Menu Expand

German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht

Cite BOOK

Style

Delbrück, J., Hofmann, R., Zimmermann, A. (Eds.) (1986). German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht. Vol. 28 (1985). Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46148-6
Delbrück, Jost; Hofmann, Rainer and Zimmermann, Andreas. German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 28 (1985). Duncker & Humblot, 1986. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46148-6
Delbrück, J, Hofmann, R, Zimmermann, A (eds.) (1986): German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 28 (1985), Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46148-6

Format

German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht

Vol. 28 (1985)

Editors: Delbrück, Jost | Hofmann, Rainer | Zimmermann, Andreas

German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, Vol. 28

(1986)

Additional Information

Book Details

Pricing

Abstract

The German Yearbook of International Law, founded as the Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, provides an annual report on new developments in international law and is edited by the Walther Schücking Institute for International Law at the Kiel University. Since its inception in 1948, the Yearbook has endeavored to make a significant academic contribution to the ongoing development of international law. Over many decades the Yearbook has moved beyond its origins as a forum for German scholars to publish their research and has become a highly-regarded international forum for innovative scholarship in international law. In 1976, the Yearbook adopted its current title and began to publish contributions written in English in order to reach the largest possible international audience. This editorial decision has enabled the Yearbook to successfully overcome traditional language barriers and inform an international readership about current research in German academic institutions and, at the same time, to present international viewpoints to its German audience. Fully aware of the paramount importance of international practice, the Yearbook publishes contributions from active practitioners of international law on a regular basis. The Yearbook also includes critical comments on German state practice relating to international law, as well as international reactions to that practice.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
CONTENTS 5
ARTICLES 9
Alfred de Zayas / Jakob Th. Möller / Torkel Opsahl: Application of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights under the Optional Protocol by the Human Rights Committee 9
I. Introduction 9
1. Procedure on Admissibility and Merits 9
a) Admissibility 13
b) Merits 14
c) Interim Measures 14
2. Evidence and Burden of Proof 15
3. Individual Opinions 16
4. Duration of the Procedure 16
5. Progress of Work 16
II. Issues Considered by the Committee 17
1. Criteria for Admissibility under the Optional Protocol 17
a) The Standing of the Author 17
b) The Victim 18
c) Date of Entry into Force of the Covenant and the Optional Protocol 19
d) Individuals Subject to a State Party's Jurisdiction 20
e) Preclusion under Article 5 (2) (a) 21
f) Reservations by States Parties 23
g) Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies 24
h) Incompatibility 25
i) Substantiation of Allegations 26
j) Abuse of the Right of Submission 26
k) Competence of the Committee vis-à-vis National Law and Decisions 27
2. Substantive Issues under the Covenant 30
a) Article 6: The Right to Life 31
b) Article 7: The Right not to be Subjected to Torture or to Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment 34
c) Article 9: The Right to Liberty and Security of Person 36
aa) Arbitrary Arrest and Detention (Article 9[1]) 36
bb) The Right to be Brought Promptly Before a Judge and Tried within a Reasonable Time (Article 9 [3]) 38
cc) The Right to Challenge the Lawfulness of one's Arrest and Detention (Article 9 [4]) 39
dd) The Right to Compensation for Unlawful Arrest or Detention (Article 9 [5]) 40
e) Article 12: The Right to Freedom of Movement and to Leave any Country 42
f) Article 13: The Right of an Alien not to be Expelled Arbitrarily from his Country of Residence 43
g) Article 14: The Right to a Fair Hearing 44
aa) Fair and Public Hearing by a Competent, Independent and Impartial Tribunal (Article 14 [ l ]) 46
bb) Minimum Guarantees i n the Determination of any Criminal Charge (Article 14 [3]) 47
h) Article 15: Nulla poena sine leg 51
