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Delbrück, J., Hofmann, R., Zimmermann, A. (Eds.) (1986). German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht. Vol. 28 (1985). Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46148-6
Delbrück, Jost; Hofmann, Rainer and Zimmermann, Andreas. German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 28 (1985). Duncker & Humblot, 1986. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46148-6
Delbrück, J, Hofmann, R, Zimmermann, A (eds.) (1986): German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 28 (1985), Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46148-6
Format
German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht
Vol. 28 (1985)
Editors: Delbrück, Jost | Hofmann, Rainer | Zimmermann, Andreas
German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, Vol. 28
(1986)
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Abstract
The German Yearbook of International Law, founded as the Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, provides an annual report on new developments in international law and is edited by the Walther Schücking Institute for International Law at the Kiel University. Since its inception in 1948, the Yearbook has endeavored to make a significant academic contribution to the ongoing development of international law. Over many decades the Yearbook has moved beyond its origins as a forum for German scholars to publish their research and has become a highly-regarded international forum for innovative scholarship in international law. In 1976, the Yearbook adopted its current title and began to publish contributions written in English in order to reach the largest possible international audience. This editorial decision has enabled the Yearbook to successfully overcome traditional language barriers and inform an international readership about current research in German academic institutions and, at the same time, to present international viewpoints to its German audience. Fully aware of the paramount importance of international practice, the Yearbook publishes contributions from active practitioners of international law on a regular basis. The Yearbook also includes critical comments on German state practice relating to international law, as well as international reactions to that practice.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| CONTENTS | 5 | ||
| ARTICLES | 9 | ||
| Alfred de Zayas / Jakob Th. Möller / Torkel Opsahl: Application of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights under the Optional Protocol by the Human Rights Committee | 9 | ||
| I. Introduction | 9 | ||
| 1. Procedure on Admissibility and Merits | 9 | ||
| a) Admissibility | 13 | ||
| b) Merits | 14 | ||
| c) Interim Measures | 14 | ||
| 2. Evidence and Burden of Proof | 15 | ||
| 3. Individual Opinions | 16 | ||
| 4. Duration of the Procedure | 16 | ||
| 5. Progress of Work | 16 | ||
| II. Issues Considered by the Committee | 17 | ||
| 1. Criteria for Admissibility under the Optional Protocol | 17 | ||
| a) The Standing of the Author | 17 | ||
| b) The Victim | 18 | ||
| c) Date of Entry into Force of the Covenant and the Optional Protocol | 19 | ||
| d) Individuals Subject to a State Party's Jurisdiction | 20 | ||
| e) Preclusion under Article 5 (2) (a) | 21 | ||
| f) Reservations by States Parties | 23 | ||
| g) Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies | 24 | ||
| h) Incompatibility | 25 | ||
| i) Substantiation of Allegations | 26 | ||
| j) Abuse of the Right of Submission | 26 | ||
| k) Competence of the Committee vis-à-vis National Law and Decisions | 27 | ||
| 2. Substantive Issues under the Covenant | 30 | ||
| a) Article 6: The Right to Life | 31 | ||
