Law of the Sea at the Crossroads: The Continuing Search for a Universally Accepted Régime
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Wolfrum, R. (Ed.) (1991). Law of the Sea at the Crossroads: The Continuing Search for a Universally Accepted Régime. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium of the Kiel Institute of International Law July 10 to 14, 1990. Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-47240-6
Wolfrum, Rüdiger. Law of the Sea at the Crossroads: The Continuing Search for a Universally Accepted Régime: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium of the Kiel Institute of International Law July 10 to 14, 1990. Duncker & Humblot, 1991. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-47240-6
Wolfrum, R (ed.) (1991): Law of the Sea at the Crossroads: The Continuing Search for a Universally Accepted Régime: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium of the Kiel Institute of International Law July 10 to 14, 1990, Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-47240-6
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Law of the Sea at the Crossroads: The Continuing Search for a Universally Accepted Régime
Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium of the Kiel Institute of International Law July 10 to 14, 1990
Editors: Wolfrum, Rüdiger
Veröffentlichungen des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel, Vol. 113
(1991)
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Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Foreword | 5 | ||
| Contents | 7 | ||
| Abbreviations | 10 | ||
| Michael Müller-Wille: Address | 13 | ||
| Franz Froschmaier: Address | 15 | ||
| Rüdiger Wolfrum: Address | 18 | ||
| José Luis Jesus: Statement on the Issue of the Universality of the Convention | 21 | ||
| I. Introduction | 21 | ||
| II. Unilateral Activities of States | 22 | ||
| III. The Framework of Negotiations | 24 | ||
| IV. Questions to Be Considered | 26 | ||
| 1. Entry into Force of Amendments to Part Xl | 27 | ||
| 2. Decision-making | 27 | ||
| 3. Representation and Seats in Permanence | 28 | ||
| 4. The Costs of lnstitutional Arrangements | 29 | ||
| V. The Issue of Timing | 30 | ||
| L. D. M. Nelson: The Preparatory Commission for the International Sea-Bed Authority and for the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: An Evaluation | 31 | ||
| I. Introduction | 31 | ||
| II. Membership and Participation | 31 | ||
| III. Structure | 32 | ||
| IV. The Progress of Work | 32 | ||
| 1. The Implementation of Resolution II | 32 | ||
| 2. The Preparation of Draft Agreements, Regulations and Rules of Procedures for the Authority | 37 | ||
| 3. The Protection of the Interests of Developing Land-based Producer States (Special Commission 1) | 38 | ||
| 4. The Enterprise (Special Commission 2) | 38 | ||
| 5. The Drafting of the Mining Code (Special Commission 3) | 39 | ||
| 6. The Tribunal (Special Commission 4) | 39 | ||
| V. The Preparatory Commission and the Convention on the Law of the Sea | 40 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 44 | ||
| Cristian Maquieira: Statement on the Implementation of Resolution II of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea by the Preparatory Commission for the International Sea-Bed Authority | 45 | ||
| Rüdiger Wolfrum: Decision-making in the Council: An Assessment and Comparison | 59 | ||
| I. Introduction | 59 | ||
| II. Composition and Decision-making in the Council according to Article 161 | 61 | ||
| 1. Composition | 61 | ||
| 2. Voting System | 65 | ||
| III. Assessment and Conclusion | 70 | ||
| 1. Evaluation and Assessment | 70 | ||
| 2. Suggestions | 72 | ||
| Discussion | 75 | ||
