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Arnauld, A., Matz-Lück, N., Odendahl, K. (Eds.) (2015). German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht. Vol. 57 (2014). Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-54796-8
Arnauld, Andreas von; Matz-Lück, Nele and Odendahl, Kerstin. German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 57 (2014). Duncker & Humblot, 2015. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-54796-8
Arnauld, A, Matz-Lück, N, Odendahl, K (eds.) (2015): German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 57 (2014), Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-54796-8
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German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht
Vol. 57 (2014)
Editors: Arnauld, Andreas von | Matz-Lück, Nele | Odendahl, Kerstin
German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, Vol. 57
(2015)
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About The Author
Prof. Dr. Andreas von Arnauld ist Inhaber des Lehrstuhls für Öffentliches Recht mit Schwerpunkt Völker- und Europarecht an der Universität Kiel und Direktor des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht. Zuvor lehrte er als Professor für Öffentliches Recht, insbesondere Völker- und Europarecht an der Helmut-Schmidt-Universität der Bundeswehr in Hamburg (2007–2012) sowie an der Universität Münster (2012–2013). Seine Forschungsschwerpunkte umfassen das internationale Friedenssicherungsrecht, den Grund- und Menschenrechtsschutz, Rechtsstaatlichkeit (rule of law), rechtswissenschaftliche Grundlagenforschung sowie Recht und Literatur.Prof. Dr. Nele Matz-Lück, LL.M., ist seit 2011 Professorin für Seerecht an der Universität Kiel und Ko-Direktorin des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht. Seit 2004 war sie als Referentin am Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht in Heidelberg beschäftigt. Für die Dauer von zwei Jahren war sie als wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin an das Bundesverfassungsgericht abgeordnet. Ihre Forschungsschwerpunkte liegen im Seerecht, Umweltvölkerrecht und in grundlegenden Fragen des Völkerrechts.Prof. Dr. Kerstin von der Decken (geb. Odendahl) ist Inhaberin des Lehrstuhls für Öffentliches Recht mit Schwerpunkt Völkerrecht, Europarecht und Allgemeine Staatslehre an der Universität Kiel sowie Geschäftsführende Direktorin des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht. Davor war sie von 2004 bis 2011 Professorin für Völker- und Europarecht an der Universität St. Gallen, Schweiz. Ihre Forschungsschwerpunkte liegen bei den Grundlagen des Völker- und Europarechts sowie dem internationalen Umwelt,- Kultur- und Sicherheitsrecht.Abstract
The German Yearbook of International Law, founded as the Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, provides an annual report on new developments in international law and is edited by the Walther Schücking Institute for International Law at the University of Kiel. Since its inception in 1948, the Yearbook has endeavored to make a significant academic contribution to the ongoing development of international law. Over many decades the Yearbook has moved beyond its origins as a forum for German scholars to publish their research and has become a highly-regarded international forum for innovative scholarship in international law. In 1976, the Yearbook adopted its current title and began to publish contributions written in English in order to reach the largest possible international audience. This editorial decision has enabled the Yearbook to successfully overcome traditional language barriers and inform an international readership about current research in German academic institutions and, at the same time, to present international viewpoints to its German audience. Fully aware of the paramount importance of international practice, the Yearbook publishes contributions from active practitioners of international law on a regular basis. The Yearbook also includes critical comments on German state practice relating to international law, as well as international reactions to that practice.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Table of Contents | 5 | ||
