German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht
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Arnauld, A., Odendahl, K. (Eds.) (2016). German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht. Vol. 58 (2015). Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-55061-6
Arnauld, Andreas von and Odendahl, Kerstin. German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 58 (2015). Duncker & Humblot, 2016. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-55061-6
Arnauld, A, Odendahl, K (eds.) (2016): German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 58 (2015), Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-55061-6
Format
German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht
Vol. 58 (2015)
Editors: Arnauld, Andreas von | Odendahl, Kerstin
German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, Vol. 58
(2016)
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About The Author
Prof. Dr. Andreas von Arnauld ist Inhaber des Lehrstuhls für Öffentliches Recht mit Schwerpunkt Völker- und Europarecht an der Universität Kiel und Direktor des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht. Zuvor lehrte er als Professor für Öffentliches Recht, insbesondere Völker- und Europarecht an der Helmut-Schmidt-Universität der Bundeswehr in Hamburg (2007–2012) sowie an der Universität Münster (2012–2013). Seine Forschungsschwerpunkte umfassen das internationale Friedenssicherungsrecht, den Grund- und Menschenrechtsschutz, Rechtsstaatlichkeit (rule of law), rechtswissenschaftliche Grundlagenforschung sowie Recht und Literatur.Prof. Dr. Kerstin von der Decken (geb. Odendahl) ist Inhaberin des Lehrstuhls für Öffentliches Recht mit Schwerpunkt Völkerrecht, Europarecht und Allgemeine Staatslehre an der Universität Kiel sowie Geschäftsführende Direktorin des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht. Davor war sie von 2004 bis 2011 Professorin für Völker- und Europarecht an der Universität St. Gallen, Schweiz. Ihre Forschungsschwerpunkte liegen bei den Grundlagen des Völker- und Europarechts sowie dem internationalen Umwelt,- Kultur- und Sicherheitsrecht.Abstract
The German Yearbook of International Law, founded as the Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, provides an annual report on new developments in international law and is edited by the Walther Schücking Institute for International Law at the Kiel University. Since its inception in 1948, the Yearbook has endeavored to make a significant academic contribution to the ongoing development of international law. Over many decades the Yearbook has moved beyond its origins as a forum for German scholars to publish their research and has become a highly-regarded international forum for innovative scholarship in international law. In 1976, the Yearbook adopted its current title and began to publish contributions written in English in order to reach the largest possible international audience. This editorial decision has enabled the Yearbook to successfully overcome traditional language barriers and inform an international readership about current research in German academic institutions and, at the same time, to present international viewpoints to its German audience. Fully aware of the paramount importance of international practice, the Yearbook publishes contributions from active practitioners of international law on a regular basis. The Yearbook also includes critical comments on German state practice relating to international law, as well as international reactions to that practice.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Table of Contents | 5 | ||
| Forum: The Conflict in Ukraine and the ‘Weakness’ of International Law | 9 | ||
| Christian Marxsen: International Law in Crisis: Russia’s Struggle for Recognition | 11 | ||
