German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht
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Delbrück, J., Hofmann, R., Zimmermann, A. (Eds.) (1989). German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht. Vol. 31 (1988). Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46718-1
Delbrück, Jost; Hofmann, Rainer and Zimmermann, Andreas. German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 31 (1988). Duncker & Humblot, 1989. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46718-1
Delbrück, J, Hofmann, R, Zimmermann, A (eds.) (1989): German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 31 (1988), Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46718-1
Format
German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht
Vol. 31 (1988)
Editors: Delbrück, Jost | Hofmann, Rainer | Zimmermann, Andreas
German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, Vol. 31
(1989)
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Abstract
The German Yearbook of International Law, founded as the Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, provides an annual report on new developments in international law and is edited by the Walther Schücking Institute for International Law at the Kiel University. Since its inception in 1948, the Yearbook has endeavored to make a significant academic contribution to the ongoing development of international law. Over many decades the Yearbook has moved beyond its origins as a forum for German scholars to publish their research and has become a highly-regarded international forum for innovative scholarship in international law. In 1976, the Yearbook adopted its current title and began to publish contributions written in English in order to reach the largest possible international audience. This editorial decision has enabled the Yearbook to successfully overcome traditional language barriers and inform an international readership about current research in German academic institutions and, at the same time, to present international viewpoints to its German audience. Fully aware of the paramount importance of international practice, the Yearbook publishes contributions from active practitioners of international law on a regular basis. The Yearbook also includes critical comments on German state practice relating to international law, as well as international reactions to that practice.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | 5 | ||
| ARTICLES | 9 | ||
| Gennady M. Danilenko: The Theory of International Customary Law | 9 | ||
| I. Custom as a Source of International Law | 9 | ||
| 1. The Concept of International Custom | 9 | ||
| 2. International Custom as a Law-making Process: The Significance of Agreement (Consensus) | 11 | ||
| 3. International Custom as a Law-making Process: The Consciousness of Law-making | 14 | ||
| 4. International Custom as a Law-making Process: The Legal Regulation | 16 | ||
| II. Elements of International Custom | 19 | ||
| 1. Practice and opinio iuris: The Relationship | 19 | ||
| 2. International Practice | 20 | ||
| a) Subjects of Practice | 20 | ||
| b) The Practice of States: The Organs of Practice | 21 | ||
| c) Practice: The Types of Acts | 23 | ||
| d) Resolutions of the UN General Assembly | 25 | ||
| e) International Treaties | 26 | ||
| f) Active and Passive Customary Practice | 28 | ||
| g) Requirements of Practice | 29 | ||
| 3. Opinio iuris | 31 | ||
| a) The Concept of opinio iuris | 31 | ||
| b) Opinio iuris: Modes of Manifestation | 34 | ||
| c) UN General Assembly Resolutions and opinio iuris | 36 | ||