| Hjalmar Thiel: Environmental Impact Resulting from Deep Sea-Bed Mining and Risk Assessment | 87 | ||
| I. The Precautionary Principle | 87 | ||
| II. The General Problem: Mass Transport | 88 | ||
| III. Mining Impacts | 88 | ||
| 1. Surface Water Impacts | 89 | ||
| 2. Deep Water Impacts | 90 | ||
| a) Disturbance from Nodule Collection | 90 | ||
| b) Disturbance from Nodule Transport | 91 | ||
| 3. Precautionary Decisions | 92 | ||
| IV. Precautionary Investigations | 93 | ||
| 1. Research Demands | 93 | ||
| 2. The DISCOL Project | 94 | ||
| V. Precautionary Legislation | 95 | ||
| VI. Precautionary Articulation | 95 | ||
| Literature | 96 | ||
| Discussion | 97 | ||
| Barbara Kwiatkowska/Etty R. Agoes: Archipelagic Waters: An Assessment of National Legislation | 107 | ||
| I. Introduction | 107 | ||
| II. State Practice | 108 | ||
| 1. Conforming Practice of Archipelagic States Not Using Archipelagic Baselines and Not Claiming Archipelagic Waters | 108 | ||
| 2. Conforming Practice Concerning Non-Self-Governing Archipelagic Territories | 110 | ||
| 3. Non-Conforming Practice Concerning Non-State Archipelagos | 112 | ||
| 4. Archipelagic States Conforming to the Rules on Archipelagic Baselines and Archipelagic Waters | 113 | ||
| 5. Archipelagic States Conforming to the Rules on Archipelagic Waters but Not Determining Archipelagic Baselines | 119 | ||
| 6. Archipelagic States Presumably Conforming to the Rules on Archipelagic Baselines anti Archipelagic Waters | 119 | ||
| 7. Archipelagic States Presumably Conformingto the Rules on Archipelagic Waters but Not Conformingto those on Archipelagic Baselines | 120 | ||
| 8. The Case of the Philippines | 122 | ||
| 9. The Case of Indonesia | 130 | ||
| III. Evaluation | 137 | ||
| 1. Definition of Archipelagic State and Construction of Archipelagic Baselines | 137 | ||
| 2. The Nature of the Archipelagic State's Competence | 138 | ||
| 3. Right of Innocent Passage | 139 | ||
| 4. Right of Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage and Archipelagic Straits | 140 | ||
| 5. Navigational Rights of Third States - The Essence of Controversy | 146 | ||
| Discussion | 152 | ||
| Günther Jaenicke: Joint Ventures for Sea-Bed Activities: A Viable Alternative | 165 | ||
| Discussion | 174 | ||
| Klaus Dicke: Deciding upon the Budget of the United Nations: A Comparison | 189 | ||
| I. Introduction | 189 | ||
| II. The Variable "Budget" | 192 | ||
| 1. Objective-of-Expenditure Budgets | 192 | ||
| 2. Programme Budgets | 195 | ||
| III. The Variable "Deciding upon" | 198 | ||
| IV. Just and Fair? A Comparative Assessment | 202 | ||
| V. Budgeting the International Sea-Bed Authority | 203 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 208 | ||
| Budget of the International Sea-Bed Authority – The Provisions of the Law of the Sea Convention: An Assessment. United Nations Office for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea | 213 | ||
| I. Introduction | 213 | ||
| II. Budgetary Provisions of the Three Organizations | 216 | ||
| 1. Budgetary Provisions of the United Nations | 216 | ||
| 2. Budgetary Provisions of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea | 216 | ||
| 3. Budgetary Provisions of the International Sea-Bed Authority | 216 | ||
| III. Functions of the Various Organs of the Authority | 217 | ||
| 1. The Assembly and the Council | 218 | ||
| 2. Organs of the Council | 218 | ||
| 3. The Proposed Finance Committee | 219 | ||
| 4. The Enterprise | 219 | ||
| 5. Tasks of the Secretariat Flowing from the Functions of the Organs of the Authority | 219 | ||
| IV. Factors That Would Influence the Initial Set-up of the Secretariat of the Authority | 219 | ||