| b) Article 7: The Right not to be Subjected to Torture or to Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment | 34 | ||
| c) Article 9: The Right to Liberty and Security of Person | 36 | ||
| aa) Arbitrary Arrest and Detention (Article 9[1]) | 36 | ||
| bb) The Right to be Brought Promptly Before a Judge and Tried within a Reasonable Time (Article 9 [3]) | 38 | ||
| cc) The Right to Challenge the Lawfulness of one's Arrest and Detention (Article 9 [4]) | 39 | ||
| dd) The Right to Compensation for Unlawful Arrest or Detention (Article 9 [5]) | 40 | ||
| e) Article 12: The Right to Freedom of Movement and to Leave any Country | 42 | ||
| f) Article 13: The Right of an Alien not to be Expelled Arbitrarily from his Country of Residence | 43 | ||
| g) Article 14: The Right to a Fair Hearing | 44 | ||
| aa) Fair and Public Hearing by a Competent, Independent and Impartial Tribunal (Article 14 [ l ]) | 46 | ||
| bb) Minimum Guarantees i n the Determination of any Criminal Charge (Article 14 [3]) | 47 | ||
| h) Article 15: Nulla poena sine leg | 51 | ||
| i) Article 17: The Right to Freedom from Interference with one's Privacy, Family, Home, or Correspondence | 52 | ||
| j) Article 18: The Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion | 53 | ||
| k) Article 19: The Right to Hold Opinions, Freedom of Expression | 54 | ||
| l) Article 20: Prohibition of War Propaganda and the Right to Protection f r om Advocacy of Racial or Religious Hatred | 56 | ||
| m) Article 22: Freedom of Association | 57 | ||
| n) Article 23: The Right of the Family to Protection | 58 | ||
| o) Article 25: The Right to Take Part in Political Activity | 59 | ||
| p) Article 26: Discrimination on the Ground of Sex | 60 | ||
| q) Article 27: Protection of Minorities | 61 | ||
| 3. Derogation from Obligations under the Covenant | 61 | ||
| III. Conclusion | 63 | ||
| César Sepúlveda: The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights of the Organization of American States: 25 Years of Evolution and Endeavour | 65 | ||
| I. Introduction | 65 | ||
| II. Creation of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights | 66 | ||
| III. Development and Work of the Commission | 68 | ||
| 1. From 1960 through 1973 | 68 | ||
| 2. From 1974 to 1979 | 70 | ||
| 3. The Phase between 1980 and 1985 | 73 | ||
| IV. The Methods of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights | 79 | ||
| V. The Commission and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights | 83 | ||
| VI. Politics and Law in the Work of the Commission | 84 | ||
| VII. Future Prospects | 86 | ||
| Martin Bullinger: Freedom of Expression and Information: An Essential Element of Democracy | 88 | ||
| Part 1: Introduction | 90 | ||
| 1. Implications of Satellites and Cable Networks | 90 | ||
| 2. Different Aspects of the Convention and the Treaty of Rome | 92 | ||
| 3. Freedom of Expression by New Electronic Media as an Element of Democracy | 92 | ||
| 4. Individual Freedom of Expression as the Primary Subject of this Report | 93 | ||
| Part 2: Democracy in the Sense of Art. 10 of the Convention | 93 | ||
| 1. Freedom of Expression as a Foundation of Democracy | 93 | ||
| 2. Pluralistic Democracy | 94 | ||
| 3. Prerequisites of a Pluralistic Democracy | 95 | ||
| 4. Different Meanings of Freedom of Expression in Pluralistic and Non-Pluralistic Democracies | 96 | ||
| Part 3: Individual Freedom of Expression and Information as an Element of Democracy | 96 | ||
| I. Freedom of Expression in General | 97 | ||
| 1. A Prerequisite of Democratic Decision-Making., an Element of the Forming of Public Opinion | 97 | ||
| 2. Position of Aliens | 98 | ||
| 3. Content of Expression | 99 | ||