| d) Treaty Practice and opinio iuris | 38 | ||
| e) Conditions of Realisation of Individual opinio iuris | 39 | ||
| f) Individual opinio iuris: The Principle of the Persistent Objector | 41 | ||
| g) Opinio iuris: New States | 43 | ||
| h) Opinio iuris: The Change of Customary Law | 45 | ||
| III. Conclusion | 46 | ||
| T. W. Bennett: A Linguistic Perspective of the Definition of Aggression | 48 | ||
| W. Benedek and K. Ginther: Planned-Economy Countries and GATT: Legal Issues of Accession | 70 | ||
| I. Introduction | 70 | ||
| II. Basic Legal Issues of Accession to GATT | 71 | ||
| 1. GATT as a Multilateral Treaty with an Open Membership | 71 | ||
| 2. Is GATT an International Organization of a Universal Vocation? | 74 | ||
| 3. ‛Bona fide‛-negotiations | 77 | ||
| III. The Participation of Planned-Economy Countries in the GATT | 79 | ||
| 1. Preliminary Considerations on Terminology | 79 | ||
| 2. Reasons for planned-economy countries’ interest in GATT | 80 | ||
| 3. Contents and Performance of the Special Protocol Approach | 82 | ||
| a) The Contents of the Special Protocols of Accession | 83 | ||
| aa) The Selective Safeguards Clause | 83 | ||
| bb) Special Consultation Procedure | 84 | ||
| cc) Special Surveillance | 85 | ||
| dd) Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Procedures | 85 | ||
| ee) The Issue of Quantitative Restrictions | 85 | ||
| ff) The Special Relations Among Members of the CMEA | 86 | ||
| b) The Issue of Accompanying Bilateralism | 87 | ||
| c) Conclusions | 88 | ||
| 4. Proposals for Improvement of the Accomodation of PECs in the GATT | 90 | ||
| a) Effective Reciprocity | 91 | ||
| b) Improving GATT Rules | 91 | ||
| c) ‘Investment Approach‘ with Strengthened Surveillance | 92 | ||
| 5. China, the Soviet Union and Bulgaria as Challenges to the GATT Treatment of Accessio | 93 | ||
| a) China's Application for Resumption of Active Membership | 94 | ||
| b) The New Soviet Interest in GATT | 96 | ||
| c) The Case of the Bulgarian Accession Request | 99 | ||
| aa) The History of Bulgaria’s Request | 99 | ||
| bb) General Economic and Legal Issues Raised with the Bulgarian Request | 100 | ||
| cc) Accession on a Normal Basis? | 102 | ||
| dd) Legal Aspects and Conclusions Regarding the Bulgarian Approach Towards Accession | 103 | ||
| IV. General Conclusion | 105 | ||
| Fernando Zegers Santa Cruz: Deep Sea-bed Mining Beyond National Jurisdiction in the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea: Description and Prospects | 107 | ||
| I. Introduction | 107 | ||
| II. Deep Sea-bed Beyond National Jurisdiction: ‘Common Heritage of Mankind‘ | 107 | ||
| III. The International Sea-bed Authority: Part XI of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea | 108 | ||
| 1. Financial Provisions | 110 | ||
| 2. Protection of Land-Based Mining | 111 | ||
| 3. The International Sea-bed Authority | 112 | ||
| IV. Pioneer Investor Protection | 113 | ||
| V. Actual Situation and Prospects | 116 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 118 | ||
| Francisco Orrego Vicuña: The Contribution of the Exclusive Economic Zone to the Law of Maritime Delimitation | 120 | ||
| I. Introduction | 120 | ||
| II. Distance ν. Natural Prolongation: The Basis of Entitlement | 121 | ||
| 1. Structural Changes in the Conventional Régime | 121 | ||
| 2. Changing Trends in Judicial and Other Decisions | 122 | ||
| III. The Trend Toward a Single Maritime Boundary | 124 | ||
| 1. Conceptual Approaches | 125 | ||
| 2. Influence of the Decisions of Courts and Other Settlements | 126 | ||
| 3. The Evolving State Practice | 129 | ||
