Labor Market Issues in Japan and Germany
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Schober, F., Matsugi, T. (Eds.) (1998). Labor Market Issues in Japan and Germany. Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-49406-4
Schober, Franz and Matsugi, Takashi. Labor Market Issues in Japan and Germany. Duncker & Humblot, 1998. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-49406-4
Schober, F, Matsugi, T (eds.) (1998): Labor Market Issues in Japan and Germany, Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-49406-4
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Labor Market Issues in Japan and Germany
Editors: Schober, Franz | Matsugi, Takashi
Schriften zu Regional- und Verkehrsproblemen in Industrie- und Entwicklungsländern, Vol. 63
(1998)
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Abstract
This publication deals with current labor market issues in Japan, Germany and the European Union. In the book, the "labor market" serves as central focus point, yet the methodology of addressing this focus point is very broad. It includes the analysis of the general labor market development and its conditions in the European Union and in Japan as well as more specific investigations, such as the impact of fiscal policies, exchange rates or information technology on the demand for labor. The book also focusses on the single firm level, particularly on organizational performance, worktime flexibility and on occupational health and safety management. Other contributions address specific subsectors of the economy, such as the role of the female workforce in Japan, the development of the rural labor market in East Germany or the comparative impact of international workforce migrations in Hungary and in Japan. The results of the book, which reflect the outcome of an international conference at the University of Freiburg in 1996, may help to understand in more detail one of the most complex and serious problems of today's society and to find ways for its solution.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Preface of the Series Editors | 5 | ||
| Table of Contents | 7 | ||
| Theodor J. Dams: Adjustment Problems for the Rural Labor Market within the Transformation Process of East Germany ("Neue Bundesländer") | 9 | ||
| A. Introduction | 9 | ||
| B. Outline of the Paper | 10 | ||
| C. Some Definitions and Theoretical Reflections | 11 | ||
| I. Land Tenure - Labor Constitutional Charter - Economic System | 11 | ||
| II. The Land Tenure System | 11 | ||
| III. Some Theoretical Reflections | 13 | ||
| IV. The Role of Agriculture and Labor in Different Systems | 14 | ||
| D. Stages of Transformation and Re-Transformation | 16 | ||
| E. An Adjustment Model of GDR Agriculture in the Frame of EU Market Economy and of Common Agricultural Policy | 20 | ||
| F. Re-Transformation of GDR Agriculture: Labor and Land Tenure | 22 | ||
| I. Changes in Property and Farm Sizes: The Theory | 22 | ||
| II. The Changing Goals of the Agricultural Policy | 23 | ||
| G. The Results of the Transformation 1990-1995 | 25 | ||
| I. Duality of Agrarian Structure | 25 | ||
| II. The Results of the Transformation 1990-1995: The Agricultural Labor Force | 27 | ||
| H. The Adjustment Process of the Rural (Non-Agricultural) Labor Market | 29 | ||
| I. Introductory Remarks | 29 | ||
| II. The Migration to West Germany | 30 | ||
| III. Preconditions for a Positive Development of Economic Activities and the Labor Market | 30 | ||
| IV. The Rate of Unemployment | 31 | ||
| V. A Special Problem of the Labor Market: The Apprenticeship Situation | 32 | ||
| I. Final Remarks | 33 | ||
| References | 33 | ||
| Bernhard Friedmann: Labour Market Problems in the European Union | 37 | ||
| A. The Extent of the Problem | 37 | ||
| B. Causes of Unemployment | 38 | ||
| C. Legislative Framework of the European Union | 39 | ||
| D. Implementation of the Internal Market in the Interests of Employment | 40 | ||
| E. European Solidarity | 41 | ||
| F. Effects of the Structural Funds | 42 | ||
| G. Relationship between Growth and Employment | 43 | ||