i) Article 17: The Right to Freedom from Interference with one's Privacy, Family, Home, or Correspondence 52
j) Article 18: The Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion 53
k) Article 19: The Right to Hold Opinions, Freedom of Expression 54
l) Article 20: Prohibition of War Propaganda and the Right to Protection f r om Advocacy of Racial or Religious Hatred 56
m) Article 22: Freedom of Association 57
n) Article 23: The Right of the Family to Protection 58
o) Article 25: The Right to Take Part in Political Activity 59
p) Article 26: Discrimination on the Ground of Sex 60
q) Article 27: Protection of Minorities 61
3. Derogation from Obligations under the Covenant 61
III. Conclusion 63
César Sepúlveda: The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights of the Organization of American States: 25 Years of Evolution and Endeavour 65
I. Introduction 65
II. Creation of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 66
III. Development and Work of the Commission 68
1. From 1960 through 1973 68
2. From 1974 to 1979 70
3. The Phase between 1980 and 1985 73
IV. The Methods of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 79
V. The Commission and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights 83
VI. Politics and Law in the Work of the Commission 84
VII. Future Prospects 86
Martin Bullinger: Freedom of Expression and Information: An Essential Element of Democracy 88
Part 1: Introduction 90
1. Implications of Satellites and Cable Networks 90
2. Different Aspects of the Convention and the Treaty of Rome 92
3. Freedom of Expression by New Electronic Media as an Element of Democracy 92
4. Individual Freedom of Expression as the Primary Subject of this Report 93
Part 2: Democracy in the Sense of Art. 10 of the Convention 93
1. Freedom of Expression as a Foundation of Democracy 93
2. Pluralistic Democracy 94
3. Prerequisites of a Pluralistic Democracy 95
4. Different Meanings of Freedom of Expression in Pluralistic and Non-Pluralistic Democracies 96
Part 3: Individual Freedom of Expression and Information as an Element of Democracy 96
I. Freedom of Expression in General 97
1. A Prerequisite of Democratic Decision-Making., an Element of the Forming of Public Opinion 97
2. Position of Aliens 98
3. Content of Expression 99
a) Offending or Shocking Minority Statements Included 99
b) Enhanced Freedom of Political Expression 99
c) Commercial Character not Excluding Freedom of Expression 101
4. Ways and Means 102
a) Technical Ways and Means 102
b) Financial Means 103
5. Purely Negative Freedom or Necessity of „Affirmative“ State Action 104
II. Freedom to Receive Information and Ideas: Specific Aspects 105
1. Freedom to Take Notice of Illegally Disseminated Information and Ideas 105
2. Freedom to Seek Information 105
3. Right to Information 106
a) Right to be Generally Informed by Mass Media and Public Authorities 106
b) Individual Access to Information Held by Public Authorities 107
Part 4: Freedom of Expression and Information by Print Media as an Element of Democracy 108
I. Non-Periodical Publications 109
1. Leaflets, Tracts 109
2. Books 109
II. Periodicals, in particular Newspapers 110
1. Declining Plurality of Newspapers 110
2. „Public Task“ of Newspapers , Shortcomings Concerning Individual Freedom of Expression 111
3. State Duty to Affirm Freedom of Expression 112
4. Means of Affirming Freedom of Expression 113
5. Compensation by Other Media for Insufficient Newspaper Plurality 114
Part 5: Freedom of Expression and Information by Electronic Media as an Element of Democracy 115
A. General Remarks 115
B. Radio and Television 116
I. Freedom of Expression by Radio and Television in General 116
1. Traditional Public Monopoly and its Impact on the Interpretation of Art. 10 116
a) Licence Clause Originally Interpreted as Indiscriminately Authorizing a Public Monopoly (1968) 116
b) Possible Impact of a Public Monopoly on Freedom of Expression 117
c) Licence Clause Partly Reconsidered, (Affirmative Duty, Access to Broadcasting Time only in Exceptional Circumstances) 117
d) Reluctance to Grant Access to Individuals or Groups to Public Broadcasting in the Member States 118
2. Changing Factual and Legal Conditions of Broadcasting as a Possible Inducement to further Reconsider Art. 10 119
a) Progressive Abandonment of the Public Broadcasting Monopoly in the Member States 120
b) Structural Evolution of Radio and Television Underlying the Abandonment of the Monopoly 121
c) Factors and Conditions of a Reorientation on the European and National Level 123
3. Individual Freedom to Impart Information and Ideas by Broadcasting (Access to Broadcasting) 125