| I. Introduction | 11 | ||
| II. Effects on the Jus Contra Bellum | 13 | ||
| A. Russia’s Challenges to International Law | 14 | ||
| 1. Humanitarian Reasons for the Intervention | 14 | ||
| 2. Intervention by Invitation | 16 | ||
| 3. Self-Determination | 18 | ||
| B. States’ Reaction Towards Russian Challenges | 22 | ||
| C. What Are the Effects on International Law? | 24 | ||
| III. The Crisis as a Structural Lack of Recognition | 27 | ||
| A. Russia’s Rhetoric: Russia as Systematically Neglected by Western States | 27 | ||
| B. The Context: Western Violations of the Law | 29 | ||
| C. Russia’s Struggle for Recognition | 34 | ||
| IV. The Elements of Russia’s Struggle for Recognition | 38 | ||
| A. Disrupting Western Hegemony in the International Law Discourse | 38 | ||
| B. Shifting the Arena – Engaging in Hybrid Conflicts | 40 | ||
| C. Superpower Status and Violations of the Law | 45 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 46 | ||
| Focus: Cyber-Security Beyond the Military Perspective | 49 | ||
| Martin Ney / Andreas Zimmermann: Cyber-Security Beyond the Military Perspective: International Law, ‘Cyberspace’, and the Concept of Due Diligence | 51 | ||
| I. Introduction | 51 | ||
| II. Cyberspace and General International Law | 52 | ||
| III. Notion of ‘Cyberspace’ and its Legal (Ir)relevance | 54 | ||
| IV. Challenges for International Law in Cyberspace | 55 | ||
| V. Cyberspace, the Prohibition of the Use of Force, and Jus in Bello | 56 | ||
| VI. Cyberspace, Human Rights, and Data Protection: The Need to Develop Appropriate Legal Standards | 58 | ||
| VII. Cyberspace Governance: Which Way Forward? | 60 | ||
| VIII. Cyberspace and Inter-State Due Diligence Obligations | 61 | ||
| IX. Structure and Content of the Focus Section | 65 | ||
| X. Outlook | 66 | ||
| Christian Walter: Obligations of States Before, During, and After a Cyber Security Incident | 67 | ||
| I. Introduction | 67 | ||
| II. General Assumptions | 68 | ||
| A. Concerning the Role of States | 68 | ||
| B. Concerning the Term ‘Cyber Security Incident’ | 69 | ||
| C. The CoE Convention on Cybercrime (Budapest Convention) | 70 | ||
| III. General Obligations of Prevention | 71 | ||
| A. Principle of Non-Intervention | 71 | ||
| B. No-Harm Principle | 73 | ||
| C. Precautionary Principle | 76 | ||
| D. Summary Regarding Prevention | 78 | ||
| IV. Procedural Obligations of Cooperation and Information (During and After a Cyber Security Incident) | 78 | ||
| A. Good Neighbourliness as a General Source | 78 | ||
| B. Emergency Information | 80 | ||
| C. Information, Consultation, and Notification Beyond Emergency Situations | 80 | ||
| D. Cooperation in Investigation and Prosecution | 82 | ||
| 1. The General Framework for International Criminal Cooperation | 83 | ||
| 2. Obligations Contained in the Budapest Convention | 83 | ||
| 3. Transposing Obligations of Investigation Developed in International Human Rights Adjudication | 84 | ||
| 4. Transborder Access to Data | 84 | ||
| V. Overall Assessment | 85 | ||
| Oliver Dörr: Obligations of the State of Origin of a Cyber Security Incident | 87 | ||
| I. Introduction | 87 | ||
| II. The Indicatory Function of the Budapest Convention | 88 | ||
| III. Obligation to Refrain from Computer Attacks | 89 | ||
| IV. Obligation to Prevent Computer Attacks | 91 | ||
| A. Duties to Prevent in International Law | 91 | ||
| B. The Standard of Due Diligence | 94 | ||
| C. Consequences of a Breach of Due Diligence | 96 | ||
| V. Obligation to Co-Operate with Other States | 96 | ||
| VI. Summary | 98 | ||
| August Reinisch / Markus Beham: Mitigating Risks: Inter-State Due Diligence Obligations in Case of Harmful Cyber Incidents and Malicious Cyber Activity – Obligations of the Transit State | 101 | ||
