Law of the Sea at the Crossroads: The Continuing Search for a Universally Accepted Régime
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Wolfrum, R. (Ed.) (1991). Law of the Sea at the Crossroads: The Continuing Search for a Universally Accepted Régime. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium of the Kiel Institute of International Law July 10 to 14, 1990. Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-47240-6
Wolfrum, Rüdiger. Law of the Sea at the Crossroads: The Continuing Search for a Universally Accepted Régime: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium of the Kiel Institute of International Law July 10 to 14, 1990. Duncker & Humblot, 1991. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-47240-6
Wolfrum, R (ed.) (1991): Law of the Sea at the Crossroads: The Continuing Search for a Universally Accepted Régime: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium of the Kiel Institute of International Law July 10 to 14, 1990, Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-47240-6
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Law of the Sea at the Crossroads: The Continuing Search for a Universally Accepted Régime
Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium of the Kiel Institute of International Law July 10 to 14, 1990
Editors: Wolfrum, Rüdiger
Veröffentlichungen des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel, Vol. 113
(1991)
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Die »Veröffentlichungen des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel« sind eine 1918 unter dem Namen »Aus dem Institut für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel« gegründete Schriftenreihe des ältesten universitären Völkerrechtsinstituts im deutschsprachigen Raum. Sie werden in der Nachfolge von Prof. Dr. Jost Delbrück herausgegeben. In ihr werden zum einen Habilitationsschriften von Institutsangehörigen und hervorragende Dissertationen, die von den Direktorinnen und Direktoren des Instituts betreut oder begutachtet wurden, veröffentlicht. Zum anderen erscheinen in der Schriftenreihe die Tagungsbände der vom Institut ausgerichteten internationalen Symposien und Workshops sowie die Sammelbände zu den jedes Jahr veranstalteten Ringvorlesungen des Instituts. Schließlich finden sonstige Monographien von Institutsangehörigen oder von mit dem Institut verbundenen Wissenschaftlern Aufnahme.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Foreword | 5 | ||
| Contents | 7 | ||
| Abbreviations | 10 | ||
| Michael Müller-Wille: Address | 13 | ||
| Franz Froschmaier: Address | 15 | ||
| Rüdiger Wolfrum: Address | 18 | ||
| José Luis Jesus: Statement on the Issue of the Universality of the Convention | 21 | ||
| I. Introduction | 21 | ||
| II. Unilateral Activities of States | 22 | ||
| III. The Framework of Negotiations | 24 | ||
| IV. Questions to Be Considered | 26 | ||
| 1. Entry into Force of Amendments to Part Xl | 27 | ||
| 2. Decision-making | 27 | ||
| 3. Representation and Seats in Permanence | 28 | ||
| 4. The Costs of lnstitutional Arrangements | 29 | ||
| V. The Issue of Timing | 30 | ||
| L. D. M. Nelson: The Preparatory Commission for the International Sea-Bed Authority and for the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: An Evaluation | 31 | ||
| I. Introduction | 31 | ||
| II. Membership and Participation | 31 | ||
| III. Structure | 32 | ||
| IV. The Progress of Work | 32 | ||
| 1. The Implementation of Resolution II | 32 | ||
| 2. The Preparation of Draft Agreements, Regulations and Rules of Procedures for the Authority | 37 | ||
| 3. The Protection of the Interests of Developing Land-based Producer States (Special Commission 1) | 38 | ||
| 4. The Enterprise (Special Commission 2) | 38 | ||
