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Arnauld, A., Matz-Lück, N., Odendahl, K. (Eds.) (2015). 100 Years of Peace Through Law: Past and Future. Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-54834-7
Arnauld, Andreas von; Matz-Lück, Nele and Odendahl, Kerstin. 100 Years of Peace Through Law: Past and Future. Duncker & Humblot, 2015. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-54834-7
Arnauld, A, Matz-Lück, N, Odendahl, K (eds.) (2015): 100 Years of Peace Through Law: Past and Future, Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-54834-7
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100 Years of Peace Through Law: Past and Future
Editors: Arnauld, Andreas von | Matz-Lück, Nele | Odendahl, Kerstin
Veröffentlichungen des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel, Vol. 191
(2015)
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Prof. Dr. Andreas von Arnauld ist Inhaber des Lehrstuhls für Öffentliches Recht mit Schwerpunkt Völker- und Europarecht an der Universität Kiel und Direktor des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht. Zuvor lehrte er als Professor für Öffentliches Recht, insbesondere Völker- und Europarecht an der Helmut-Schmidt-Universität der Bundeswehr in Hamburg (2007–2012) sowie an der Universität Münster (2012–2013). Seine Forschungsschwerpunkte umfassen das internationale Friedenssicherungsrecht, den Grund- und Menschenrechtsschutz, Rechtsstaatlichkeit (rule of law), rechtswissenschaftliche Grundlagenforschung sowie Recht und Literatur.Prof. Dr. Kerstin Odenthal ist Inhaberin des Lehrstuhls für Öffentliches Recht mit Schwerpunkt Völkerrecht, Europarecht und Allgemeine Staatslehre an der Universität Kiel sowie Geschäftsführende Direktorin des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht. Davor war sie von 2004 bis 2011 Professorin für Völker- und Europarecht an der Universität St. Gallen, Schweiz. Ihre Forschungsschwerpunkte liegen bei den Grundlagen des Völker- und Europarechts sowie dem internationalen Umwelt,- Kultur- und Sicherheitsrecht.Prof. Dr. Nele Matz-Lück, LL.M., ist seit 2011 Professorin für Seerecht an der Universität Kiel und Ko-Direktorin des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht. Seit 2004 war sie als Referentin am Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht in Heidelberg beschäftigt. Für die Dauer von zwei Jahren war sie als wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin an das Bundesverfassungsgericht abgeordnet. Ihre Forschungsschwerpunkte liegen im Seerecht, Umweltvölkerrecht und in grundlegenden Fragen des Völkerrechts.Abstract
Seit seiner Gründung im Jahre 1914 prägt der Leitspruch »Frieden durch Recht« die Arbeit des weltweit ältesten universitären Völkerrechtsinstituts, des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel. Dieser Tradition verpflichtet, widmete sich im September 2014 eine internationale Konferenz zum 100-jährigen Bestehen des Instituts Chancen und Problemen der Sicherung und Wiederherstellung des Friedens mit Mitteln des Völkerrechts. Der vorliegende Band versammelt die Beiträge zu dieser Konferenz, die vor dem Hintergrund der Ereignisse in der Ukraine und in Syrien über den Anlass hinaus drängende Aktualität besitzen. In drei Teilen (historischer Rückblick; Friedenssicherung und -wiederherstellung durch Völkerrecht heute; humanitäres Völkerrecht vor neuen Herausforderungen) werden das geltende Recht in Theorie und Praxis vorgestellt sowie Möglichkeiten zu seiner Fortentwicklung aufgezeigt. Alle Beiträge sind in englischer Sprache verfasst.Since 1914, »Peace through Law« is the guiding motto of the world's oldest university institute for public international law, the Walther Schücking Institute for International Law at Kiel University. Marking the occasion of its 100th anniversary, an international conference assessed international law's contribution to the maintenance and restoration of global peace and security. The present volume assembles the conference papers which address questions of urgent topicality.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Foreword | 5 | ||