| a) Offending or Shocking Minority Statements Included | 99 | ||
| b) Enhanced Freedom of Political Expression | 99 | ||
| c) Commercial Character not Excluding Freedom of Expression | 101 | ||
| 4. Ways and Means | 102 | ||
| a) Technical Ways and Means | 102 | ||
| b) Financial Means | 103 | ||
| 5. Purely Negative Freedom or Necessity of „Affirmative“ State Action | 104 | ||
| II. Freedom to Receive Information and Ideas: Specific Aspects | 105 | ||
| 1. Freedom to Take Notice of Illegally Disseminated Information and Ideas | 105 | ||
| 2. Freedom to Seek Information | 105 | ||
| 3. Right to Information | 106 | ||
| a) Right to be Generally Informed by Mass Media and Public Authorities | 106 | ||
| b) Individual Access to Information Held by Public Authorities | 107 | ||
| Part 4: Freedom of Expression and Information by Print Media as an Element of Democracy | 108 | ||
| I. Non-Periodical Publications | 109 | ||
| 1. Leaflets, Tracts | 109 | ||
| 2. Books | 109 | ||
| II. Periodicals, in particular Newspapers | 110 | ||
| 1. Declining Plurality of Newspapers | 110 | ||
| 2. „Public Task“ of Newspapers , Shortcomings Concerning Individual Freedom of Expression | 111 | ||
| 3. State Duty to Affirm Freedom of Expression | 112 | ||
| 4. Means of Affirming Freedom of Expression | 113 | ||
| 5. Compensation by Other Media for Insufficient Newspaper Plurality | 114 | ||
| Part 5: Freedom of Expression and Information by Electronic Media as an Element of Democracy | 115 | ||
| A. General Remarks | 115 | ||
| B. Radio and Television | 116 | ||
| I. Freedom of Expression by Radio and Television in General | 116 | ||
| 1. Traditional Public Monopoly and its Impact on the Interpretation of Art. 10 | 116 | ||
| a) Licence Clause Originally Interpreted as Indiscriminately Authorizing a Public Monopoly (1968) | 116 | ||
| b) Possible Impact of a Public Monopoly on Freedom of Expression | 117 | ||
| c) Licence Clause Partly Reconsidered, (Affirmative Duty, Access to Broadcasting Time only in Exceptional Circumstances) | 117 | ||
| d) Reluctance to Grant Access to Individuals or Groups to Public Broadcasting in the Member States | 118 | ||
| 2. Changing Factual and Legal Conditions of Broadcasting as a Possible Inducement to further Reconsider Art. 10 | 119 | ||
| a) Progressive Abandonment of the Public Broadcasting Monopoly in the Member States | 120 | ||
| b) Structural Evolution of Radio and Television Underlying the Abandonment of the Monopoly | 121 | ||
| c) Factors and Conditions of a Reorientation on the European and National Level | 123 | ||
| 3. Individual Freedom to Impart Information and Ideas by Broadcasting (Access to Broadcasting) | 125 | ||
| a) Access of Programme-Providers to Private Broadcasting | 125 | ||
| aa) Access to Transmission Facilities | 126 | ||
| bb) Access to Programme Licences | 127 | ||
| cc) Restrictions Affecting Access, in particular Advertising Regulations | 127 | ||
| b) Access of Programme-Providers to Public Broadcasting | 129 | ||
| c) Access of Foreign Programme-Providers to Inland Broadcasting | 129 | ||
| aa) Foreign Providers of Normal Inland Programmes | 130 | ||
| bb) Foreign Programme-Providers of Inland Programmes for Inland Alien Communities | 131 | ||
| cc) Access of Foreigners to Public Broadcasting | 131 | ||
| d) Access of Foreign Broadcasters to Inland Retransmission | 132 | ||
| aa) Programmes Transmitted by Direct Broadcasting Satellites | 132 | ||
| bb) Programmes Transmitted by Telecommunication Satellites | 133 | ||
| cc) Satellites Creating a Need for a Harmonization of National Broadcasting Laws | 134 | ||
| II. Freedom to Receive Radio and Television Programmes | 134 | ||
| 1. Freedom to Receive Radio and Television Programmes in General | 135 | ||