| IV. The Search for Equitable Principles in the Context of the Exclusive Economic Zone Régime | 131 | ||
| 1. The Role of the Courts in the Search for Equity | 131 | ||
| 2. Functional Nature of Delimitation Criteria | 133 | ||
| 3. Delimitation Agreements in State Practice | 135 | ||
| V. The Emerging Law of Maritime Delimitation: A Conclusion | 136 | ||
| Myron H. Nordquist and Margaret G. Wachenfeld: Legal Aspects of Reflagging Kuwaiti Tankers and Laying of Mines in the Persian Gulf | 138 | ||
| Overview | 138 | ||
| I. The Reflagging | 140 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 140 | ||
| 2. International Standards for Reflagging | 141 | ||
| a) 1958 Convention on the High Seas | 142 | ||
| b) 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea | 143 | ||
| c) 1986 United Nations Conference on Conditions for Registration of Ships | 144 | ||
| 3. Domestic Standards for Reflagging | 145 | ||
| 4. Application of the Reflagging Standards | 146 | ||
| a) The International Standards | 146 | ||
| b) The Domestic Standards | 147 | ||
| c) Conclusion | 151 | ||
| II. United States Presence in the Persian Gulf | 151 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 151 | ||
| 2. Freedom of the Seas | 153 | ||
| a) Historical Background | 153 | ||
| b) Freedom of Navigation | 154 | ||
| c) Passage Through Hormuz Strait | 155 | ||
| aa) United States and Iranian Positions | 155 | ||
| bb) State Practice in the Persian Gulf | 157 | ||
| cc) Analysis of the Claims | 158 | ||
| III. The Mining of the Persian Gulf | 159 | ||
| 1. International Law on Minin | 159 | ||
| a) 1907 Hague Convention | 159 | ||
| b) The Nicaragua Case | 160 | ||
| 2. The Iranian Mine-Laying Incident of 22 September 1987 | 161 | ||
| 3. Analysis of the Claims | 162 | ||
| IV. Conclusion | 164 | ||
| Dieter Fleck: Rules of Engagement for Maritime Forces and the Limitation of the Use of Force under the UN Charter | 165 | ||
| I. Historical Background | 166 | ||
| II. Legal Principles | 174 | ||
| 1. Relevance of the Definition of Aggression? | 175 | ||
| 2. Armed Attack | 176 | ||
| 3. Isolated Armed Attacks | 177 | ||
| 4. Low Intensity Conflicts | 178 | ||
| 5. Reprisals | 179 | ||
| 6. Use of Force which is Not Prohibited | 179 | ||
| 7. Conclusion | 180 | ||
| III. Present Issues | 181 | ||
| 1. Hostile Act and Hostile Intent | 181 | ||
| 2. Maritime Exclusion Zones | 182 | ||
| 3. General and Specific Content | 184 | ||
| 4. Deterrence and Confidence-Building | 184 | ||
| 5. Conclusion | 185 | ||
| Gerhard Hafner: Bemerkungen zur Funktion und Bestimmung der Betroffenheit im Völkerrecht anhand des Binnenstaates | 187 | ||
| I. Einleitung | 187 | ||
| II. Funktion des Begriffes der Betroffenheit | 187 | ||
| 1. Die Betroffenheit im völkerrechtlichen Vertragsrecht | 189 | ||
| a) Artikel 41 para. 1 lit. b (i) und Artikel 58 para. 1 lit. b (i) WVK | 189 | ||
| b) Artikel 60 para. 2 lit. b WVK | 190 | ||
| 2. Der verletzte Staat | 192 | ||
| 3. Der im justiziablen Streitfall befindliche Staat | 193 | ||
| 4. Der zur Verfahrensintervention berechtigte Staat | 194 | ||
| 5. Der betroffene Staat als Adressat des Völkergewohnheitsrechts | 195 | ||
| a) Bildung des Völkergewohnheitsrechts | 195 | ||
| b) Bindung an Völkergewohnheitsrecht | 196 | ||
| aa) Folgen der mangelnden Beteiligung an der Bildung von Völkergewohnheitsrecht | 197 | ||
| bb) Folgen des Unterlassens eines Protestes | 198 | ||
| 6. Gemeinsame Strukturen dieser Funktionen | 201 | ||
| III. Die inhaltliche Bestimmung der „Betroffenheit“ | 202 | ||
| 1. Die verschiedenen Bezeichnungen | 202 | ||
| a) Artikel 41 para. 1 lit. b (i) und Artikel 58 para. 1 lit. b (i) WVK | 202 | ||