| Table of Contents | 9 | ||
| List of Abbreviations | 11 | ||
| Part I: 100 Years of Public International Law | 17 | ||
| Knut Ipsen: 100 Years of Public International Law in Kiel: The History of the Walther Schücking Institute | 19 | ||
| A. Realism and Idealism – the Basic Approaches to International Law of Two Eminent Scholars | 20 | ||
| I. International Law as an Undeniable Reality and an Element of Civilisation | 20 | ||
| II. International Law as the Basis of a Peaceful World Order | 21 | ||
| B. “Gleichschaltung” – Legal Scholarship at Kiel in the Time of the “Third Reich” | 23 | ||
| C. Scholarly Freedom Regained – the Rebirth of the Institute | 24 | ||
| I. Monocratic Leadership – a Real Managing Director | 25 | ||
| II. Manifold Interests and Changing Scholars | 27 | ||
| III. The Decisive Influence on the Institute of One International Lawyer | 28 | ||
| D. Peace Through Law as a Permanent Process | 29 | ||
| E. ... und ein Schlusswort mit zwei Wünschen an die Institutsgemeinschaft | 30 | ||
| James Crawford: The Unfolding of Public International Law Since 1914: International Judgments and Domestic Courts with Special Reference to Germany | 31 | ||
| A. Introduction | 31 | ||
| B. Constitutional “Friendliness” Towards International Law | 33 | ||
| C. The Case Law on the Significance of Decisions of International Tribunals | 34 | ||
| I. Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights | 34 | ||
| II. Judgments of the International Court of Justice | 37 | ||
| D. How Much “Friendliness” Should Be Accorded to Judgments of International Courts? | 38 | ||
| E. Concluding Remarks | 41 | ||
| Part II: Maintenance and Restoration of International Peace and Security | 43 | ||
| Gunter Pleuger: Maintenance and Restoration of International Peace and Security by Diplomatic Means | 45 | ||
| A. Bilateral and Multilateral Diplomacy | 45 | ||
| B. Legal Foundations | 46 | ||
| C. Role of the UN in International Peace-Keeping | 48 | ||
| D. Legitimacy, Efficiency, Reforms | 51 | ||
| E. Conclusion | 52 | ||
| Francisco Orrego Vicuña: Maintenance and Restoration of International Peace and Security Through Arbitration and Judicial Settlement | 53 | ||
| A. Peace, Security and Dispute Settlement: A Decoupled Equation | 53 | ||
| I. Judicial Institutions: Responding to Contemporary Needs | 53 | ||
| II. Redressing Distortions of the International Legal System | 54 | ||
| III. Seeking Effectiveness for International Organisations | 56 | ||
| B. Functional Developments of International Adjudication | 56 | ||
| I. Streamlining Existent Courts | 56 | ||
| II. New Areas of International Law Requiring Functional Jurisdiction | 57 | ||
| III. Ensuring Direct Access of Individuals to International Courts and Tribunals | 58 | ||
| C. Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution in Support of International Peace | 60 | ||
| I. The Development of Functional Arbitration | 61 | ||
| II. Broadening the Access of Individuals to Arbitration and Alternative Methods | 62 | ||
| III. Limits to De-nationalised Protection of Rights | 63 | ||
| D. Rebalancing Rights and Interests in the International Legal System | 64 | ||
| E. Preserving Democratic Legitimacy | 65 | ||
| Théodore Christakis / Karine Bannelier: Maintenance and Restoration of International Peace and Security by Means of Force | 67 | ||
| A. Introduction | 67 | ||
| B. Twenty-Five Years of UNSC Authorisations to Use Force: An Assessment | 69 | ||
| I. Use of Force With UNSC Authorisation: Problems | 70 | ||
| 1. The Problem of the Legal Basis | 71 | ||
| 2. The Problem of Form | 73 | ||
| 3. The Problem of Control | 75 | ||