| Forum: 1914–2014 Niemeyer's International Law Revisited | 9 | ||
| Andreas von Arnauld: Reflections upon Reflections: Koskenniemi on Niemeyer | 11 | ||
| Theodor Niemeyer: Tasks of the Future Science of Public International Law | 13 | ||
| Martti Koskenniemi: International Law as ‘Science‘ – Reflections on a Mandarin Essay | 27 | ||
| Focus: Law of the Sea in the 21st Century | 35 | ||
| Nele Matz-Lück: The Law of the Sea as a Research Focus in Kiel: Looking Back and Moving Ahead | 37 | ||
| I. The Role of the Law of the Sea in the History of the Walther Schüking Institute | 37 | ||
| II. Law of the Sea in the 21st Century: The 2014 International Conference in Kiel | 41 | ||
| Shunji Yanai: Can the UNCLOS Address Challenges of the 21st Century? | 43 | ||
| I. Introduction | 43 | ||
| II. Impact of the UNCLOS | 45 | ||
| III. Relations between the Three Institutions Established under the UNCLOS | 47 | ||
| IV. Dispute Settlement Procedures under the UNCLOS | 51 | ||
| V. UNCLOS and Case Law | 53 | ||
| VI. New Challenges under the UNCLOS | 58 | ||
| VII. Law of the Sea beyond the UNCLOS | 59 | ||
| VIII. Conclusion | 61 | ||
| Bing Bing Jia: The Principle of the Domination of the Land over the Sea: A Historical Perspective on the Adaptability of the Law of the Sea to New Challenges | 63 | ||
| I. Introduction | 63 | ||
| II. The Principle and the Genesis of the Modern Law of the Sea | 68 | ||
| III. The Principle in the ICJ Jurisprudence | 71 | ||
| IV. The Principle’s Influence on the Notion of the Continental Shelf | 76 | ||
| V. The Scope of the UNCLOS and the Principle | 81 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 92 | ||
| Rüdiger Wolfrum: Evolution of the Law of the Sea from an Institutional Perspective | 95 | ||
| I. Introduction | 95 | ||
| II. Norm-Making | 96 | ||
| III. Norm-Making through Negotiations | 97 | ||
| IV. Norm-Making through International Organisations | 99 | ||
| V. Norm-Making by International Courts and Tribunals | 103 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 108 | ||
| Liesbeth Lijnzaad: Formal and Informal Processes in the Contemporary Law of the Sea at the United Nations, a Practitioner’s View | 111 | ||
| I. Introduction | 111 | ||
| II. The Role of the Meeting of States Parties | 112 | ||
| III. The Role of the General Assembly | 117 | ||
| IV. The Secretary-General’s Report | 119 | ||
| V. The Annual ‘Omnibus’ Resolution on Oceans and Law of the Sea | 121 | ||
| VI. The Informal Consultative Process on Law of the Sea and the Oceans | 127 | ||
| VII. The Informal Process on Marine Biodiversity beyond National Jurisdiction | 129 | ||
| A. Relevance of Other Fora | 133 | ||
| B. Role of the European Union | 135 | ||
| VIII. Commemorating 20 Years of the UNCLOS | 137 | ||
| IX. Conclusion | 140 | ||
| Yoshifumi Tanaka: The Institutional Application of the Law of Dédoublement Fonctionnel in Marine Environmental Protection: A Critical Assessment of Regional Regimes | 143 | ||
| I. Introduction | 144 | ||
| II. Four Models for Protecting Community Interests | 146 | ||
| III. Regional Institutions and Conservation of Marine Biological Diversity: A Case of the OSPAR Convention | 150 | ||