a) Access of Programme-Providers to Private Broadcasting 125
aa) Access to Transmission Facilities 126
bb) Access to Programme Licences 127
cc) Restrictions Affecting Access, in particular Advertising Regulations 127
b) Access of Programme-Providers to Public Broadcasting 129
c) Access of Foreign Programme-Providers to Inland Broadcasting 129
aa) Foreign Providers of Normal Inland Programmes 130
bb) Foreign Programme-Providers of Inland Programmes for Inland Alien Communities 131
cc) Access of Foreigners to Public Broadcasting 131
d) Access of Foreign Broadcasters to Inland Retransmission 132
aa) Programmes Transmitted by Direct Broadcasting Satellites 132
bb) Programmes Transmitted by Telecommunication Satellites 133
cc) Satellites Creating a Need for a Harmonization of National Broadcasting Laws 134
II. Freedom to Receive Radio and Television Programmes 134
1. Freedom to Receive Radio and Television Programmes in General 135
a) Inapplicability of the Licence Clause 135
b) Right to use an Individual Antenna 135
c) Right to Receive by Community Antennas all Programmes Normally Available in the Air 135
2. Freedom to Receive Satellite Programmes in Particular 136
a) Freedom to Receive Direct Broadcasting Satellite (DBS) Programmes 136
b) Freedom to Receive Programmes Transmitted by Telecommunication Satellites 137
C. New Forms of Electromagnetic Delivery (New Electronic Services) 138
I. The Phenomenon 138
II. Freedom of Expression by New Electronic Services 138
1. Inapplicability of the Licence Clause Concerning „Broadcasting“ (Art. 10 [1] 3) 138
2. Possible and Partial Applicability of the License Clause Concerning Cinema Enterprises (Art. 10 [1] 3) 139
3. Freedom to Seek Information by New Electronic Services 140
III. New Electronic Information Services as a Link between Print and Electronic Media, between Individual and Mass Communication 140
Part 6: Summary 140
Albert Bleckmann: The Subjective Right in Public International Law 144
Hâkon Eriksen: The Legal Status of the Sami in Norway 163
I. Introduction 163
1. The General Situation of the Sami 163
2. Norwegian Sami Policy 164
3. The Sami's Demands 164
II. Protection of Culture: Language 165
1. International Law 165
2. Norwegian Law 167
a) Sami in the Nine-Year Basic School 167
aa) Legal Situation 167
bb) Proposals 169
b) Public Administration and the Sami Language 169
aa) Legal Situation 169
bb) Proposals 170
c) Other Factors of Significance for the Sami Language 170
d) Proposal for Incorporating Provisions on Protection of the Sami Culture in the Constitution 171
III. The Right to Land and Water 171
1. International Law 172
2. Norwegian Law 173
a) Recognized Rights over Land and Water 174
b) The Sami's Claims to Land and Water Based on Ancient Use 176
c) Proposals 178
IV. Self-Determination and Influence on Decisions 179
1. International Law 179
2. Norwegian Law 180
a) Legal Situation 180
b) Proposals for Regulations for Self-Government 182
V. Final Remarks 184
Wilhelm Wengler: Neue australische Verfassungsrechtsprechung zur Rassendiskriminierung 186
Summary 193
Jost Delbrück and Klaus Dicke: The Christian Peace Ethic and the Doctrine of Just War from the Point of View of International Law 194
Introductory Remarks 194
I. The Doctrine of Just War in the Development of International Law until the End of World War I 196
II. The bellum iustum Doctrine in the Light of the Prohibition of the Use of Force in Modern International Law 199
1. The Abolishment of the Liberum ius ad bellum in Modern International Law 200
2. The ius in hello 202
3. International Law Interpretations of the Existing Law with Regard to the Doctrine of Just War 203
III. Tendencies towards a Renaissance of the Doctrine of Just War 207
Trutz Rendtorff: Christian Ethics and the Doctrine of Just War A Re-evaluation in the Nuclear Age 209
I. A New Debate on the Doctrine of Just War? 209
1. Arguments Concerning a Renewal of the Debate „Christian Ethics and the Doctrine of Just War“ 209
2. „Justification“ of War? Theological and Ethical Perspectives 211
II. The Meaning and Intention of the Doctrine of Just War 214
1. Its Reception into Christian Ethics 214
2. The Profile of the Doctrine of Just War 216
a) lus ad bellum 216
b) Iusta causa 216
c) Intentio recta 216
3. The Historical Relevance of the Theory of „Just War“ 217
III. Ethical Problems of the Doctrine of Just War 218
1. The Proportionality of Means and Ends in the Nuclear Age 218
2. The Crisis of the Concept of Peace 220
IV. From the Doctrine of „Just War“ to the Doctrine of „Just Peace“ 222