| II. Use of Force Without UNSC Authorisation? | 78 | ||
| 1. The Existence of Another Legal Basis | 78 | ||
| 2. Bypassing the UNSC? | 80 | ||
| 3. Suspending the Right of Veto? | 84 | ||
| C. The Way Forward: How Could the UNSC Improve the System of Use of Force Mandates? | 87 | ||
| I. Measures Aimed at Better Defining the Scope and the Duration of the Mandate | 88 | ||
| 1. Dealing with Vagueness and Referrals | 88 | ||
| 2. Black Holes and Sunset Clauses | 90 | ||
| II. Measures Aimed at Better Controlling the Operating States | 92 | ||
| 1. Avoiding Ultra Vires Acts | 92 | ||
| 2. The Challenge of Rules of Engagement | 93 | ||
| 3. Proportionality | 93 | ||
| 4. Compliance with International Law, Responsibility and Accountability | 95 | ||
| 5. Reporting and Monitoring | 97 | ||
| 6. Instituting a “Use of Force Committee”? | 99 | ||
| D. Conclusion | 100 | ||
| Lucy Keller Läubli: Case Study on Cambodia | 103 | ||
| A. Background of the Cambodian Conflict | 103 | ||
| I. Historical Background | 103 | ||
| II. International Reaction to the Conflict | 104 | ||
| B. The Peace Process and the Paris Agreements | 105 | ||
| I. Peace Negotiations | 105 | ||
| II. The Paris Agreements | 106 | ||
| C. The United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) | 107 | ||
| I. UNTAC’s Mandate | 107 | ||
| II. Implementation of UNTAC’s Mandate | 108 | ||
| D. Post-Conflict Justice: The Khmer Rouge Tribunal | 109 | ||
| I. Background | 109 | ||
| II. The Extraordinary Chambers in the Court of Cambodia (ECCC) | 110 | ||
| 1. Composition and Jurisdiction of the ECCC | 110 | ||
| 2. Trials before the ECCC | 110 | ||
| 3. Shortcomings of the ECCC | 111 | ||
| E. Assessment | 112 | ||
| Frank Hoffmeister: Case Study on Cyprus | 113 | ||
| A. Introduction | 113 | ||
| B. UN Peace-keeping | 113 | ||
| I. The Constitutional Set-up of the Republic of Cyprus | 113 | ||
| II. The Establishment of UNFICYP | 114 | ||
| III. The Mandate of UNFICYP | 115 | ||
| 1. The Original Mandate | 115 | ||
| 2. The Amendments | 115 | ||
| IV. First Interim Conclusion | 116 | ||
| C. UN Non-Recognition Policy | 117 | ||
| I. The Proclamation of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus | 117 | ||
| II. Non-Recognition by the United Nations | 117 | ||
| III. The Practical Effects of Non-Recognition | 118 | ||
| IV. Second Interim Conclusion | 119 | ||
| D. UN Good Offices | 120 | ||
| I. The Security Council Parameters for a Settlement | 120 | ||
| II. The Annan Plan 2002–2004 | 121 | ||
| 1. The Creation of the United Cyprus Republic | 122 | ||
| 2. The Treatment of Dispossessed Owners | 122 | ||
| 3. The Eligibility of Voters in the Simultaneous, but Separate Referenda | 126 | ||
| III. EU Accession 2004 | 127 | ||
| 1. The Legality of Accession | 127 | ||
| 2. The International Law Dispute on the Direct Trade Regulation | 128 | ||
| IV. The Direct Talks | 129 | ||
| E. Conclusion | 130 | ||
| Jean-Yves de Cara: Case Study on Libya | 133 | ||
| A. Introduction | 133 | ||
| B. The Current Internal Crisis | 139 | ||
| I. The Failure of State Building | 140 | ||
| II. The Internal Chaos | 145 | ||
| 1. The Factors of the Unrest | 146 | ||
| a) The Tribal System | 146 | ||
| b) The Militias | 148 | ||
| 2. The Constitutional Process | 152 | ||
| a) Procedural Aspects | 152 | ||
| b) The Content of the Draft Constitution | 154 | ||
| aa) The Controversial Issues | 154 | ||
| bb) The Intricate Drafting of Some Provisions | 157 | ||
| C. The Current International Crisis | 159 | ||
| I. The Risk of Destabilisation | 160 | ||
| 1. The Diplomatic Approach | 162 | ||
| 2. Military Action | 166 | ||
| 3. Law of the Sea | 170 | ||
| II. The Humanitarian Disaster | 171 | ||
| 1. Humanitarian Issues | 172 | ||
| a) Facts | 172 | ||
| b) Legal Implications | 173 | ||
| 2. Migration | 175 | ||
| D. Conclusion | 177 | ||
| Part III: International Humanitarian Law | 179 | ||