| A. General Considerations | 150 | ||
| B. The Creation of MPAs in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction in the North-East Atlantic | 152 | ||
| C. Commentary | 158 | ||
| 1. General Observations | 158 | ||
| 2. The Legality of the OSPAR MPAs | 159 | ||
| 3. Opposability of the High Seas MPAs to Third States | 162 | ||
| 4. The Relationship between the OSPAR High Seas MPAs and the Coastal States’ Rights over the Continental Shelf beyond 200 Nautical Miles | 163 | ||
| 5. Compatibility of the High Seas MPAs with the Freedom of Navigation | 164 | ||
| 6. Interlinkage between OSPAR and the International Seabed Authority | 165 | ||
| IV. Conservation of Living Resources on the High Seas through Regional Fisheries Organisations: A Case of the North Atlantic Fisheries Commission | 168 | ||
| A. General Considerations | 168 | ||
| B. Interlinkage between the OSPAR and the NEAFC | 170 | ||
| C. Inspection of Non-Contracting Party Vessels | 172 | ||
| 1. At-Sea Inspection of Non-Contracting Party Vessels on the High Seas | 173 | ||
| 2. Port Inspection of Non-Contracting Party Vessels by the NEAFC | 175 | ||
| V. Conclusions | 177 | ||
| Tullio Scovazzi: The Exploitation of Resources of the Deep Seabed and the Protection of the Environment | 181 | ||
| I. The Particular Regime for the Mineral Resources of the Deep Seabed | 181 | ||
| II. Pollution from Activities in the Area under the UNCLOS | 184 | ||
| III. Pollution from Activities in the Area under the ISA’s Regulations | 185 | ||
| IV. The ITLOS Advisory Opinion | 189 | ||
| A. The Obligations of Sponsoring States | 189 | ||
| B. The Extent of Liability of Sponsoring States | 191 | ||
| C. The Measures to be Taken by the Sponsoring State | 193 | ||
| V. The Question of Genetic Resources | 195 | ||
| A. The Prospects for the Exploitation of Genetic Resources in the Deep Seabed | 195 | ||
| B. Common Heritage of Mankind v. Freedom of the High Seas | 198 | ||
| C. A Truism and its Consequences | 200 | ||
| VI. Possible Future Developments | 205 | ||
| Doris König: Maritime Security: Cooperative Means to Address New Challenges | 209 | ||
| I. Maritime Security, Piracy, and the Need to Cooperate | 209 | ||
| II. Cooperation at the International Level | 211 | ||
| A. Military Cooperation in the Region | 211 | ||
| B. Political Cooperation in the Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia | 213 | ||
| C. Capacity Building in the Region | 215 | ||
| III. Cooperation between Regional States | 216 | ||
| IV. Cooperation Concerning the Use of Private Armed Guards | 220 | ||
| V. Conclusions and Outlook | 222 | ||
| Alexander Proelss: Dispute Settlement in Multi-Layered Constellations: International Law and the EU | 225 | ||
| I. Introduction | 225 | ||
| II. Relevant Case-Law | 228 | ||
| A. Case-Law of International Arbitral Tribunals | 232 | ||
| 1. MOX Plant Arbitrations | 232 | ||
| 2. IJzeren Rijn Arbitration | 234 | ||
| B. Assessment | 235 | ||
| 1. Autonomy of EU Law | 236 | ||
| 2. Scope of CJEU Jurisdiction Concerning International Treaties | 238 | ||
| a) EU Has Acceded to International Agreement | 238 | ||
| b) EU Has Not Acceded to International Agreement | 242 | ||
| 3. Exclusivity of CJEU Jurisdiction in Relation to International Courts and Tribunals? | 244 | ||
| a) EU Has Not Acceded to International Agreement | 244 | ||
| b) Treaty Has Been Concluded in Terms of Mixed Agreement | 249 | ||
| III. Conclusion | 253 | ||
| Isabel Feichtner: Power and Purpose of Ecolabelling: An Examination Based on the WTO Disputes Tuna II and COOL | 255 | ||
| I. Ecolabelling and the WTO | 255 | ||
| II. Two Views of Ecolabelling: Information or Regulation | 259 | ||