1. Thinking Towards Peace 222
2. The Concept of Peace 223
3. The Role of Military Force 224
4. The Problem of Peace in the Conflict of Systems 225
5. Internal and External Peace 227
V. The Churches and Peace 228
Elmar Rauch: Military Uses of the Oceans 229
I. Introduction 229
II. Law of the Sea Convention and Naval Missions 233
III. Analysis of the Treaty Provisions Concerning Military Activities 238
1. Peaceful Uses of the Sea 238
2. Innocent Passage 242
3. Transit Passage 244
4. Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage 249
5. Exclusive Economic Zone 250
6. Installations on the Continental Shelf and in the EEZ 253
7. Enclosed and Semi-Enclosed Seas 258
8. High Seas 258
9. Deep Sea-Bed and Ocean Floor 259
10. Protection of the Marine Environment 260
11. Marine Scientific Research 260
12. Settlement of Disputes 265
IV. Conclusions 267
L. F. E. Goldie: Special Problems Concerning Deep Seabed Mining in the Event of Non-Participation in UNCLOS: Prospect for a Reciprocating States Régime, Site Certainty, Investment Assurance and Potential Litigation 268
I. Introduction 268
II. Equity as an Instrumental Value (Efficiency) and as Categorical (Justice) – A Preliminary Stipulatio 268
III. Equity in International Law 270
1. Equity and the „General Principles of Law Recognized by Civilized Nations“ 270
a) Equity and the „General Principles“ Clause 270
b) The „General Principles of Law“ and the „Ex Aequo et Bono“ Clause 271
2. The International Functions of Equity Under the „General Principles“ Clause 272
a) The Relation of International Equity (in the Sense of the Equitable Rules Accepted under Article 38 [1] [c] ) to International Law 272
b) A Provisional Definition 273
IV. Instrumental Equities and Individual States' Claims to Newly Available Natural Resources 274
1. Introduction 274
a) An Overview 274
b) A Preliminary Explanation – And an Example 275
2. Received Instrumental Equities in International Law 275
a) Abuse of Rights (and Unjust Enrichment Arising Therefrom) 275
b) Reliance and Notice as Equities 276
c) The Equities of Estoppel and Laches 276
d) Proportionality as an Instrumental Equity 276
V. Relating Distributive Equities and the Equities of Wealth Maximization 277
1. The Question of Distributive Justice 277
a) A Perspective 277
b) The Categorical Equities and the Principle of Solidarity 278
2. The Question of the „Right Mix“ in an International Justice System 278
a) Comparing the Categorical and Instrumental Equities 278
b) The Efficiency of the Equities of Wealth Enhancement 279
c) The Ordering of Equities for the Ends of Justice 279
d) Fairness and the Seabed Authority 280
VI. The Law of the Sea Treaty: The Balance of Equities and the Effects of Negotiation and of Signature: The Montego Bay Avowals 281
1. The Avowals – A Comment 281
2. The Duty to Refrain from Conduct which may Defeat the „Object and Purpose“ of the Treaty 282
a) Exposures Arising from Participation 282
b) An Artificial Dilemma 285
3. The Pre-Emption Argument 285
4. Views from the Seabeds Committee (lus Tertii) 287
VII. The Peaceful Co-Existence of Two or More Distinct Régimes 288
1. Alternative Régimes 288
a) Peaceful Co-Existence 288
b) The „Mini-Treaty“ or „Reciprocal Regime“ Model – A Prototype 289
2. A Problem of Pre-Emption 291
3. A Proposed Blue Print 292
VIII. Conclusion 296
Uwe Jenisch: Sovereign Rights in the Arctic Maritime Policies and Practices after UNCLOS III 297
I. Old and New Uses in the Arctic 297
II. The New Maritime Zones 303
III. Maritime Policy and Practice 306
1. Norway 306
2. Soviet Union 312
3. USA/Alaska 316
4. Canada 317
5. Greenland / Denmark 318
IV. The Central Part of the Arctic Ocean 320
Hubertus Welsch: The London Dumping Convention and Sub-Seabed Disposal of Radioactive Waste 322
I. The Ban on Dumping and the Concept of Dumping 323
II. Interpretation of the Concept of Dumping on the Basis of the Text of the Convention, its Preamble and Annexes 326
1. The Meaning of Dumping 326
2. The Context of Article III. 1 (a) (i) of the LDC 327
3. The Context of Article III. 1 of the LDC 328
4. The Full Text of the Convention including the Preamble 329
a) The Concepts of the „Marine Environment“ and „Pollution of the Sea“ 329
b) Reference to Resolution 2749 (XXV) of the General Assembly of the United Nations 331
c) Other References in the Text of the Convention 332
5. The Annexes of the Convention 333
6. Interpretation of the Text of the Convention together with the Preamble and Annexes. Results 334
III. Interpretation on the Basis of the International Atomic Energy Agency Definiton and Recommendations 335