| 5. The Drafting of the Mining Code (Special Commission 3) | 39 | ||
| 6. The Tribunal (Special Commission 4) | 39 | ||
| V. The Preparatory Commission and the Convention on the Law of the Sea | 40 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 44 | ||
| Cristian Maquieira: Statement on the Implementation of Resolution II of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea by the Preparatory Commission for the International Sea-Bed Authority | 45 | ||
| Rüdiger Wolfrum: Decision-making in the Council: An Assessment and Comparison | 59 | ||
| I. Introduction | 59 | ||
| II. Composition and Decision-making in the Council according to Article 161 | 61 | ||
| 1. Composition | 61 | ||
| 2. Voting System | 65 | ||
| III. Assessment and Conclusion | 70 | ||
| 1. Evaluation and Assessment | 70 | ||
| 2. Suggestions | 72 | ||
| Discussion | 75 | ||
| Hjalmar Thiel: Environmental Impact Resulting from Deep Sea-Bed Mining and Risk Assessment | 87 | ||
| I. The Precautionary Principle | 87 | ||
| II. The General Problem: Mass Transport | 88 | ||
| III. Mining Impacts | 88 | ||
| 1. Surface Water Impacts | 89 | ||
| 2. Deep Water Impacts | 90 | ||
| a) Disturbance from Nodule Collection | 90 | ||
| b) Disturbance from Nodule Transport | 91 | ||
| 3. Precautionary Decisions | 92 | ||
| IV. Precautionary Investigations | 93 | ||
| 1. Research Demands | 93 | ||
| 2. The DISCOL Project | 94 | ||
| V. Precautionary Legislation | 95 | ||
| VI. Precautionary Articulation | 95 | ||
| Literature | 96 | ||
| Discussion | 97 | ||
| Barbara Kwiatkowska/Etty R. Agoes: Archipelagic Waters: An Assessment of National Legislation | 107 | ||
| I. Introduction | 107 | ||
| II. State Practice | 108 | ||
| 1. Conforming Practice of Archipelagic States Not Using Archipelagic Baselines and Not Claiming Archipelagic Waters | 108 | ||
| 2. Conforming Practice Concerning Non-Self-Governing Archipelagic Territories | 110 | ||
| 3. Non-Conforming Practice Concerning Non-State Archipelagos | 112 | ||
| 4. Archipelagic States Conforming to the Rules on Archipelagic Baselines and Archipelagic Waters | 113 | ||
| 5. Archipelagic States Conforming to the Rules on Archipelagic Waters but Not Determining Archipelagic Baselines | 119 | ||
| 6. Archipelagic States Presumably Conforming to the Rules on Archipelagic Baselines anti Archipelagic Waters | 119 | ||
| 7. Archipelagic States Presumably Conformingto the Rules on Archipelagic Waters but Not Conformingto those on Archipelagic Baselines | 120 | ||
| 8. The Case of the Philippines | 122 | ||
| 9. The Case of Indonesia | 130 | ||
| III. Evaluation | 137 | ||
| 1. Definition of Archipelagic State and Construction of Archipelagic Baselines | 137 | ||
| 2. The Nature of the Archipelagic State's Competence | 138 | ||
| 3. Right of Innocent Passage | 139 | ||
| 4. Right of Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage and Archipelagic Straits | 140 | ||
| 5. Navigational Rights of Third States - The Essence of Controversy | 146 | ||
| Discussion | 152 | ||
| Günther Jaenicke: Joint Ventures for Sea-Bed Activities: A Viable Alternative | 165 | ||
| Discussion | 174 | ||
| Klaus Dicke: Deciding upon the Budget of the United Nations: A Comparison | 189 | ||
| I. Introduction | 189 | ||
| II. The Variable "Budget" | 192 | ||
| 1. Objective-of-Expenditure Budgets | 192 | ||
| 2. Programme Budgets | 195 | ||
| III. The Variable "Deciding upon" | 198 | ||
| IV. Just and Fair? A Comparative Assessment | 202 | ||
| V. Budgeting the International Sea-Bed Authority | 203 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 208 | ||
| Budget of the International Sea-Bed Authority – The Provisions of the Law of the Sea Convention: An Assessment. United Nations Office for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea | 213 | ||