| a) Inapplicability of the Licence Clause | 135 | ||
| b) Right to use an Individual Antenna | 135 | ||
| c) Right to Receive by Community Antennas all Programmes Normally Available in the Air | 135 | ||
| 2. Freedom to Receive Satellite Programmes in Particular | 136 | ||
| a) Freedom to Receive Direct Broadcasting Satellite (DBS) Programmes | 136 | ||
| b) Freedom to Receive Programmes Transmitted by Telecommunication Satellites | 137 | ||
| C. New Forms of Electromagnetic Delivery (New Electronic Services) | 138 | ||
| I. The Phenomenon | 138 | ||
| II. Freedom of Expression by New Electronic Services | 138 | ||
| 1. Inapplicability of the Licence Clause Concerning „Broadcasting“ (Art. 10 [1] 3) | 138 | ||
| 2. Possible and Partial Applicability of the License Clause Concerning Cinema Enterprises (Art. 10 [1] 3) | 139 | ||
| 3. Freedom to Seek Information by New Electronic Services | 140 | ||
| III. New Electronic Information Services as a Link between Print and Electronic Media, between Individual and Mass Communication | 140 | ||
| Part 6: Summary | 140 | ||
| Albert Bleckmann: The Subjective Right in Public International Law | 144 | ||
| Hâkon Eriksen: The Legal Status of the Sami in Norway | 163 | ||
| I. Introduction | 163 | ||
| 1. The General Situation of the Sami | 163 | ||
| 2. Norwegian Sami Policy | 164 | ||
| 3. The Sami's Demands | 164 | ||
| II. Protection of Culture: Language | 165 | ||
| 1. International Law | 165 | ||
| 2. Norwegian Law | 167 | ||
| a) Sami in the Nine-Year Basic School | 167 | ||
| aa) Legal Situation | 167 | ||
| bb) Proposals | 169 | ||
| b) Public Administration and the Sami Language | 169 | ||
| aa) Legal Situation | 169 | ||
| bb) Proposals | 170 | ||
| c) Other Factors of Significance for the Sami Language | 170 | ||
| d) Proposal for Incorporating Provisions on Protection of the Sami Culture in the Constitution | 171 | ||
| III. The Right to Land and Water | 171 | ||
| 1. International Law | 172 | ||
| 2. Norwegian Law | 173 | ||
| a) Recognized Rights over Land and Water | 174 | ||
| b) The Sami's Claims to Land and Water Based on Ancient Use | 176 | ||
| c) Proposals | 178 | ||
| IV. Self-Determination and Influence on Decisions | 179 | ||
| 1. International Law | 179 | ||
| 2. Norwegian Law | 180 | ||
| a) Legal Situation | 180 | ||
| b) Proposals for Regulations for Self-Government | 182 | ||
| V. Final Remarks | 184 | ||
| Wilhelm Wengler: Neue australische Verfassungsrechtsprechung zur Rassendiskriminierung | 186 | ||
| Summary | 193 | ||
| Jost Delbrück and Klaus Dicke: The Christian Peace Ethic and the Doctrine of Just War from the Point of View of International Law | 194 | ||
| Introductory Remarks | 194 | ||
| I. The Doctrine of Just War in the Development of International Law until the End of World War I | 196 | ||
| II. The bellum iustum Doctrine in the Light of the Prohibition of the Use of Force in Modern International Law | 199 | ||
| 1. The Abolishment of the Liberum ius ad bellum in Modern International Law | 200 | ||
| 2. The ius in hello | 202 | ||
| 3. International Law Interpretations of the Existing Law with Regard to the Doctrine of Just War | 203 | ||
| III. Tendencies towards a Renaissance of the Doctrine of Just War | 207 | ||
| Trutz Rendtorff: Christian Ethics and the Doctrine of Just War A Re-evaluation in the Nuclear Age | 209 | ||
| I. A New Debate on the Doctrine of Just War? | 209 | ||
| 1. Arguments Concerning a Renewal of the Debate „Christian Ethics and the Doctrine of Just War“ | 209 | ||
| 2. „Justification“ of War? Theological and Ethical Perspectives | 211 | ||
| II. The Meaning and Intention of the Doctrine of Just War | 214 | ||
| 1. Its Reception into Christian Ethics | 214 | ||