| I. Introduction | 101 | ||
| II. The Concept of the ‘Transit State’ | 103 | ||
| III. Primary Obligations | 104 | ||
| A. The No Harm Principle | 104 | ||
| 1. Environmental Law | 104 | ||
| 2. Conflict-Related No Harm Rules | 106 | ||
| B. Neutrality Rules | 108 | ||
| IV. State Responsibility | 110 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 111 | ||
| Robert Kolb: Reflections on Due Diligence Duties and Cyberspace | 113 | ||
| I. Introduction | 113 | ||
| II. The Notion of Due Diligence | 114 | ||
| A. Historical Roots | 114 | ||
| B. Standard of Care | 115 | ||
| C. Definition of Due Diligence | 116 | ||
| D. Elements of Due Diligence | 117 | ||
| III. Due Diligence and Cyberspace | 118 | ||
| A. General Aspects | 118 | ||
| B. Delimitations | 119 | ||
| C. General Issues with Due Diligence in the Cyber Context | 120 | ||
| D. Specific Issues with Due Diligence in Cyberspace | 126 | ||
| IV. Conclusion | 127 | ||
| Jutta Brunnée / Tamar Meshel: Teaching an Old Law New Tricks: International Environmental Law Lessons for Cyberspace Governance | 129 | ||
| I. Introduction | 129 | ||
| II. The No Harm Rule and Related Principles | 133 | ||
| A. Harm Prevention and Due Diligence | 135 | ||
| 1. International Environmental Law and Norm Evolution in International Cyberspace Law | 135 | ||
| 2. Areas of Controversy | 140 | ||
| B. Procedural Obligations | 144 | ||
| C. Precaution | 147 | ||
| III. Cyberspace as a Global Commons or a Shared Resource? | 152 | ||
| IV. Institutional Frameworks | 155 | ||
| A. International Environmental Governance | 156 | ||
| B. International Cyberspace Governance | 158 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 167 | ||
| Matthias Herdegen: Possible Legal Framework and Regulatory Models for Cyberspace: Due Diligence Obligations and Institutional Models for Enhanced Inter-State Cooperation | 169 | ||
| I. Different Threats to Cyber Security | 170 | ||
| II. Responsibility for Wrongful Acts Attributable to States | 171 | ||
| A. Primary Norms Related to Cyber Security | 171 | ||
| B. Attribution and State Responsibility | 172 | ||
| 1. Actions of State Organs | 172 | ||
| 2. Actions by Private Persons and Non-Governmental Entities:Control by the State | 172 | ||
| III. Due Diligence and Cyber Security | 174 | ||
| A. Prevention of Transboundary Harm – Conceptual Basis | 174 | ||
| 1. Respect for the Environment of Other States and for International Common Goods | 174 | ||
| 2. Prevention of Acts Aimed at Transboundary Harm | 178 | ||
| 3. Freedom of Communication | 179 | ||
| 4. Responsibility for Shared Resources | 179 | ||
| B. Significance of Due Diligence | 180 | ||
| 1. Obligation to Take Appropriate Measures | 180 | ||
| 2. Commensurability with the Risk to be Averted | 181 | ||
| 3. Vigilance and Prevention | 182 | ||
| 4. Exchange of Information and Warning | 182 | ||
| IV. Regulatory Approaches | 183 | ||
| A. Layers of Responsibility | 183 | ||
| 1. Private Actors Including Service Providers | 183 | ||
| 2. Responsibility of States of Origin of Cyber Threats | 183 | ||
| 3. Due Diligence of Corporate Targets | 184 | ||
| B. Form of Regulation | 184 | ||
| C. Institutional Framework | 184 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 184 | ||
| General Articles | 187 | ||
| Eckart Klein / David Kretzmer: The UN Human Rights Committee: The General Comments – The Evolution of an Autonomous Monitoring Instrument | 189 | ||
| I. Introductory Remarks | 190 | ||
| A. Emancipation from the Reporting System | 190 | ||
| B. A Short Overview of General Comments | 192 | ||
| C. Intention of this Article | 193 | ||
| II. Purposes and Functions of General Comments | 195 | ||
| A. General Remarks | 195 | ||
| B. Specific Purposes | 196 | ||