| b) Artikel 60 WVK | 203 | ||
| c) Im Rahmen der Staatenverantwortlichkeit | 205 | ||
| d) Klagelegitimation | 206 | ||
| e) Das Interventionsrecht in Streitverfahren | 208 | ||
| f) Bildung von und Bindung an Völkergewohnheitsrecht | 210 | ||
| 2. Die gemeinsame Bestimmung der Betroffenheit | 212 | ||
| a) Die Rahmenbedingungen der Betroffenheit | 212 | ||
| aa) Völkerrechtskonformität | 212 | ||
| bb) Die Individualisierbarkeit der Betroffenheit | 213 | ||
| b) Kriterien und Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Betroffenheit | 213 | ||
| aa) Umweltfaktoren | 213 | ||
| bb) Verhalten | 215 | ||
| cc) Motivation | 215 | ||
| dd) Ziele staatlichen Verhaltens | 220 | ||
| ee) Nachahmung | 221 | ||
| ff) Falsifizierbarkeit | 221 | ||
| 3. Die normative Legitimierung zur Rechtsverfolgung | 222 | ||
| IV. Schlußfolgerungen | 227 | ||
| Summary | 227 | ||
| Christopher C. Joyner: The 1988 IMO Convention on the Safety of Maritime Navigation: Towards a Legal Remedy for Terrorism at Sea | 230 | ||
| I. Introduction | 230 | ||
| II. Defining the Offence: Scope and Effect | 231 | ||
| 1. Ambiguities of Terrorism as an International Crime | 231 | ||
| 2. Offences under the IMO Convention | 237 | ||
| 3. Piracy and Maritime Terrorism | 239 | ||
| 4. Insurgency and Maritime Terrorism | 243 | ||
| 5. Concluding Observations on the Offence | 246 | ||
| III. Jurisdictional Reach of the IMO Convention | 247 | ||
| 1. Jurisdictional Scope of the Convention | 247 | ||
| 2. Extradition and Prosecution under the Convention | 252 | ||
| 3. Ancillary Provisions of the Convention | 255 | ||
| IV. Appraisal of the Convention | 256 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 261 | ||
| Francesco Francioni: Maritime Terrorism and International Law: The Rome Convention of 1988 | 263 | ||
| I. Background | 263 | ||
| II. Scope and Substance of the Convention | 269 | ||
| 1. Definition of the Offence | 269 | ||
| 2. Official Terrorism | 272 | ||
| 3. The Geographic Scope | 273 | ||
| 4. Straits | 274 | ||
| 5. Types of Vessels | 275 | ||
| 6. Jurisdiction | 276 | ||
| 7. The Duty to Prosecute or Extradite | 279 | ||
| 8. Mutual Assistance and Co-operation | 281 | ||
| 9. Dispute Settlement | 282 | ||
| III. Main Deficiencies | 282 | ||
| IV. Neglected Issues | 285 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 287 | ||
| Emil Konstantinov: International Terrorism and International Law | 289 | ||
| I. Introduction | 289 | ||
| II. The Concept of „International Terrorism“ | 290 | ||
| III. Individual „International Terrorism“ | 295 | ||
| IV. State Terrorism | 299 | ||
| V. National Liberation Movements and International Terrorism | 302 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 306 | ||
| Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na’im: Islamic Ambivalence to Political Violence: Islamic Law and International Terrorism | 307 | ||
| I. Political Violence and International Terrorism | 309 | ||
| 1. Terrorism in Historical and Comparative Perspectives | 310 | ||
| 2. Defining Terrorism in the Modern Context | 310 | ||
| 3. The Moral Dimension | 312 | ||
| 4. A Legal Definition of Terrorism | 312 | ||
| II. Nature and Sources of Islamic Law | 314 | ||
| 1. The Sources and Development of Shari’a | 315 | ||
| 2. The Shi’a Perspective(s) | 317 | ||
| 3. The Nature and Modern Application of Shari’a | 319 | ||
| a) The Nature of Shari’a | 319 | ||
| b) Historical Application of Shari’a | 320 | ||
| c) Contemporary Application of Shari’a | 321 | ||
| III. Islamic International Law in Historical Context | 322 | ||