| I. Introduction | 213 | ||
| II. Budgetary Provisions of the Three Organizations | 216 | ||
| 1. Budgetary Provisions of the United Nations | 216 | ||
| 2. Budgetary Provisions of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea | 216 | ||
| 3. Budgetary Provisions of the International Sea-Bed Authority | 216 | ||
| III. Functions of the Various Organs of the Authority | 217 | ||
| 1. The Assembly and the Council | 218 | ||
| 2. Organs of the Council | 218 | ||
| 3. The Proposed Finance Committee | 219 | ||
| 4. The Enterprise | 219 | ||
| 5. Tasks of the Secretariat Flowing from the Functions of the Organs of the Authority | 219 | ||
| IV. Factors That Would Influence the Initial Set-up of the Secretariat of the Authority | 219 | ||
| 1. Status of Resource-related Activities and Prospects for Commercial Exploitation | 220 | ||
| 2. Impact of Projected Nodule-related Activities on the Work of the Authority | 221 | ||
| 3. Impact of the Work of the Preparatory Commissionon the Initial Work Load of the Authority | 222 | ||
| V. Approaches to the Budget of the Authority | 223 | ||
| 1. Evolutionary Approach | 223 | ||
| a) The Initial Secretariat Set-up | 223 | ||
| b) The Initial Enterprise Set-up | 224 | ||
| 2. Strategies for a Cost-Effective Initial Secretariat Set-up | 225 | ||
| a) Staff Costs | 225 | ||
| aa) Staff for Conference Servicing | 225 | ||
| bb) Administration and Management Staff | 226 | ||
| cc) Substantive Technical Staff | 226 | ||
| dd) Use of Short-Term Staff/Consultants/Groups of Experts | 228 | ||
| b) Other Items of Expenditure | 228 | ||
| c) Non-Recurrent One-Time Expenditures | 228 | ||
| d) Cost-Sharing | 229 | ||
| aa) The Authority and Enterprise | 229 | ||
| bb) The Authority and Other International Organizations | 229 | ||
| cc) The Authority and the UN | 229 | ||
| 3. Transitional Arrangements | 229 | ||
| VI. Financial Implications for the States Parties | 230 | ||
| Discussion | 236 | ||
| Klaus Brockhoff: The Production Regulation of the Law of the Sea Convention: An Assessment and Alternatives | 251 | ||
| I. The Essence of the Law of the Sea Regulations | 251 | ||
| II. An Assessment | 254 | ||
| 1. Technical Problems | 254 | ||
| 2. Political Implications | 256 | ||
| 3. Market Implications | 257 | ||
| 4. Results | 259 | ||
| III. Alternatives | 259 | ||
| 1. The Enterprise as the Only Producer | 259 | ||
| 2. The Enterprise as a Buffer Stock Manager | 260 | ||
| 3. Auctions | 261 | ||
| Denis Tytgat: The Economic Adjustment System under Lomé, World Bank and Others: A Comparison | 263 | ||
| I. Introduction | 263 | ||
| II. SYSMIN | 263 | ||
| III. Structural Adjustment Support in Lomé IV | 266 | ||
| IV. World Bank | 266 | ||
| V. Regional Development Banks | 267 | ||
| VI. Common Fund | 267 | ||
| VII. Conclusion | 268 | ||
| Discussion | 269 | ||
| Pedro Roffe: Technology Issues in the International Agenda: A Review of Two Decades of Multilateral Deliberations in the United Nations and GATT | 285 | ||
| I. Introduction | 285 | ||
| II. The General Background | 286 | ||
| 1. The Decade of the Seventies | 287 | ||
| 2. The Eighties | 290 | ||
| a) Technology as a Major Factor in International Competitiveness | 290 | ||
| b) Immediate Antecedents to the Multilateral Agenda of the 1980s | 291 | ||
| III. The Aspirations of the Developing Countries | 294 | ||
| 1. The Revision of the Paris Convention | 296 | ||
| a) Inventors' Certificates | 297 | ||
| b) Article 5A of the Paris Convention | 298 | ||
| 2. An International Code of Conduct on the Transfer of Technology | 299 | ||
| IV. The New Agenda of the Decade of the Eighties | 300 | ||