IV. Other Subsequent Agreements among the Contracting Parties 337
V. Subsequent Practice by the Contracting Parties 341
VI. Supplementary Means of Interpretation 342
1. Interpretation on the Basis of Preparatory Work 342
2. Interpretation by Reference to the Circumstances of the Conclusion of the Convention or by other Means 351
VII. Result 352
VIII. Future Solutions 353
Mark M. Boguslavsky: Technology Transfer and International Law: the Soviet Approach 355
I. Significance of International Technology Transfer and Definition of the Notion of such Transfer 355
II. International Legal and Civil Legal Relations in the Transfer of Technology 358
III. Principles of International Law and Transfer of Tedinology 361
IV. International Legal Regulation of Transfer of Tedinology in Relations among CMEA Member Countries 365
V. Conclusion 369
Tobias Stoll: Proprietary Protection of Computer Software in National and International Perspective 370
I. Introduction 370
II. Technical Considerations 371
III. Patents and Copyright as Basic Concepts of Proprietary Protection 374
1. The Minor Role of Patent Law 375
2. Copyright 378
a) Objections against and Conditions of Protection 379
b) Scope of Protection 382
IV. Specialized Legislation in the Field of Computer Technology 383
V. Discussions on a Copyright – Type Software Protection 386
1. Prevalence of Economically-Orientated Reasoning 387
2. The Demand for Proprietary Protection 389
3. The Issue of Technology 391
4. Limitations of Exclusionary Rights 395
5. Efficiency of Legal Protection 397
VI. International Aspects of Proprietary Protection of Computer Technology 398
1. International Intellectual Property Protection as Applied to Computer Technology 398
2. Options of International Protection 400
3. Possible Areas of International Consensus 403
4. The Technology Transfer Issue 404
5. Advisability of Participating in International Protection 405
6. Limitation of Rights and the Need for Differentiation 407
7. Prospects of a Future International Protection Scheme 408
Wolfgang Seiffert: Völkerrechtliche Aspekte der Verlängerung des Warschauer Paktes 409
I. Form und Gründe für die Form der Verlängerung 410
II. Die Wirkungen der Verlängerung 414
III. Warschauer Pakt und Stationierung sowjetischer Truppen in seinen Mitgliedstaaten 418
IV. Völkerrechtliche Struktur des Warschauer Paktes und machtpolitische Realitäten 420
Summary 423
NOTE AND COMMENT 425
Roger D. Billings, Jr.: International Standards for Automotive Arbitration 425
Angela Rapp: The Legal Limits of the Director – General s Discretionary Authority to Renew or not to Renew Fixed Term and Temporary Appointments. A Review of the Cases Decided by the Administrative Tribunal of the ILO 435
I. Procedure 436
II. The Decision not to Renew a Contract 436
1. Earlier Judgements 436
a) General Considerations 436
b) Certain Pleas which Can Set Limitations on the Director-General's Discretionary Authority 438
2. Subsequent Judgements 439
REPORTS 442
Wulf Hermann: Die Tätigkeit des Nordischen Rates im Jahre 1984 442
I. Die Generaldebatte 443
II. Die Fachausschüsse 447
1. Der Wirtschaftsausschuß 447
2. Der Kulturausschuß 450
3. Der Sozial- und Umweltausschuß 451
4. Der Verkehrsausschuß 452
5. Der Rechtsausschuß 453
Michael Pehlke: Die Europäischen Gemeinschaften im Jahre 1984 456
I. Überblick 456
II. Institutionelle Entwicklung 458
III. Ausbau des Gemeinsamen Marktes 461
IV. Politiken der Gemeinschaft 464
V. Die Außenbeziehungen der Gemeinschaft 470
VI. Rechtsprechung zum Gemeinschaftsrecht 474
Regine Ludwig: Die Tätigkeit des Europarates im Jahre 1984 478
I. Organisatorische Fragen; Allgemeines 478
II. Behandlung allgemeinpolitisdier Themen im Europarat 479
III. Rechtsvereinheitlichung und Zusammenarbeit unter den Mitgliedstaaten; Konventionen und Übereinkommen 488
IV. Schutz der Menschenrechte 491
a) Individualbeschwerden nach Art. 25 EMRK 491
aa) Recht auf Freiheit und Sicherheit 491
bb) Recht auf faires Verfahren 493
cc) Dauer des Verfahrens 494
dd) Respektierung des Rechts auf Eigentum 495
ff) Recht auf Privatleben 496
gg) Haftbedingungen 496
hh) Verbot der Diskriminierung 496
ii) Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung 497
b) Staatenbeschwerde nach Art. 24 EMRK 497
DOCUMENTATION 506
Nordischer Rat: Übereinkommen über die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Dänemark, Finnland, Island, Norwegen und Schweden (Helsinki-Abkommen) 506
Geschäftsordnung des Nordischen Rates 519
Book Reviews 528
Books Received 547
List of Contributors 554