| III. The Elements of the Successful Evolution of the General Comments | 202 | ||
| A. The Issue of Competence | 202 | ||
| B. The Legal Nature of General Comments | 204 | ||
| 1. No Legally Binding Force | 204 | ||
| 2. Authoritative Interpretation | 205 | ||
| C. Selection of Topics | 210 | ||
| D. References Used in General Comments | 212 | ||
| 1. Previous Experience | 212 | ||
| a) Concluding Observations | 212 | ||
| b) Views and Decisions | 213 | ||
| c) General Comments | 215 | ||
| d) Rules of Procedure | 215 | ||
| 2. Reference to Outside Information and Materials | 216 | ||
| E. Format and Procedure | 219 | ||
| 1. Comprehensiveness, Precision, Readability | 219 | ||
| 2. Interpretive Methods | 222 | ||
| 3. Procedural Issues | 223 | ||
| IV. Actual Achievements | 226 | ||
| A. States | 226 | ||
| B. NGOs and National Human Rights Institutions | 226 | ||
| C. Human Rights Committee | 227 | ||
| V. General Appraisal and Conclusions | 227 | ||
| Alex G. Oude Elferink: International Law and Negotiated and Adjudicated Maritime Boundaries: A Complex Relationship | 231 | ||
| I. Introduction | 232 | ||
| II. The Role of Negotiations and the Judiciary in Settling Maritime Boundaries | 233 | ||
| A. Clauses Contained in Multilateral Conventions | 233 | ||
| B. Incidence of Negotiations and Adjudication | 235 | ||
| C. Perceived Advantages of Negotiations | 237 | ||
| D. The Complementarity of Negotiations and Adjudication | 239 | ||
| E. Disagreement about Submission to Adjudication | 242 | ||
| III. The Role of International Law in Negotiations and Adjudication | 246 | ||
| A. Negotiations and International Law | 246 | ||
| B. The Case Law and International Law | 250 | ||
| IV. Conclusions | 259 | ||
| Harald Kleinschmidt: Decolonisation, State Succession, and a Formal Problem of International Public Law | 265 | ||
| I. Decolonisation as State Succession and the European Public Law of Treaties Among States | 266 | ||
| II. Theories of State Succession | 274 | ||
| A. The Concept of Inheritance | 274 | ||
| B. 19th-Century International Legal Theory on Pre-Colonial States | 279 | ||
| C. African Attitudes Towards Treaty Law | 283 | ||
| D. Post-World War II Theorists and the Legacy of 19th-Century Legal Theory | 288 | ||
| E. The Rejection of Treaty Devolution | 292 | ||
| III. Decolonisation as State Succession and Pre-Colonial States | 297 | ||
| IV. Buganda and Bonny as Examples of Thwarted Restitution of Pre-Colonial States | 305 | ||
| A. Buganda | 305 | ||
| B. Bonny | 311 | ||
| V. The Post-Colonial Newly Independent States and the Burden of Decolonisation Orchestrated as State Succession | 313 | ||
| Marco Longobardo: The Palestinian Right to Exploit the Dead Sea Coastline for Tourism | 317 | ||
| I. Introduction | 318 | ||
| II. The Situation of the Dead Sea Coastlines: An Overview | 319 | ||
| III. The Law of Belligerent Occupation as the Principal Relevant Legal Framework | 323 | ||
| A. Positive Obligation of the Occupying Power to Encourage the Economic Development of the Occupied Territory | 323 | ||
| B. Assessing Israeli Denials of Access to Palestinian Investors to the Dead Sea Coastline Under International Humanitarian Law | 330 | ||
| C. The Norms Regarding the Exploitation of Natural Resources Under Belligerent Occupation and the Development of Tourism on the Palestinian Dead Sea Coast | 334 | ||
| D. Brief Remarks on the Impact of International Human Rights Law on the Palestinian Access to the Dead Sea Shore | 336 | ||
| E. Partial Conclusion on the Impact of the Law on Belligerent Occupation on the Palestinian Access to the Dead Sea Coastline | 337 | ||
| IV. The Principles of Self-Determination of Peoples and Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources Applied to Palestinian Access to the Dead Sea Coastline | 338 | ||