| 1. Intellectual Property and the Multilateral Trade Negotiations | 301 | ||
| 2. The lssues | 302 | ||
| 3. Main Proposals by lndustrialized Countries | 303 | ||
| 4. Proposals by Developing Countries | 306 | ||
| V. The Seventies and the Eighties: Two Agendas in Perspective | 307 | ||
| 1. The Different Settings: the 1970s and the 1980s | 307 | ||
| 2. The Basic Premises of the Intellectual Property System and Its Evolution | 309 | ||
| VI. Conclusions | 312 | ||
| Discussion | 315 | ||
| Hans-Joachim Kiderlen: The Review Provisions of the UN Law of the Sea Convention and the Powers of the Review Conference | 319 | ||
| Discussion | 327 | ||
| Tullio Treves: Deep Sea-Bed Mining: The Practice of the Pioneer Investors | 331 | ||
| I. The Pioneer Investors: a Multi-Faceted Group | 331 | ||
| II. The Background: the Different Positions on the Lawfulness of Unilateral Exploitation of the Deep Sea-Bed | 333 | ||
| III. Resolution II and the Need to Eliminate Overlapping between Pioneer Mining Sites | 335 | ||
| IV. The Elimination of Overlapping amongst Western Consortia and Enterprises Belonging to States Applying for Registered Pioneer Status | 336 | ||
| V. The Interests of the "Potential Applicants" | 338 | ||
| VI. The Elimination of Overlapping between the Soviet Enterprise and the Four Western Consortia: the "Midnight Agreement" | 339 | ||
| VII. The Registration of the Indian, French, Japanese and Soviet Enterprises | 340 | ||
| VIII. The Importance of Certain Obligations in the "Midnight Agreement" for Future Developments | 341 | ||
| IX. Trends of Practice after the Registration of Pioneer Investors | 342 | ||
| X. The Obligations of Registered Pioneer Investors under the Test of the Realities of the Present Situation | 342 | ||
| XI. The Universality of the 1982 Conventionas a Commonly Shared Objective | 344 | ||
| XII. Conclusions Drawn from Practice | 345 | ||
| XIII. Prospects for the Future | 347 | ||
| Francisco Orrego Vicuña: State Practice and National Legislation Relating to the Exclusive Economic Zone, the Continental Shelf and Straits Used for International Navigation: Basic Trends | 351 | ||
| I. Trends Relating to the Exclusive Economic Zone | 351 | ||
| 1. Conceptual Content of the Claims | 352 | ||
| 2. Trends Regarding the Rights and Duties of Third States | 354 | ||
| 3. Régime of Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources | 355 | ||
| 4. Declarations of States and Other Functions of Interpretation | 358 | ||
| 5. Evaluation of the Exclusive Economic Zone in the Light of National Legislation and Practice | 359 | ||
| II. Issues and Trends Relating to the Continental Shelf Régime | 360 | ||
| 1. The Integration of the Continental Shelf and Exclusive Economic Zone Régimes | 361 | ||
| 2. The Outer Limit of the Continental Shelf | 361 | ||
| 3. Specialized Legislation on the Continental Shelf | 365 | ||
| 4. Evaluation of Continental Shelf Trends | 366 | ||
| III. Straits Used for International Navigation: the Continuing Uncertainty | 367 | ||
| 1. Divergent Practice as to Innocent Passage in General | 367 | ||
| 2. The Practice Relating to Transit Passage and Freedom of Navigation | 368 | ||
| Wolf Plesmann/Volker Röben: Marine Scientific Research: State Practice versus Law of the Sea? | 373 | ||
| I. Introduction | 373 | ||
| II. Provisions of the Convention | 375 | ||
| III. State Practice | 376 | ||
| 1. Preparation of a Research Cruise | 376 | ||
| 2. RV Meteor | 377 | ||
| 3. RV Meteor/Brazil | 382 | ||
| 4. RV Poseidon | 384 | ||
| 5. RV Sonne | 384 | ||
| IV. Analysis | 385 | ||
| 1. Legal Analysis | 385 | ||
| 2. Factual Analysis and Proposals | 389 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 390 | ||
| Discussion | 393 | ||