| H. Measures for the Reduction of Unemployment | 44 | ||
| I. Conclusions | 46 | ||
| Sources | 47 | ||
| Shimono Keiko: Low Unemployment Rate and Female Labour Supply in Japan | 49 | ||
| A. Introduction | 49 | ||
| B. Female Labour Supply in Japan | 51 | ||
| I. Labour Supply for Women | 51 | ||
| II. The "Part Timer" as a Low-Paid Worker | 54 | ||
| III. Business Cycles and Unemployment | 55 | ||
| C. Why do Married Women Choose to be "Part Timers"? | 57 | ||
| D. Conclusion | 58 | ||
| References | 60 | ||
| Yuko Arayama: Choice to not be Employed in Intact Families: Interaction between Male and Female Household Members and the Determination of Working or not Working, of Working Hours, and Working Days | 63 | ||
| A. Introduction | 63 | ||
| B. Data Source | 64 | ||
| C. Determinants for Unemployment Rates | 64 | ||
| D. Log-linear Analysis for Work Status Determination | 67 | ||
| E. Determination of Working Hours vs. Determination of Working Days | 71 | ||
| F. Results of Coefficient Estimation | 71 | ||
| G. Concluding Remarks | 72 | ||
| References | 74 | ||
| Takashi Matsugi: Recent Aspects of the Japanese Labor Market in a Changing Economic Structure | 75 | ||
| A. Introduction | 75 | ||
| B. Recent Trends in the Japanese Labor Market | 76 | ||
| I. Trends in Leading Indicators | 76 | ||
| II. Employment Trends Differentiated by Industry | 78 | ||
| III. Surplus Reflected in the Survey | 79 | ||
| IV. Estimated Employment Compared with Actual Employment | 79 | ||
| V. Shorter Working Hours and Their Effect | 81 | ||
| VI. Wages and Labor Share | 83 | ||
| VII. Rate of Unemployment | 84 | ||
| VIII. Working Women with Spouses | 84 | ||
| C. Concluding Remarks | 86 | ||
| References | 86 | ||
| Alois Oberhauser: A Pro-cyclical Fiscal Policy which Increases Unemployment: A Consequence of an Individual Economic Orientation | 89 | ||
| References | 99 | ||
| Michael Pflüger / Alexander Spermann: Ecological Tax Reform - A Route to More Employment? | 101 | ||
| A. Introduction | 101 | ||
| B. Insights from Partial Equilibrium Analysis | 102 | ||
| I. The Green Dividend | 102 | ||
| II. Double Dividends and Employment Effects | 104 | ||
| C. The General Equilibrium Perspective | 106 | ||
| D. Unemployment | 109 | ||
| I. From Exogenous to Endogenous Real Wage Rigidity | 109 | ||
| II. Ecological Tax Reform in a Simple Bargaining Model of the Labour Market | 110 | ||
| 1. The Bargaining Model | 110 | ||
| 2. Comparative Statics: Unemployment Benefits and Wage Taxes | 112 | ||
| 3. Ecological Tax Reform: Consumption and Production Externalities | 113 | ||
| 4. Reflections on the Green Dividend and on the Robustness of Results | 115 | ||
| E. Summary and Outlook | 119 | ||
| References | 119 | ||
| Harald Nitsch: Exchange Rate Impacts on Japanese Labor Input | 123 | ||
| A. Introduction | 123 | ||
| B. Underlying Model | 124 | ||
| C. Empirical Results | 126 | ||
| I. Estimation of the Number of Employees | 126 | ||
| 1. Estimate Equation | 126 | ||
| 2. Estimated Elasticities | 128 | ||
| 3. Partial Adjustment Speed | 129 | ||
| II. Estimation of Employment in Hours | 130 | ||
| 1. Estimate Equation | 130 | ||
| 2. Estimated Elasticities | 130 | ||
| 3. Partial Adjustment Speed | 131 | ||
| III. Interpretation of Results | 133 | ||
| The Distribution of the Adjustment Burden | 133 | ||
| D. Alternative Interpretation of the Results with Interdependent Labor Input | 133 | ||
| E. Conclusion | 135 | ||
| Appendix | 135 | ||
| References | 141 | ||
| Taichi Yamamoto: A Comparative Study between Migratory Manpower Pressures by Industrial Hollowing-out in Japan and Economic Opening-up in Hungary | 143 | ||
| A. Introduction | 143 | ||
| Β. Background of the Double Labour Markets in Germany | 145 | ||
| C. Migratory Manpower Pressures in Hungary | 148 | ||
| I. Increasing Labour Migration after the East European Changes of 1989 | 148 | ||
| II. The Extent of Migration to and from Hungary is Roughly the Same | 149 | ||
| III. Stricter Immigration Controls in the EU for Citizens of Non-member Countries and Highly Educated Hungarians Engaged in Better Jobs in the EU | 150 | ||