| A. Self-Determination of Peoples and Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources in the Palestinian Context | 338 | ||
| B. The Application of the Principles of Self-Determination and Permanent Sovereignty During Belligerent Occupation | 343 | ||
| C. Partial Conclusion on the Palestinian Self-Determination and Sovereignty over Natural Resources Related to the Access to the Dead Sea Coastline | 346 | ||
| V. The Relevant Treaty Provisions of the Oslo Accords | 347 | ||
| VI. Concluding Remarks on the Legal Consequences of the Israeli Policy and the Available Remedies | 349 | ||
| Fenghua Li: Safeguarding State Sovereignty: The Relevance of Post-Award Remedies in ICSID and Non-ICSID Arbitration | 353 | ||
| I. Introduction | 353 | ||
| II. The Inconsistency of Review | 358 | ||
| A. The Non-Uniformity of Standard in ICSID Annulment Proceedings | 358 | ||
| B. The Uncertainty of Standard in Non-ICSID Arbitration | 360 | ||
| III. The Rigorousness of Review | 362 | ||
| A. The Discretion in Ruling on Annulment | 362 | ||
| B. The Degree of Rigorousness | 364 | ||
| IV. Review on the Merit | 368 | ||
| V. The Implication for Sovereign Choice | 373 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 377 | ||
| Laura Salvadego: Witness Protection and Inter-State Cooperation: Current and Emerging Challenges in the Fight Against Transnational Organised Crime | 379 | ||
| I. Introduction | 379 | ||
| II. The ‘Statute’ of Protected Witness in International Law | 383 | ||
| III. Witness Protection and the Fair Trial Principle | 388 | ||
| IV. The Joint Implementation of Procedural Protection Measures | 395 | ||
| V. Non-Procedural Protection Measures: Witness Protection Programmes and Relocation Abroad | 400 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 406 | ||
| German Practice | 411 | ||
| Elisa Oezbek: Strengthening the Human Rights Council: The 2015 Presidency of German Ambassador Joachim Rücker | 413 | ||
| I. Introduction | 413 | ||
| II. The Human Rights Council | 414 | ||
| III. The Human Rights Council Before Its 10th Cycle: Achievements and Challenges | 417 | ||
| A. First Challenge: Membership | 418 | ||
| B. Second Challenge: Relationship Between Geneva and New York | 420 | ||
| C. Third Challenge: Efficiency and Functionality | 421 | ||
| IV. The German Presidency 2015 | 423 | ||
| A. Membership | 424 | ||
| B. Civil Society Participation | 424 | ||
| C. Bridging the Institutional Gap Between New York and Geneva | 425 | ||
| D. Efficiency | 426 | ||
| E. The Council’s Institutional Responsiveness | 427 | ||
| F. Effectiveness | 428 | ||
| Hendrik Selle: Confronting the Destruction of Cultural Heritage Used as a Tactic of War: A German-Iraqi Initiative in the UN General Assembly | 431 | ||
| I. Three Thousand Years of History, Gone in a Single Day | 431 | ||
| II. International Response | 433 | ||
| III. The General Assembly Initiative | 435 | ||
| IV. Conceiving a Text | 436 | ||
| V. Negotiations and Adoption | 437 | ||
| VI. Follow-Up | 440 | ||
| Stephanie Schlickewei: The Deployment of the German Armed Forces to the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) | 443 | ||
| I. Introduction | 443 | ||
| II. (Initial) Situation in Mali | 445 | ||
| III. United Nations Reaction | 448 | ||
| IV. Legal Assessment of Germany’s Contribution to the UN Mission in Mali | 453 | ||
| A. Procedural Aspects | 453 | ||
| B. Substantive Aspects | 458 | ||
| V. Evaluation and Prospects | 461 | ||
| Henning Büttner / Marvin Schwope: The Aftermath of Prism: The International Legal Framework for Surveillance and the Radius of Operation for German Intelligence Agencies from a Human Rights Perspective | 465 | ||
| I. Introduction | 465 | ||
| II. Surveillance and its Implications on the Right to Privacy | 466 | ||