| Olivier Jalbert: Straddling Stocks, Protection of the Environment and Drug Control: Unsolved Problems of Coastal States’ Powers and Obligations | 411 | ||
| I. Introduction | 411 | ||
| II. Straddling Stocks | 411 | ||
| III. Applicable International Law | 412 | ||
| IV. Regional Organizations: NAFO | 413 | ||
| V. International Co-operation on Enforcement | 415 | ||
| VI. Protection of the Environment | 415 | ||
| VII. The Intervention Convention | 416 | ||
| VIII. Dumping | 417 | ||
| IX. Basel Convention | 418 | ||
| X. Drug Control | 418 | ||
| XI. Conclusion | 419 | ||
| Discussion | 420 | ||
| J. Enno Harders: Deep Sea-Bed Mining and the Protection of the Environment: Developments in Pollution Control, Responsibility and Liability | 431 | ||
| I. Law of the Sea Convention | 432 | ||
| 1. The Substantive Law of the Convention | 432 | ||
| 2. Enforcement of the Convention's Provisions | 433 | ||
| II. Deep Sea-Bed Mining Code | 435 | ||
| 1. Scope of Application | 436 | ||
| a) Definition of Pollution | 436 | ||
| b) Material Scope of the Definition of Pollution | 438 | ||
| 2. Environmental Reference Zones | 439 | ||
| 3. Marine Pollution Control Measures Taken by the Operator | 440 | ||
| 4. Enforcement of the Draft Provisions | 441 | ||
| a) Enforcement by the Authority | 441 | ||
| b) Enforcement by the States | 444 | ||
| 5. Liability Provisions of the Draft | 445 | ||
| a) Responsibility and Liability of the Contractor | 445 | ||
| b) Responsibility and Liability of the Sponsoring State | 448 | ||
| c) Unlimited Liability without Fund for Compensation | 449 | ||
| III. Conclusion | 452 | ||
| TUSCH Research Group, Germany: Research Perspectives on Protecting the Marine Environment during Deep-Sea Mining | 455 | ||
| I. Introduction and Objectives | 455 | ||
| ll. Deep-Sea Mining | 457 | ||
| 1. Manganese Nodules | 457 | ||
| a) General Aspects | 457 | ||
| b) Ferromanganese Nodule Mining and Environmental Impact | 459 | ||
| 2. Metalliferous Muds | 461 | ||
| a) General Aspects | 461 | ||
| b) Mining of Metalliferous Muds and Environmental Impact | 462 | ||
| 3. Manganese Crusts | 463 | ||
| a) General Aspects | 463 | ||
| b) Mining of Manganese Crusts and Environmental Impact | 463 | ||
| 4. Massive Sulfides | 464 | ||
| a) General Aspects | 464 | ||
| b) Mining of Massive Sulfides and Environmental Impact | 464 | ||
| 5. Phosphorites | 465 | ||
| a) General Aspects | 465 | ||
| b) Mining of Phosphorites and Environmental Impact | 465 | ||
| III. Research Topics | 466 | ||
| 1. Seafloor Boundary Layer | 466 | ||
| 2. Chemical Environment of the Seawater/Sediment lnterface | 467 | ||
| 3. Benthic Communities | 469 | ||
| 4. Suspended Particulates and Currents | 470 | ||
| 5. Relationship of Chemical Elements in the Water Column and the Bottom Boundary Layer | 472 | ||
| 6. Plankton | 473 | ||
| IV. The TUSCH (Tiefsee-Umweltschutz) Research Group | 475 | ||
| 1. National Aspects | 475 | ||
| 2. International Aspects | 476 | ||
| Discussion | 478 | ||
| Round Table: Modifications to the Law of the Sea Convention: The Choice of the Right Format | 487 | ||
| Discussion | 519 | ||
| Closing Remarks | 525 | ||
| Jörn Thiede /Harald Bäcker: Annex: GEOMAR – A New Scientific Concept, a New Road to the Transfer of Technology | 527 | ||
| GEOMAR - The Kiel Perspective | 528 | ||
| Foundation for Marine Geosciences GEOMAR | 529 | ||
| The Technical Component of GEOMAR | 530 | ||
| The Tasks of the GTG | 531 | ||
| The GEOMAR Equipment Pool | 532 | ||
| Technical Developments | 533 | ||
| The GEOMAR Technology and Research Park | 533 | ||
| The GEOMAR Study Center | 534 | ||
| Location and Regional Advantages for GEOMAR | 534 | ||
| Experience and Perspectives | 535 | ||
| List of Participants | 539 |