Gesamturteil | 357 | ||
| V. Das Argentienembargo der Europäischen Gemeinschaft | 357 | ||
| 1. Völkerrechtliche und europarechtliche Fragestellungen | 357 | ||
| 2. Die gemeinschaftsrechtliche Zuständigkeit für Wirtschaftssanktionen gegenüber Drittstaaten | 358 | ||
| 3. Schlußbemerkung | 364 | ||
| Summary | 365 | ||
| Manfred Zuleeg: Vertragskonkurrenz im Völkerrecht Teil II: Verträge zwischen beliebigen Völkerrechtssubjekten | 367 | ||
| I. Stand der Entwicklung | 367 | ||
| II. Anwendung der Regeln für Verträge zwischen souveränen Staaten | 369 | ||
| III. Besonderheiten bei internationalen Organisationen | 373 | ||
| 1. Konkurrenz von Verträgen einer internationalen Organisation zu Verträgen der Mitgliedstaaten | 373 | ||
| 2. Vertragschluß internationaler Organisationen mit einem oder mehreren Mitgliedstaaten | 374 | ||
| 3. Bindung der Organisation an Verträge der Mitgliedstaaten | 375 | ||
| a) Gegenstand der Vertragskonkurrenz | 375 | ||
| b) Rechtslage | 375 | ||
| 4. Das Verhältnis von Verträgen zur autonomen Rechtsordnung einer internationalen Organisation | 377 | ||
| a) Gegenstand der Vertragskonkurrenz | 377 | ||
| b) Verträge der Mitgliedstaaten | 378 | ||
| c) Verträge der Organisation | 378 | ||
| d) Sonstiges Völkervertragsrecht und Organisationsrecht | 379 | ||
| 5. Konkurrenz der Organisationsrechte | 379 | ||
| IV. Besonderheiten bei abhängigen Territorialverbänden | 380 | ||
| 1. Konkurrenz von Verträgen eines abhängigen Territorialverbands zu Verträgen des beherrschenden Staats | 380 | ||
| 2. Beherrschungsverträge | 381 | ||
| V. Zusammenfassung | 382 | ||
| Summary | 384 | ||
| Ludwig Grämlich: Diplomatie Protection Against Acts of Intergovernmental Organs | 386 | ||
| I. Introduction | 386 | ||
| II. Diplomatic Protection Against Acts of Intergovernmental Organs Under Public International Law | 396 | ||
| III. Is There a Subjective Public Law Right to Claim an Exercise of Diplomatic Protection Against Intergovernmental Acts Under German (Constitutional) Law? | 410 | ||
| IV. Conclusion | 428 | ||
| NOTE AND COMMENT | 429 | ||
| Helmut Rumpf: The Concepts of Peace and War in International Law | 429 | ||
| I. | 429 | ||
| II. | 429 | ||
| III. | 430 | ||
| IV. | 432 | ||
| V. | 433 | ||
| VI. | 434 | ||
| VII. | 435 | ||
| VIII. | 437 | ||
| IX. | 437 | ||
| X. | 439 | ||
| XI. | 440 | ||
| XII. | 441 | ||
| XIII. | 442 | ||
| XIV. | 442 | ||
| XV. | 443 | ||
| XVI. | 443 | ||
| Ingrid L. Jahn: Applying International Law to the Downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 on September 1, 1983 | 444 | ||
| I. The Case History | 444 | ||
| II. Legal Assessment | 446 | ||
| 1. The Intrusion of KAL 007 | 446 | ||
| a) The Law on Civil Air Traffic | 446 | ||
| b) The Prohibition of the Use of Force | 448 | ||
| 2. The Soviet Reaction | 449 | ||
| a) The Law on Civil Air Traffic | 449 | ||
| b) The Prohibition of the Use of Force | 451 | ||
| c) Proportionality | 453 | ||
| d) State Responsibility | 457 | ||
| REPORTS | 459 | ||
| Klaus Dicke: Die Rechtsprechung des Internationalen Gerichtshofes in den Jahren 1983 und 1984 | 459 | ||
| I. Die Festlegung der Seegrenze im Gebiet des Golfes von Maine | 460 | ||
| 1. Einrichtung der Sonderkammer | 460 | ||
| 2. Urteil vom 12.10.1984. I.C.J. Reports 1984, S. 246 | 461 | ||
| A. | 461 | ||
| B. | 465 | ||
| C. | 472 | ||
| II. Fall betreffend militärische und parra militärische Tätigkeiten in und gegen Nicaragua (Nicaragua gegen Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika) | 473 | ||
| 1. Ersuchen um Anzeigung vorsorglicher Maßnahmen. Anordnung vom 10. 05. 1984, I.C.J. Reports 1984, S. 169 | 473 | ||
| A. | 473 | ||
| B. | 476 | ||
| C. | 480 | ||
| 2. Erklärung El Salvadors über den Beitritt zum Verfahren. Urteil vom 04. 10. 1984, I.C.J. Reports 1984, S. 215 | 481 | ||
| A. | 481 | ||
| B. | 481 | ||
| C. | 481 | ||
| Wulf Hermann: Die Tätigkeit des Nordischen Rates im Jahre 1983 | 483 | ||
| I. Die Generaldebatte | 484 | ||
| II. Die Fachausschüsse | 487 | ||
| 1. Der Wirtschaftsausschuß | 487 | ||
| 2. Der Kulturausschuß | 490 | ||
| 3. Der Sozial- und Umweltausschuß | 492 | ||
| 4. Der Verkehrsausschuß | 494 | ||
| 5. Der Rechtsausschuß | 494 | ||
| Dietmar Bachmann / Hans-Heinrich Gronau: Die Europäischen Gemeinschaften im Jahre 1983 | 499 | ||
| I. Überblick | 499 | ||
| II. Insitutionelle Entwicklung | 502 | ||
| III. Ausbau des Gemeinsamen Marktes | 504 | ||
| IV. Politiken der Gemeinschaft | 508 | ||
| V. Die Außenbeziehungen der Gemeinschaft | 514 | ||
| VI. Rechtsprechung zum Gemeinschaftsrecht | 519 | ||
| Hendrik Escher: Die Tätigkeit des Europarates im Jahre 1983 | 525 | ||
| I. Organisatorische Fragen; Allgemeines | 525 | ||
| II. Behandlung allgemeinpolitischer Themen im Europarat | 526 | ||
| III. Rechtsvereinheitlichung und Zusammenarbeit unter den Mitgliedstaaten; Konventionen und Übereinkommen | 533 | ||
| IV. Schutz der Menschenrechte | 537 | ||
| a) Individualbeschwerden nach Art. 25 EMRK | 538 | ||
| aa) Recht auf Freiheit und Sicherheit | 538 | ||
| bb) Recht auf ein billiges Verfahren | 539 | ||
| cc) Dauer des Verfahrens | 540 | ||
| dd) Respektierung des Rechts auf Eigentum | 541 | ||
| ee) Verbot von Folter und unmenschlicher Behandlung oder Strafe | 541 | ||
| ff) Recht auf Privatleben | 541 | ||
| gg) Garantie von freien und geheimen Wahlen | 542 | ||
| hh) Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung | 542 | ||
| b) Staatenbeschwerden nach Art. 24 EMRK | 542 | ||
| DOCUMENTATION | 554 | ||
| Book Reviews | 563 | ||
| Books Received | 594 | ||
| List of Contributors | 598 |