| A. Ecolabelling as Information | 259 | ||
| B. Ecolabelling as Regulation | 260 | ||
| 1. Selection of Information | 261 | ||
| 2. Presentation of Information | 262 | ||
| 3. Reliability of Information | 263 | ||
| III. Qualification of Labelling Schemes under the TBT Agreement of the WTO: Voluntary Standards or Mandatory Regulation | 264 | ||
| A. The US ‘Dolphin-Safe’ Labelling Scheme at Issue in Tuna II | 265 | ||
| B. Qualification of the US ‘Dolphin-Safe’ Labelling Scheme as Mandatory Regulation | 266 | ||
| IV. Attribution of the Consumption and Production Effects of Labelling: Private Choice or Public Power | 270 | ||
| A. COOL – Attribution of the Production Effects of Labelling | 271 | ||
| B. Tuna II – Attribution of the Consumption Effects of Labelling | 274 | ||
| V. The Purposes of (Eco-)Labelling | 277 | ||
| A. COOL – Consumer Information through Country of Origin Labelling | 277 | ||
| B. Tuna II – Environmental Protection through Ecolabelling | 281 | ||
| VI. The Hidden Power of Ecolabels | 284 | ||
| General Articles | 287 | ||
| Diego Germán Mejía-Lemos: On Self-Reflectivity, Performativity, and Conditions for Existence of Sources of Law in International Law | 289 | ||
| I. Introduction | 289 | ||
| II. International Law and Conditions for Existence of Sources of Law | 291 | ||
| A. ‘Source of Law’ in International Law as a Legal Category | 291 | ||
| 1. Conduct Attributable to Subjects of International Law | 292 | ||
| 2. Legal Consequence: Creation of Principles and Rules of International Law | 294 | ||
| B. Distinction between Sources of Law and Sources of Obligation in International Law | 295 | ||
| C. Sources of Law as Independent Bases of Validity and Legal Force | 296 | ||
| D. ‘Conditions for Existence,’ and Process of Formation, of Sources of Law in International Law Distinguished | 299 | ||
| III. The Prevailing Position and its Strands | 300 | ||
| A. The ‘Logical’ Strand of the Prevailing Position and Infinite Regress | 300 | ||
| B. The ‘Constitutional’ and ‘Natural’ Strands of the Prevailing Position and Finite Regress | 302 | ||
| C. The Prevailing Argument’s Fallaciousness | 303 | ||
| 1. Failure to Distinguish Validity from Truth and Norm from Proposition | 304 | ||
| 2. Failure to Account for Axiomatic Propositions | 305 | ||
| IV. Self-Reflectivity, Performativity, and the Possibility of Rules of International Law Governing Conditions for Existence of Sources of Law in International Law | 306 | ||
| A. Self-Reflectivity and Performativity in Practice | 307 | ||
| 1. Self-Reflectivity and Formation of Treaties and Custom | 307 | ||
| 2. Performativity and Legal Authority regarding Law-Making | 308 | ||
| 3. Practice in Connection with Conditions for Existence of Sources of Law in International Law | 309 | ||
| B. Self-Reflectivity and Performativity as Conceptual Grounds | 310 | ||
| 1. Self-Reflectivity and Application of Rules of International Law | 311 | ||
| 2. Performative Conduct and the Creation of International Law | 314 | ||
| V. The Possibility of Rules of International Law Governing Conditions for Existence of Sources of Law in International Law and Some Major Implications | 316 | ||
| A. Self-Reflectivity, Performativity, and the Unsoundness of the Prevailing Position | 316 | ||
| B. The Prima Facie Existence of Customary Rules of International Law Setting Out the Conditions for Existence of the Existing Sources of Law in International Law | 318 | ||
| Tobias Thienel: Third States and the Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice: The Monetary Gold Principle | 321 | ||
| I. Introduction | 321 | ||
| II. The Key Cases | 323 | ||
| III. The Foundations of the Monetary Gold Principle | 329 | ||