| 1. Impact of the Historical Context on the Principles of Shari’a | 322 | ||
| 2. Islamic International Law in the Present Context | 323 | ||
| IV. Shari’a and Political Violence | 324 | ||
| 1. Antagonism and Use of Force Against Non-Muslims | 324 | ||
| 2. Regulation of Use of Force and Peace Treaties | 329 | ||
| 3. Implications for Conduct of Individual Persons and Groups | 331 | ||
| V. Towards an Islamic Contribution to the Rule of Law in International Relations | 333 | ||
| L. C. Green: Terrorism, the Extradition of Terrorists and the ‘Political Offence‘ Defence | 337 | ||
| Werner Ader: International Law and the Discretion of the State to Handle Hostage Incidents – cui bono? | 372 | ||
| I. | 373 | ||
| II. | 392 | ||
| III. | 413 | ||
| Robert A. Friedlander: So Proudly They Failed: The Reagan Administration and the Gradual Disintegration of U.S. Counter-Terror Policy | 415 | ||
| I. Preview: Jimmy Carter and the Iranian Hostage Crisis | 415 | ||
| II. Reagan’s First Term – Rhetoric versus Reality | 421 | ||
| III. Reagan’s Second Term, Part I – TWA 847, Achille Lauro, and the Libyan Raid | 429 | ||
| IV. Reagan’s Second Term, Part II – Iran-Contra: Why Did It Happen and What Does It Mean? | 438 | ||
| V. Postscript: U.S. Counter-Terrorism and the Reagan Era in Perspective | 444 | ||
| Wilhelm Wengler: Völkerrechtliche Schranken der Beeinflussung auslandsverknüpften Verhaltens durch Maßnahmen des staatlichen Rechts | 448 | ||
| Summary | 477 | ||
| Leo J. Raskind: The Continuing Process of Refining and Adapting Copyright Principles | 478 | ||
| I. Introduction | 478 | ||
| II. The Historical Perspective | 481 | ||
| III. The Shifting Basis of Map Protection | 484 | ||
| IV. Suggested Alternative | 499 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 508 | ||
| Klaus-Jürgen Kuss: Judicial Review of Administrative Decisions in the Soviet Union and other East European Countries | 510 | ||
| I. Introduction: Historical Background | 510 | ||
| II. Post-Revolutionary Development of Judicial Review of Administrative Decisions in Russia/the Soviet Union | 515 | ||
| III. The Statute of 30 June 1987 | 518 | ||
| 1. Theoretical Bases | 518 | ||
| 2. Object of Review: Actions of Officials | 518 | ||
| 3. Right of Complaint | 522 | ||
| 4. Organization of Procedure | 523 | ||
| 5. Powers of Court | 525 | ||
| 6. Judicial Review of Administration and Reform of Justice | 526 | ||
| IV. Post-War Development of Judicial Review of Administrative Decisions in other East European Countries | 527 | ||
| 1. Poland | 528 | ||
| 2. Czechoslovakia | 533 | ||
| 3. Hungary | 537 | ||
| 4. Yugoslavia | 541 | ||
| 5. Romania | 544 | ||
| 6. Bulgaria | 547 | ||
| 7. German Democratic Republic | 550 | ||
| V. Summary: Comparative Analysis | 551 | ||
| Reinhard Müller and Mario Müller: Co-operation as a Basic Principle of Legal Régimes for Areas Beyond National Sovereignty – with Special Regard to Outer Space Law | 553 | ||
| I. The Obligation to Co-operate in General International Law | 553 | ||
| II. Characteristic Elements of the Legal Régimes for Areas Beyond National Sovereignty | 555 | ||
| III. Substantiating the Peaceful Use and Legal Issues of Co-operation | 558 | ||
| 1. The High Seas | 558 | ||
| 2. Antarctica | 559 | ||
| 3. Outer Space and Celestial Bodies | 560 | ||
| a) Present International Law and the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space | 560 | ||
| b) International Co-operation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes | 562 | ||
| c) Co-operation and Prohibition of Appropriation | 568 | ||