| D. Reasons for Industrial Hollowing-out in Advanced Countries | 151 | ||
| I. Britain and Germany | 151 | ||
| II. United States | 151 | ||
| III. Japan | 152 | ||
| E. Japan Facing Manpower Pressures | 152 | ||
| I. Migratory Manpower Pressure by Industrial Hollowing-out in Japan | 152 | ||
| II. International Migration is Less Significant in Japan Compared to West Europe, But it is Quickly Increasing | 157 | ||
| III. The Number of Japanese Emigrating "Institutionally" is Higher than that of Foreigners Staying in Japan | 157 | ||
| F. Conclusion - Geographical and Cultural Distance Preventing a Larger Increase of Labour Migration | 158 | ||
| References | 158 | ||
| Yoichi Nishijima: Standardization of Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems | 161 | ||
| A. Paradigms Cause Changes in Economic Structure | 161 | ||
| B. The State of Improvement of OH&S in Japan | 161 | ||
| C. Standardization of the Environmental Management System ISO 14000 | 162 | ||
| I. Setting of Self-regulation Standards by Industry Initiative | 162 | ||
| II. What is the Environmental Management System Standard ISO 14001? | 163 | ||
| D. Standardization of OH&S-MS | 165 | ||
| I. OH&S Self-regulation Standards by Industry Initiative | 165 | ||
| II. Integration of the 3 Management Systems of Quality, Environment and OH&S | 166 | ||
| E. OH&S-MS Standards in Various Countries | 166 | ||
| I. The British Standard BS 8800 | 166 | ||
| II. JISHA's OH&S-MS | 166 | ||
| F. Toward International Standardization of OH&S-MS | 166 | ||
| I. International Workshop on OH&S-MS | 166 | ||
| II. Future Trends in International Standardization of OH&S-MS | 169 | ||
| Günter Müller / Tim Bussiek: The Information Highway and the Future of Work | 171 | ||
| A. Work under Construction | 171 | ||
| B. The Information Highway as Mobilizer | 172 | ||
| I. Technological Innovation and Impetus | 172 | ||
| II. Layers of the Information Highway | 174 | ||
| C. Implications for Work | 177 | ||
| I. Contextual Themes | 177 | ||
| II. Model of the Core Organization | 178 | ||
| 1. The Core | 179 | ||
| 2. The Fringe | 180 | ||
| III. Changes to Work | 181 | ||
| 1. Core | 181 | ||
| 2. Contractual Fringe | 181 | ||
| 3. Seasonal Fringe | 182 | ||
| D. Setting the Cultural Background for Work on the Information Highway - Aspects on Government Intervention | 182 | ||
| I. Contradicting Requirements | 182 | ||
| II. Selforganisation - A Modern Virtue | 183 | ||
| III. Economics and Ethics | 184 | ||
| IV. Dangerous Dualities | 185 | ||
| E. Solutions | 186 | ||
| I. Traditional Solutions: More Work, Spread Out | 186 | ||
| II. A Pragmatical Solution - The Creativity Infrastructure | 186 | ||
| III. A Philosophical Solution - A New View of Work | 187 | ||
| F. Conclusion | 188 | ||
| References | 189 | ||
| Manfred Kurz: Working Time and Work Location Flexibility - the Example of IBM Germany | 191 | ||
| A. Foreword | 191 | ||
| B. Situation / Influencing Factors | 192 | ||
| C. Looking at Manufacturing | 193 | ||
| D. The Master Plan of IBM Germany to combine explained needs of customers with those of employees in spite of restricted regular working time | 195 | ||
| I. Introduction of a sliding working time system (selective work schedule or flex time) | 195 | ||
| II. Overtime | 196 | ||
| E. New Inhouse Collective Agreement | 197 | ||
| F. Shiftwork | 198 | ||
| G. Telecommuting and Working Time | 198 | ||
| H. Summary | 201 | ||
| Tamiki Kishida: Labor Market and Work Organization | 203 | ||
| A. Introduction | 203 | ||
| B. Environment, Market and Organization | 203 | ||
| I. Penetration of Organization and Market (Environment) | 204 | ||
| II. The Corporate System as a Whole | 205 | ||
| C. Characteristics of Labor Markets in Japan and America | 206 | ||
| D. Comparative Analysis of Work Organization | 207 | ||
| I. Comparison of Work Organization in Paper-Mills | 207 | ||
| II. Toyota vs. Volvo | 208 | ||
| 1. Technology | 208 | ||
| 2. Organizational Behavior | 209 | ||
| 3. Autonomy | 209 | ||
| E. Conclusion | 210 | ||
| References | 210 | ||
| Contributors and Editors | 213 |