| A. The Monetary Gold Principle as Directly an Issue of Jurisdiction? | 330 | ||
| B. The Monetary Gold Principle as a Matter of Judicial Propriety? | 335 | ||
| 1. The Protection of the Court’s Judicial Character | 335 | ||
| 2. The Court’s Judicial Character and the Principle of Consensual Jurisdiction | 336 | ||
| 3. The Court’s Judicial Character and the Absence of the Third State | 341 | ||
| IV. The Required Procedural Role of the Third State | 344 | ||
| V. The Application of the Monetary Gold Principle in Some Specific Cases | 349 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 352 | ||
| Mart Susi: Implied Constitutional Competence of the European Court of Human Rights | 353 | ||
| I. Introduction | 353 | ||
| II. The Debate | 354 | ||
| A. General Remarks | 354 | ||
| B. The Role of National Courts | 356 | ||
| C. Judicial Activism and Strasbourg v. Luxembourg | 359 | ||
| D. What about Individual Justice? | 361 | ||
| III. The Increase of Cases Exhibiting Constitutionalist Function | 364 | ||
| A. Direct Constitutional Intervention | 364 | ||
| B. The Questions of Compliance | 368 | ||
| C. Recent Legislative Intervention | 370 | ||
| D. Dynamics | 372 | ||
| IV. Concluding Remarks | 373 | ||
| Paul Gragl: The Silence of the Treaties: General International Law and the European Union | 375 | ||
| I. Introduction | 375 | ||
| II. The External Perspective: The Question of Implementation | 378 | ||
| A. Strict Observance or Indifference? | 378 | ||
| B. From Initial Openness to Practical Flexibility | 380 | ||
| C. A Monist Reinterpretation in Place of an Incorporation Clause | 383 | ||
| III. The Internal Perspective: The Question of Function | 385 | ||
| A. The Various Functions of General International Law within EU Law | 385 | ||
| B. Subsequent Member State Practice | 388 | ||
| C. ‘Self-Contained Regimes’ and Countermeasures | 392 | ||
| 1. Infringement Proceedings | 394 | ||
| 2. Serious Breaches of Fundamental Values and Article 7 TEU Proceedings | 398 | ||
| 3. Expulsion of EU Member States | 403 | ||
| IV. Conclusion: “Si Tacuisses …”? | 406 | ||
| Isabel Daum: Legal Conflicts in the Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual Property in International Law | 411 | ||
| I. Introduction | 411 | ||
| II. Conceptual Conflicts between the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and the Convention on Biological Diversity | 415 | ||
| A. Categorisation of the Conflict | 416 | ||
| B. Areas of Intersection | 420 | ||
| 1. Broad Scope of Patent Protection v. Access and Benefit Sharing Requirements | 420 | ||
| 2. Individual IPRs v. Protection of Collectively Held TK in Biodiversity Conservation | 422 | ||
| 3. Regulatory Gap Rather than Normative Conflict | 423 | ||
| III. Means for Harmonisation | 425 | ||
| A. Interpretation of Article 27 (2) TRIPS | 426 | ||
| 1. Non-Compliance with CBD Requirements as a Violation of Ordre Public | 426 | ||
| 2. Limitations of Harmonising Interpretation | 427 | ||
| 3. Literal Interpretation | 431 | ||
| 4. Systematic Interpretation | 433 | ||
| 5. Teleological Interpretation | 434 | ||
| 6. Subsequent Agreements and State Practice | 437 | ||
| 7. Travaux Préparatoires | 439 | ||
| B. Conclusion | 439 | ||
| IV. Prospects for Possible Legal Protection of Traditional Knowledge | 440 | ||
| A. Positive Protection | 440 | ||
| B. Defensive Protection | 441 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 442 | ||
| Kevin Grimmeiß: International Criminal Tribunals and the Right to a Lawful Judge | 443 | ||
| I. Introduction | 443 | ||
| II. Scope of the Right to a Lawful Judge | 444 | ||
| A. Origins of the Right | 445 | ||
| B. Guarantee in International Covenants | 448 | ||