| A. The Legal Framework of the Right to Privacy | 466 | ||
| B. Extraterritorial Application of the Right to Privacy | 467 | ||
| C. The Scope of the Right to Privacy Concerning Surveillance Measures | 469 | ||
| III. The NSA Surveillance | 469 | ||
| A. The Factual Background of the US Surveillance on German Citizens | 469 | ||
| B. The NSA Surveillance: Violation of the Right to Privacy? | 470 | ||
| 1. The Extraterritorial Obligation of the USA to Respect the Right to Privacy | 470 | ||
| 2. US Surveillance: Interference with and Violation of the Right to Privacy? | 471 | ||
| C. US Espionage on German Officials | 473 | ||
| IV. The BND Surveillance | 474 | ||
| A. The G10 and German Mass Surveillance | 474 | ||
| B. The Transmission of Personal Data to the NSA | 476 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 478 | ||
| Sarah Bothe / Charlotte Gaschke: Germany’s Proposal of a ‘Grexit auf Zeit’ | 481 | ||
| I. Introduction | 481 | ||
| II. The German Proposal of a ‘Grexit auf Zeit’ | 483 | ||
| III. Legal Options for Leaving (and Re-entering) the Eurozone | 486 | ||
| A. Applicability of Public International Law? | 487 | ||
| B. Voluntary Exit (and Re-entry) | 490 | ||
| 1. Unilateral Right to Leave (and Re-enter) the Eurozone | 490 | ||
| a) Direct Applicability of Article 50 TEU | 490 | ||
| b) Indirect Applicability of Article 50 TEU | 493 | ||
| c) Application of Article 2 (1) TFEU | 495 | ||
| d) Application of Article 62 VCLT | 496 | ||
| 2. Consented Exit from (and Re-entry into) the Eurozone | 497 | ||
| C. (Temporary) Expulsion from the Eurozone | 498 | ||
| 1. Annulment of Council Decision | 498 | ||
| 2. Suspension of Rights | 499 | ||
| a) Suspension Under the TEU | 499 | ||
| b) Suspension of Rights Under Article 60 VCLT | 499 | ||
| IV. Conclusion | 501 | ||
| Jens T. Theilen: Towards Acceptance of Religious Pluralism: The Federal Constitutional Court’s Second Judgment on Muslim Teachers Wearing Headscarves | 503 | ||
| I. Introduction: Uneasy Religious Pluralism | 503 | ||
| II. The Backstory in Germany | 505 | ||
| III. The Federal Constitutional Court’s Second Judgment on Teachers Wearing Headscarves | 508 | ||
| IV. Analysis of the Judgment’s Main Issues | 511 | ||
| A. The Distinction Between Civil Servants and Public Administration | 511 | ||
| B. Grounds for Restricting Religious Freedom: What (Level of) Danger? | 513 | ||
| C. Discrimination, Intersectionality, and Quandaries | 515 | ||
| V. A Step Back: European Union Law | 517 | ||
| VI. Conclusion: What Changes? | 519 | ||
| Book Reviews | 521 | ||
| Amal Alamuddin/Nidal Nabil Jurdi/David Tolbert (eds.): The Special Tribunal for Lebanon: Law and Practice (Schabas) | 523 | ||
| Aharon Barak: Human Dignity: The Constitutional Value and the Constitutional Right (Roeder) | 526 | ||
| Majorie Cohn (ed.): Drones and Targeted Killing: Legal, Moral, and Geopolitical Issues (Nelson) | 528 | ||
| Richard K. Gardiner: Treaty Interpretation (Dörr) | 531 | ||
| Lauri Mälksoo: Russian Approaches to International Law (Morris) | 533 | ||
| Marko Milanovic/Michael Wood (eds.): The Law and Politics of the Kosovo Advisory Opinion (Hipold) | 537 | ||
| Jens David Ohlen/Kevin Govern/Claire Finkelstein (eds.): Cyberwar: Law and Ethics for Virtual Conflicts (Stadlmeier) | 542 | ||
| Donald R. Rothwell/Alex G. Oude Elferink/Karen N. Scott/Tim Stephens (eds.): The Oxford Handbook of the Law of the Sea (Haake) | 545 | ||
| Carsten Stahn (ed.): The Law and Practice of the International Criminal Court (Krzan) | 548 | ||
| Neil Walker: Intimations of Global Law (Wackernagel) | 550 | ||
| Gerhard Werle/Lovell Fernandez/Moritz Vormbaum (eds.): Africa and the International Criminal Court (Krzan) | 554 | ||
| Books Received | 557 |