| 2. The Profile of the Doctrine of Just War | 216 | ||
| a) lus ad bellum | 216 | ||
| b) Iusta causa | 216 | ||
| c) Intentio recta | 216 | ||
| 3. The Historical Relevance of the Theory of „Just War“ | 217 | ||
| III. Ethical Problems of the Doctrine of Just War | 218 | ||
| 1. The Proportionality of Means and Ends in the Nuclear Age | 218 | ||
| 2. The Crisis of the Concept of Peace | 220 | ||
| IV. From the Doctrine of „Just War“ to the Doctrine of „Just Peace“ | 222 | ||
| 1. Thinking Towards Peace | 222 | ||
| 2. The Concept of Peace | 223 | ||
| 3. The Role of Military Force | 224 | ||
| 4. The Problem of Peace in the Conflict of Systems | 225 | ||
| 5. Internal and External Peace | 227 | ||
| V. The Churches and Peace | 228 | ||
| Elmar Rauch: Military Uses of the Oceans | 229 | ||
| I. Introduction | 229 | ||
| II. Law of the Sea Convention and Naval Missions | 233 | ||
| III. Analysis of the Treaty Provisions Concerning Military Activities | 238 | ||
| 1. Peaceful Uses of the Sea | 238 | ||
| 2. Innocent Passage | 242 | ||
| 3. Transit Passage | 244 | ||
| 4. Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage | 249 | ||
| 5. Exclusive Economic Zone | 250 | ||
| 6. Installations on the Continental Shelf and in the EEZ | 253 | ||
| 7. Enclosed and Semi-Enclosed Seas | 258 | ||
| 8. High Seas | 258 | ||
| 9. Deep Sea-Bed and Ocean Floor | 259 | ||
| 10. Protection of the Marine Environment | 260 | ||
| 11. Marine Scientific Research | 260 | ||
| 12. Settlement of Disputes | 265 | ||
| IV. Conclusions | 267 | ||
| L. F. E. Goldie: Special Problems Concerning Deep Seabed Mining in the Event of Non-Participation in UNCLOS: Prospect for a Reciprocating States Régime, Site Certainty, Investment Assurance and Potential Litigation | 268 | ||
| I. Introduction | 268 | ||
| II. Equity as an Instrumental Value (Efficiency) and as Categorical (Justice) – A Preliminary Stipulatio | 268 | ||
| III. Equity in International Law | 270 | ||
| 1. Equity and the „General Principles of Law Recognized by Civilized Nations“ | 270 | ||
| a) Equity and the „General Principles“ Clause | 270 | ||
| b) The „General Principles of Law“ and the „Ex Aequo et Bono“ Clause | 271 | ||
| 2. The International Functions of Equity Under the „General Principles“ Clause | 272 | ||
| a) The Relation of International Equity (in the Sense of the Equitable Rules Accepted under Article 38 [1] [c] ) to International Law | 272 | ||
| b) A Provisional Definition | 273 | ||
| IV. Instrumental Equities and Individual States' Claims to Newly Available Natural Resources | 274 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 274 | ||
| a) An Overview | 274 | ||
| b) A Preliminary Explanation – And an Example | 275 | ||
| 2. Received Instrumental Equities in International Law | 275 | ||
| a) Abuse of Rights (and Unjust Enrichment Arising Therefrom) | 275 | ||
| b) Reliance and Notice as Equities | 276 | ||
| c) The Equities of Estoppel and Laches | 276 | ||
| d) Proportionality as an Instrumental Equity | 276 | ||
| V. Relating Distributive Equities and the Equities of Wealth Maximization | 277 | ||
| 1. The Question of Distributive Justice | 277 | ||
| a) A Perspective | 277 | ||
| b) The Categorical Equities and the Principle of Solidarity | 278 | ||
| 2. The Question of the „Right Mix“ in an International Justice System | 278 | ||
| a) Comparing the Categorical and Instrumental Equities | 278 | ||
| b) The Efficiency of the Equities of Wealth Enhancement | 279 | ||
| c) The Ordering of Equities for the Ends of Justice | 279 | ||
| d) Fairness and the Seabed Authority | 280 | ||
| VI. The Law of the Sea Treaty: The Balance of Equities and the Effects of Negotiation and of Signature: The Montego Bay Avowals | 281 | ||