| C. Guarantee in German Law | 450 | ||
| III. Relevance of the Right in International Criminal Procedures | 454 | ||
| IV. Possible Obstacle to International Criminal Proceedings | 457 | ||
| A. Before International Criminal Tribunals | 457 | ||
| 1. Right to a Court Established by Law | 458 | ||
| 2. Jus de non Evocando | 459 | ||
| B. Obstacle to State Cooperation | 460 | ||
| 1. Ban on Extraordinary Courts | 461 | ||
| a) International Criminal Tribunals as Extraordinary Courts | 461 | ||
| b) Applicability of the Ban | 465 | ||
| 2. Need for a Valid Legal Basis | 466 | ||
| 3. Exercise of Concurring Jurisdiction | 467 | ||
| a) Nature of Jurisdiction Exercised by International Criminal Tribunals | 468 | ||
| b) Possibility of Justification | 470 | ||
| 4. Conclusion | 473 | ||
| V. Double Effect of Transfer as Solution for Conflicts Remaining | 474 | ||
| Thiago Braz Jardim Oliveira: State Immunity and Criminal Proceedings: Why Foreign Officials Cannot Enjoy Immunity Ratione Materiae from the Legal Process of Extradition | 477 | ||
| I. Introduction | 477 | ||
| II. Practice on the Extradition of Foreign Officials for Official Conduct | 481 | ||
| A. Pinochet (No 3) | 481 | ||
| B. Adamov | 486 | ||
| C. Khurts Bat | 488 | ||
| D. The Bases for ‘Immunity from Extradition’ in the Practice of State Immunity | 491 | ||
| III. Why Foreign Officials May Not Be Immune from the Legal Process of Extradition | 496 | ||
| A. The Meaning of State Immunity from Criminal Proceedings | 496 | ||
| B. The Acts of the Accused in Extradition Proceedings | 498 | ||
| C. The Subject of Judicial Proceedings of Extradition | 500 | ||
| IV. Conclusion | 503 | ||
| Sinthiou Buszewski / Henner Gött: Avoiding Kadi – ‘Pre-emptive Compliance’ with Human Rights when Imposing Targeted Sanctions | 507 | ||
| I. Introduction | 507 | ||
| II. Plurality of Perspectives | 510 | ||
| III. The UN Perspective | 511 | ||
| IV. The Human Rights Perspective | 516 | ||
| A. Attribution of Conduct and the Jurisdiction Requirement | 516 | ||
| 1. Whose Act? – Jurisdiction for Acts in International Organisations | 517 | ||
| 2. Jurisdiction and Extraterritoriality | 524 | ||
| B. Nature and Scope of Human Rights Obligations in the Establishing and Listing Phases | 526 | ||
| 1. Respect and Ensure: The Obligation to Give Effect to Human Rights | 526 | ||
| 2. The Equivalent Protection Rule | 527 | ||
| 3. Potential Avenues: Adopting Human Rights Clauses or Leaving Latitude | 529 | ||
| 4. Pursuing the Avenues: Conduct in the Establishing and Listing Phases | 531 | ||
| 5. Lack of Causation and Sustaining Obligations | 532 | ||
| 6. Reconciling Political Flexibility and Human Rights Protection | 535 | ||
| 7. Ultima Ratio or ‘Realm of the Possible?’ | 536 | ||
| V. Conclusion – Elements of a ‘Pre-emptive Human Rights Compliance’ | 539 | ||
| Anja Kießling: The Uncertain Fate of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights: The Problematic Merger with the African Court of Justice and the Establishment of an International Criminal Law Section | 541 | ||
| I. Introduction | 541 | ||
| II. The Long Road Towards the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights | 543 | ||
| III. The African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights | 546 | ||
| A. The Court and its Mandate | 546 | ||
| B. The Court at Work | 549 | ||
| 1. Accomplishments | 549 | ||
| 2. Challenges | 553 | ||
| IV. The Court at Risk? | 555 | ||
| A. The Merger: African Court of Justice and Human Rights | 555 | ||
| B. Yet Another Merger: The African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights | 560 | ||
| 1. Institutional Matters | 562 | ||