| Marco Sassòli / Yvette Issar: Challenges to International Humanitarian Law | 181 | ||
| A. Introduction | 181 | ||
| B. Successes of International Humanitarian Law | 182 | ||
| I. Substantive Progress | 182 | ||
| II. Development of Implementation Mechanisms | 188 | ||
| C. Substantive Challenges | 191 | ||
| I. Non-challenges Often Seen as Challenges in Public Discussion | 191 | ||
| 1. Drones | 191 | ||
| 2. Terrorism | 192 | ||
| II. IHL of Non-international Armed Conflicts is Different and Less Developed than IHL of International Armed Conflicts | 193 | ||
| III. The Threshold of Application of IHL | 194 | ||
| 1. Over-classification: The “War on Terror” as an Armed Conflict | 194 | ||
| 2. Under-classification: The Frequent Denial that IHL Applies | 196 | ||
| 3. The Minimum Threshold for IHL to Apply (IACs) | 196 | ||
| 4. The Minimum Threshold for IHL to Apply (NIACs) | 197 | ||
| IV. Internationalised and Transnational Armed Conflicts | 197 | ||
| V. The Geographical Scope of Application of IHL | 199 | ||
| VI. The Distinction Between Civilians and Combatants | 200 | ||
| VII. The Admissibility of Targeting and Detaining Enemy Fighters in NIACs | 201 | ||
| VIII. Autonomous Weapon Systems | 202 | ||
| IX. Cyber Warfare | 205 | ||
| D. The Main Challenge: Ensuring Respect of Existing Rules | 207 | ||
| I. IHL-based Implementation Mechanisms Have Not Developed | 208 | ||
| 1. Protecting Powers | 208 | ||
| 2. The International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission | 209 | ||
| 3. The ICRC | 210 | ||
| II. The Need for an Inter-State Mechanism on Compliance | 211 | ||
| III. Limitations of the United Nations | 212 | ||
| IV. Limits of International Criminal Justice | 213 | ||
| V. The Equality of Belligerents Before IHL is Challenged in Discourse and in Reality | 215 | ||
| VI. Difficulties in Obtaining Respect for IHL in Asymmetric Conflicts | 216 | ||
| VII. IHL is Humanitarian, but Some Actors Pursue Inherently Inhumane Goals | 217 | ||
| VIII. Engaging Non-State Armed Groups | 219 | ||
| E. The Challenge of Perception: The Perceived Gap Between the Promises of the Law and Reality is Widening | 223 | ||
| F. How to Produce New, More Adequate Rules and Mechanisms? | 226 | ||
| I. Through Treaties? | 226 | ||
| II. The Revival of Customary Law | 227 | ||
| III. New Forms of Soft Law | 228 | ||
| IV. Scholarly Writings Between Apology and Utopia | 231 | ||
| V. The Increasing Importance of Jurisprudence | 231 | ||
| VI. The Role of Natural Law | 233 | ||
| G. Conclusion | 234 | ||
| Andreas Paulus: UN Missions and the Law of Occupation | 237 | ||
| A. Introduction: The Blurring of Lines Between Peace and Armed Conflict | 237 | ||
| B. Normative Régimes Applicable to the Use of Force in Occupied Territories | 241 | ||
| I. Application of IHL in General | 241 | ||
| II. Occupation | 244 | ||
| 1. International Humanitarian Law I: Occupation Law Stricto Sensu | 245 | ||
| 2. International Humanitarian Law II: Conduct of Hostilities | 247 | ||
| 3. Self-Defence and Jus ad Bellum | 249 | ||
| 4. Human Rights | 250 | ||
| C. “Transformative Occupation” and the Role of UN Forces | 254 | ||
| D. Conclusions: The Interaction of International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law | 256 | ||
| Math Noortmann / Ioannis Chapsos: Private Military and Security Companies: A Transnational Legal Approach | 257 | ||
| A. Introduction | 257 | ||
| B. The PMSC Discourse in International Law: Normativity is the Norm | 260 | ||
| C. PMSCs Beyond the Law Inter Nations, or the Ordering of a New Transnational Security Space | 262 | ||
| D. PMSCs’ Roles: The Complexity of Diversification | 266 | ||
| E. Public Accountability or Private Responsibility; Is That the Question? | 269 | ||
| F. Concluding Thought: Is it Possible that Private Military and Security Companies are Amongst the Good Guys? | 274 | ||
| List of Authors | 277 |