| 1. The Avowals – A Comment | 281 | ||
| 2. The Duty to Refrain from Conduct which may Defeat the „Object and Purpose“ of the Treaty | 282 | ||
| a) Exposures Arising from Participation | 282 | ||
| b) An Artificial Dilemma | 285 | ||
| 3. The Pre-Emption Argument | 285 | ||
| 4. Views from the Seabeds Committee (lus Tertii) | 287 | ||
| VII. The Peaceful Co-Existence of Two or More Distinct Régimes | 288 | ||
| 1. Alternative Régimes | 288 | ||
| a) Peaceful Co-Existence | 288 | ||
| b) The „Mini-Treaty“ or „Reciprocal Regime“ Model – A Prototype | 289 | ||
| 2. A Problem of Pre-Emption | 291 | ||
| 3. A Proposed Blue Print | 292 | ||
| VIII. Conclusion | 296 | ||
| Uwe Jenisch: Sovereign Rights in the Arctic Maritime Policies and Practices after UNCLOS III | 297 | ||
| I. Old and New Uses in the Arctic | 297 | ||
| II. The New Maritime Zones | 303 | ||
| III. Maritime Policy and Practice | 306 | ||
| 1. Norway | 306 | ||
| 2. Soviet Union | 312 | ||
| 3. USA/Alaska | 316 | ||
| 4. Canada | 317 | ||
| 5. Greenland / Denmark | 318 | ||
| IV. The Central Part of the Arctic Ocean | 320 | ||
| Hubertus Welsch: The London Dumping Convention and Sub-Seabed Disposal of Radioactive Waste | 322 | ||
| I. The Ban on Dumping and the Concept of Dumping | 323 | ||
| II. Interpretation of the Concept of Dumping on the Basis of the Text of the Convention, its Preamble and Annexes | 326 | ||
| 1. The Meaning of Dumping | 326 | ||
| 2. The Context of Article III. 1 (a) (i) of the LDC | 327 | ||
| 3. The Context of Article III. 1 of the LDC | 328 | ||
| 4. The Full Text of the Convention including the Preamble | 329 | ||
| a) The Concepts of the „Marine Environment“ and „Pollution of the Sea“ | 329 | ||
| b) Reference to Resolution 2749 (XXV) of the General Assembly of the United Nations | 331 | ||
| c) Other References in the Text of the Convention | 332 | ||
| 5. The Annexes of the Convention | 333 | ||
| 6. Interpretation of the Text of the Convention together with the Preamble and Annexes. Results | 334 | ||
| III. Interpretation on the Basis of the International Atomic Energy Agency Definiton and Recommendations | 335 | ||
| IV. Other Subsequent Agreements among the Contracting Parties | 337 | ||
| V. Subsequent Practice by the Contracting Parties | 341 | ||
| VI. Supplementary Means of Interpretation | 342 | ||
| 1. Interpretation on the Basis of Preparatory Work | 342 | ||
| 2. Interpretation by Reference to the Circumstances of the Conclusion of the Convention or by other Means | 351 | ||
| VII. Result | 352 | ||
| VIII. Future Solutions | 353 | ||
| Mark M. Boguslavsky: Technology Transfer and International Law: the Soviet Approach | 355 | ||
| I. Significance of International Technology Transfer and Definition of the Notion of such Transfer | 355 | ||
| II. International Legal and Civil Legal Relations in the Transfer of Technology | 358 | ||
| III. Principles of International Law and Transfer of Tedinology | 361 | ||
| IV. International Legal Regulation of Transfer of Tedinology in Relations among CMEA Member Countries | 365 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 369 | ||
| Tobias Stoll: Proprietary Protection of Computer Software in National and International Perspective | 370 | ||
| I. Introduction | 370 | ||
| II. Technical Considerations | 371 | ||
| III. Patents and Copyright as Basic Concepts of Proprietary Protection | 374 | ||
| 1. The Minor Role of Patent Law | 375 | ||
| 2. Copyright | 378 | ||
| a) Objections against and Conditions of Protection | 379 | ||
| b) Scope of Protection | 382 | ||
| IV. Specialized Legislation in the Field of Computer Technology | 383 | ||
| V. Discussions on a Copyright – Type Software Protection | 386 | ||