| 2. The International Criminal Law Section | 563 | ||
| a) Jurisdiction ratione materiae | 563 | ||
| b) Jurisdiction ratione personae | 568 | ||
| c) Immunity | 569 | ||
| d) Complementarity Principle | 571 | ||
| 3. The Human Rights Section | 572 | ||
| 4. Legal Complexities | 574 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 576 | ||
| German Practice | 579 | ||
| Stefan Talmon: At last! Germany Admits Illegality of the Kosovo Intervention | 581 | ||
| I. Introduction | 581 | ||
| II. The 2014 Statement by Former Chancellor Gerhard Schröder | 583 | ||
| III. Germany’s Position on the Kosovo Intervention in 1999 | 585 | ||
| IV. What Counts as Germany’s Opinio Juris? | 591 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 595 | ||
| Christoph Beinlich / Benjamin Jüdes: Germany’s Role in the Destruction of Syrian Chemical Weapons | 597 | ||
| I. Introduction | 597 | ||
| II. Events in Syria | 598 | ||
| III. The Regime of and Syria’s Accession to the Chemical Weapons Convention | 599 | ||
| IV. Reactions of the International Community | 601 | ||
| V. The Role of the Federal Republic of Germany | 603 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 611 | ||
| Philipp Stöckle: Recent Developments in German Case Law on Compensation for Violations of International Humanitarian Law | 613 | ||
| I. Introduction | 613 | ||
| II. The Relevant Legal Framework in Germany | 616 | ||
| A. Substantive Rules | 616 | ||
| B. Precedents? | 617 | ||
| III. The Varvarin Case | 619 | ||
| A. Individual Claims under International Law | 619 | ||
| B. The Role of the Courts in State Liability Suits | 622 | ||
| C. Conclusion | 623 | ||
| IV. The Kunduz Case | 624 | ||
| A. The Applicability of German Law of Governmental Liability | 625 | ||
| B. Violations of IHL and the Rules of Governmental Liability | 627 | ||
| C. The Decision on the Merits | 629 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 630 | ||
| Arne Reißmann / Sarah Bothe: Ending Impunity for the Bottommost Diplomatic Caste: German Practice in Relation to Domestic Workers in Diplomatic Households | 633 | ||
| I. Introduction | 633 | ||
| II. The Ratnasari Case before German Labour Courts | 636 | ||
| A. Facts of the Case | 636 | ||
| B. The Underlying Legal Framework | 637 | ||
| 1. Legal Status of the Employer | 638 | ||
| 2. Legal Status of the Domestic Worker | 638 | ||
| C. Proceedings of the Case | 639 | ||
| D. Legal Problems of the Case | 640 | ||
| 1. The Commercial Activity Exception | 641 | ||
| 2. Forfeiture of Diplomatic Immunity in Cases of Severe Human Rights Violations? | 642 | ||
| 3. Violation of Article 6 ECHR? | 643 | ||
| E. Conclusion to Part II | 644 | ||
| III. German Administrative Practice in Relation to the Employment of Domestic Workers | 644 | ||
| A. Procedure of Immigration and Employment | 645 | ||
| B. Measures in Reaction to Irregularities | 646 | ||
| C. Assessment | 647 | ||
| 1. Improvement of the Lex Lata? | 647 | ||
| 2. Furthering Administrative Practice and Search for International Cooperation | 648 | ||
| Martin Weiler: The Right to Privacy in the Digital Age: The Commitment to Human Rights Online | 651 | ||
| I. The Backdrop to the Resolution | 651 | ||
| II. The Digital Age | 652 | ||
| III. Germany’s Motives in Protecting Human Rights Online | 653 | ||
| IV. Surveillance Operations Abroad: Who is Entitled to Protection? | 654 | ||
| A. The Extraterritorial Application of the ICCPR | 656 | ||
| B. Is the ICCPR Applicable to Foreign Surveillance Operations? | 656 | ||
| C. Jurisdiction and the Right to Privacy Online | 658 | ||
| D. The Scope of the Right to Privacy in the Digital Age | 663 | ||
| V. The Impact of Resolution 68/167 | 664 | ||