| IV. Result | 571 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 572 | ||
| NOTES AND COMMENTS | 574 | ||
| Thomas Roeser: The Arms Embargo of the UN Security Council against South Africa: Legal and Practical Aspects | 574 | ||
| I. Introduction | 574 | ||
| II. Arms Supplies as a Topic of the SC | 575 | ||
| 1. The Hitherto Existing Embargo Resolutions with the Exception of South Africa | 576 | ||
| 2. The Steps of the SC against South Africa | 577 | ||
| III. The Legal Effects of S/Res. 418 (1977) | 580 | ||
| 1. Legal Nature of the Arms Embargo | 580 | ||
| a) Article 41 of the UN Charter as a Legal Basis for a Mandatory Arms Embargo of the SC | 580 | ||
| b) The Conflict in the Southern Africa as a „Threat to the Peace“ | 581 | ||
| 2. Legal Obligations of the States Resulting from the Arms Embargo of the SC | 585 | ||
| 3. Arms Supplies to the South African Liberation Movements | 588 | ||
| IV. Practical Problems in the Implementation of S/Res. 418 (1977): The Determination of the Embargo Object | 589 | ||
| I. The Term of Arms in the Work of the United Nations: The List of the „Collective Measures Committee“ | 590 | ||
| 2. The Definition of „Arms and Related Matériel“ in the SC Resolutions Against South Africa | 591 | ||
| Thomas Fitschen: Closing the PLO Observer Mission to the United Nations in New York: The Decisions of the International Court of Justice and the U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York | 595 | ||
| I. Introduction | 595 | ||
| II. Background of the Dispute | 596 | ||
| III. Applicability of the Obligation to Arbitrate under Section 21 of the United Nations Headquarters Agreement of 20 June 1947 – The Advisory Opinion of 26 April 1988 | 604 | ||
| 1. The Proceeding of the Court | 604 | ||
| 2. Reasoning of the Advisory Opinion | 605 | ||
| a) Existence of a „Dispute“ in the Sense of Section 21 | 608 | ||
| b) Qualification of the Dispute | 610 | ||
| c) Dispute not Being Settled by Negotiation or other Agreed Mode of Settlement | 611 | ||
| IV. ‘United States v. The Palestine Liberation Organization et al.‘: The Decision of the United States District Court, Southern District of New York | 612 | ||
| 1. The Position of the Plaintiff | 612 | ||
| 2. The United Nations as amicus curiae | 613 | ||
| 3. The Position of the Defendants | 614 | ||
| 4. The Decision of the District Court | 614 | ||
| a) Jurisdiction of the Court | 615 | ||
| b) Scope and Content of the Headquarters Agreement | 616 | ||
| c) Conflict Between the ATA and the Headquarters Agreement | 618 | ||
| d) Conclusion | 619 | ||
| Volker Röben: A Report on Effective Protection of Minorities | 621 | ||
| I. Introduction | 621 | ||
| II. Protection of Minorities under the League of Nations | 625 | ||
| III. The Protection of Minorities under the UN | 628 | ||
| IV. Formal and Material Possibilities of the Protection of Minorities under Modern International Law | 632 | ||
| V. Concluding Remarks | 638 | ||
| REPORT | 639 | ||
| Dørte Pardo López: Die Tätigkeit des Europarates im Jahre 1987 | 639 | ||
| I. Organisatorische Fragen; Allgemeines | 639 | ||
| II. Behandlung allgemeinpolitischer Themen im Europarat | 640 | ||
| III. Rechtsvereinheitlichung und rechtliche Zusammenarbeit zwischen den Mitgliedstaaten, Verträge und Empfehlungen | 645 | ||
| IV. Schutz der Menschenrechte | 649 | ||
| DOCUMENTATION | 680 | ||
| Declaration of Independence of the Palestinian State | 680 | ||
| In the Name of God, The Compassionate, The Merciful DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE | 680 | ||
| Book Reviews | 684 | ||
| Books Received | 729 | ||
| List of Contributors | 739 |