| 1. Prevalence of Economically-Orientated Reasoning | 387 | ||
| 2. The Demand for Proprietary Protection | 389 | ||
| 3. The Issue of Technology | 391 | ||
| 4. Limitations of Exclusionary Rights | 395 | ||
| 5. Efficiency of Legal Protection | 397 | ||
| VI. International Aspects of Proprietary Protection of Computer Technology | 398 | ||
| 1. International Intellectual Property Protection as Applied to Computer Technology | 398 | ||
| 2. Options of International Protection | 400 | ||
| 3. Possible Areas of International Consensus | 403 | ||
| 4. The Technology Transfer Issue | 404 | ||
| 5. Advisability of Participating in International Protection | 405 | ||
| 6. Limitation of Rights and the Need for Differentiation | 407 | ||
| 7. Prospects of a Future International Protection Scheme | 408 | ||
| Wolfgang Seiffert: Völkerrechtliche Aspekte der Verlängerung des Warschauer Paktes | 409 | ||
| I. Form und Gründe für die Form der Verlängerung | 410 | ||
| II. Die Wirkungen der Verlängerung | 414 | ||
| III. Warschauer Pakt und Stationierung sowjetischer Truppen in seinen Mitgliedstaaten | 418 | ||
| IV. Völkerrechtliche Struktur des Warschauer Paktes und machtpolitische Realitäten | 420 | ||
| Summary | 423 | ||
| NOTE AND COMMENT | 425 | ||
| Roger D. Billings, Jr.: International Standards for Automotive Arbitration | 425 | ||
| Angela Rapp: The Legal Limits of the Director – General s Discretionary Authority to Renew or not to Renew Fixed Term and Temporary Appointments. A Review of the Cases Decided by the Administrative Tribunal of the ILO | 435 | ||
| I. Procedure | 436 | ||
| II. The Decision not to Renew a Contract | 436 | ||
| 1. Earlier Judgements | 436 | ||
| a) General Considerations | 436 | ||
| b) Certain Pleas which Can Set Limitations on the Director-General's Discretionary Authority | 438 | ||
| 2. Subsequent Judgements | 439 | ||
| REPORTS | 442 | ||
| Wulf Hermann: Die Tätigkeit des Nordischen Rates im Jahre 1984 | 442 | ||
| I. Die Generaldebatte | 443 | ||
| II. Die Fachausschüsse | 447 | ||
| 1. Der Wirtschaftsausschuß | 447 | ||
| 2. Der Kulturausschuß | 450 | ||
| 3. Der Sozial- und Umweltausschuß | 451 | ||
| 4. Der Verkehrsausschuß | 452 | ||
| 5. Der Rechtsausschuß | 453 | ||
| Michael Pehlke: Die Europäischen Gemeinschaften im Jahre 1984 | 456 | ||
| I. Überblick | 456 | ||
| II. Institutionelle Entwicklung | 458 | ||
| III. Ausbau des Gemeinsamen Marktes | 461 | ||
| IV. Politiken der Gemeinschaft | 464 | ||
| V. Die Außenbeziehungen der Gemeinschaft | 470 | ||
| VI. Rechtsprechung zum Gemeinschaftsrecht | 474 | ||
| Regine Ludwig: Die Tätigkeit des Europarates im Jahre 1984 | 478 | ||
| I. Organisatorische Fragen; Allgemeines | 478 | ||
| II. Behandlung allgemeinpolitisdier Themen im Europarat | 479 | ||
| III. Rechtsvereinheitlichung und Zusammenarbeit unter den Mitgliedstaaten; Konventionen und Übereinkommen | 488 | ||
| IV. Schutz der Menschenrechte | 491 | ||
| a) Individualbeschwerden nach Art. 25 EMRK | 491 | ||
| aa) Recht auf Freiheit und Sicherheit | 491 | ||
| bb) Recht auf faires Verfahren | 493 | ||
| cc) Dauer des Verfahrens | 494 | ||
| dd) Respektierung des Rechts auf Eigentum | 495 | ||
| ff) Recht auf Privatleben | 496 | ||
| gg) Haftbedingungen | 496 | ||
| hh) Verbot der Diskriminierung | 496 | ||
| ii) Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung | 497 | ||
| b) Staatenbeschwerde nach Art. 24 EMRK | 497 | ||
| DOCUMENTATION | 506 | ||
| Nordischer Rat: Übereinkommen über die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Dänemark, Finnland, Island, Norwegen und Schweden (Helsinki-Abkommen) | 506 | ||
| Geschäftsordnung des Nordischen Rates | 519 | ||
| Book Reviews | 528 | ||
| Books Received | 547 | ||
| List of Contributors | 554 |