| Sina Hartwigsen / Jasmin Oschkinat: The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage and Its Relevance for Germany | 667 | ||
| I. The Convention | 668 | ||
| A. Obligations | 668 | ||
| B. Programmatic Aims | 669 | ||
| C. The Committee and Its Tasks | 669 | ||
| II. Relationship to Other International and Supranational Obligations on Cultural Issues | 670 | ||
| III. Ratification Process in Germany | 671 | ||
| IV. Implementation of the Convention | 674 | ||
| A. The German Conventional Bodies | 674 | ||
| B. Nationwide Inventory | 675 | ||
| C. Other Measures for Safeguarding Intangible Heritage | 677 | ||
| V. Assessment | 677 | ||
| A. Social-Political Reasons | 678 | ||
| B. Legal Reasons | 679 | ||
| 1. Ratification Law | 680 | ||
| 2. Implementation Act | 680 | ||
| VI. Concluding Remarks | 682 | ||
| Sarah Gahlen: Watercourses: The UN Convention and Germany’s International Treaties | 683 | ||
| I. The Legal Framework Established by the Watercourses Convention | 685 | ||
| A. Guiding Principles of Material Law | 685 | ||
| B. Procedural Rules on Notification and Dispute Settlement | 686 | ||
| C. Interplay with Existing Agreements | 688 | ||
| II. The Watercourses Convention and Germany | 689 | ||
| A. The Rhine | 691 | ||
| B. The Danube | 693 | ||
| C. The Elbe | 694 | ||
| D. The Oder | 696 | ||
| E. The Meuse | 696 | ||
| F. The Mosel and the Saar | 697 | ||
| III. Conclusion | 699 | ||
| Berenike Schriewer: The German Federal Constitutional Court’s First Reference for a Preliminary Ruling to the European Court of Justice | 701 | ||
| I. General Part | 703 | ||
| A. Relationship between the FCC and the ECJ | 703 | ||
| B. The European Central Bank | 704 | ||
| 1. The European Central Bank and the Bundesbank | 704 | ||
| 2. The European Central Bank’s Mandate | 704 | ||
| C. The European Sovereign Debt Crisis and Intended Solutions (European Stability Mechanism and the OMT programme) | 705 | ||
| 1. The European Sovereign Debt Crisis | 705 | ||
| 2. The European Stability Mechanism | 706 | ||
| 3. The European Central Bank’s Controversial Decision of 6 September 2012 | 708 | ||
| II. The FCC’s Decision of 14 January 2014 | 709 | ||
| A. Facts of the Case Before the FCC | 709 | ||
| B. Outcome of the Proceedings: Questions Referred to the ECJ for a Preliminary Ruling | 710 | ||
| C. Reasoning of the FCC | 712 | ||
| D. Dissenting Opinions | 715 | ||
| III. Evaluation | 716 | ||
| Book Reviews | 721 | ||
| Alessandro Chechi: The Settlement of International Cultural Heritage Disputes (Matthias Weller) | 723 | ||
| Andrew Clapham / Paola Gaeta (eds.): The Oxford Handbook of International Law in Armed Conflict (Knut Ipsen) | 725 | ||
| Oliver Dörr / Rainer Grote / Thilo Marauhn (eds.): EMRK/GG: Konkordanzkommentar zum europäischen und deutschen Grundrechtsschutz (Christian Johann) | 729 | ||
| Hazel Fox CMG QC / Philippa Webb: The Law of State Immunity (Stephan Wittich) | 732 | ||
| Dirk Pulkowski: The Law and Politics of International Regime Conflict (Paul Schiff Berman) | 734 | ||
| Ben Saul / David Kinley / Jacqueline Mowbray (eds.): The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Commentary, Cases, and Materials (Norman Weiß) | 737 | ||
| Dinah Shelton (ed.): The Oxford Handbook of International Human Rights Law (Eckart Klein) | 738 | ||
| Hugh Thirlway: The Sources of International Law (Jean D'Aspremont) | 741 | ||
| Christian Walter / Antje von Ungern-Sternberg / Kavus Abushov (eds.): Self-Determination and Secession in International Law (Sinthiou Estelle Buszewski) | 747 | ||
| Sharon Weill: The Role of National Courts in Applying International Humanitarian Law (Heike Krieger) | 752 | ||
| Books Received | 755 |