| 1. Status of Resource-related Activities and Prospects for Commercial Exploitation | 220 | ||
| 2. Impact of Projected Nodule-related Activities on the Work of the Authority | 221 | ||
| 3. Impact of the Work of the Preparatory Commissionon the Initial Work Load of the Authority | 222 | ||
| V. Approaches to the Budget of the Authority | 223 | ||
| 1. Evolutionary Approach | 223 | ||
| a) The Initial Secretariat Set-up | 223 | ||
| b) The Initial Enterprise Set-up | 224 | ||
| 2. Strategies for a Cost-Effective Initial Secretariat Set-up | 225 | ||
| a) Staff Costs | 225 | ||
| aa) Staff for Conference Servicing | 225 | ||
| bb) Administration and Management Staff | 226 | ||
| cc) Substantive Technical Staff | 226 | ||
| dd) Use of Short-Term Staff/Consultants/Groups of Experts | 228 | ||
| b) Other Items of Expenditure | 228 | ||
| c) Non-Recurrent One-Time Expenditures | 228 | ||
| d) Cost-Sharing | 229 | ||
| aa) The Authority and Enterprise | 229 | ||
| bb) The Authority and Other International Organizations | 229 | ||
| cc) The Authority and the UN | 229 | ||
| 3. Transitional Arrangements | 229 | ||
| VI. Financial Implications for the States Parties | 230 | ||
| Discussion | 236 | ||
| Klaus Brockhoff: The Production Regulation of the Law of the Sea Convention: An Assessment and Alternatives | 251 | ||
| I. The Essence of the Law of the Sea Regulations | 251 | ||
| II. An Assessment | 254 | ||
| 1. Technical Problems | 254 | ||
| 2. Political Implications | 256 | ||
| 3. Market Implications | 257 | ||
| 4. Results | 259 | ||
| III. Alternatives | 259 | ||
| 1. The Enterprise as the Only Producer | 259 | ||
| 2. The Enterprise as a Buffer Stock Manager | 260 | ||
| 3. Auctions | 261 | ||
| Denis Tytgat: The Economic Adjustment System under Lomé, World Bank and Others: A Comparison | 263 | ||
| I. Introduction | 263 | ||
| II. SYSMIN | 263 | ||
| III. Structural Adjustment Support in Lomé IV | 266 | ||
| IV. World Bank | 266 | ||
| V. Regional Development Banks | 267 | ||
| VI. Common Fund | 267 | ||
| VII. Conclusion | 268 | ||
| Discussion | 269 | ||
| Pedro Roffe: Technology Issues in the International Agenda: A Review of Two Decades of Multilateral Deliberations in the United Nations and GATT | 285 | ||
| I. Introduction | 285 | ||
| II. The General Background | 286 | ||
| 1. The Decade of the Seventies | 287 | ||
| 2. The Eighties | 290 | ||
| a) Technology as a Major Factor in International Competitiveness | 290 | ||
| b) Immediate Antecedents to the Multilateral Agenda of the 1980s | 291 | ||
| III. The Aspirations of the Developing Countries | 294 | ||
| 1. The Revision of the Paris Convention | 296 | ||
| a) Inventors' Certificates | 297 | ||
| b) Article 5A of the Paris Convention | 298 | ||
| 2. An International Code of Conduct on the Transfer of Technology | 299 | ||
| IV. The New Agenda of the Decade of the Eighties | 300 | ||
| 1. Intellectual Property and the Multilateral Trade Negotiations | 301 | ||
| 2. The lssues | 302 | ||
| 3. Main Proposals by lndustrialized Countries | 303 | ||
| 4. Proposals by Developing Countries | 306 | ||
| V. The Seventies and the Eighties: Two Agendas in Perspective | 307 | ||
| 1. The Different Settings: the 1970s and the 1980s | 307 | ||
| 2. The Basic Premises of the Intellectual Property System and Its Evolution | 309 | ||
| VI. Conclusions | 312 | ||
| Discussion | 315 | ||
| Hans-Joachim Kiderlen: The Review Provisions of the UN Law of the Sea Convention and the Powers of the Review Conference | 319 | ||
| Discussion | 327 | ||
| Tullio Treves: Deep Sea-Bed Mining: The Practice of the Pioneer Investors | 331 | ||
| I. The Pioneer Investors: a Multi-Faceted Group | 331 | ||
| II. The Background: the Different Positions on the Lawfulness of Unilateral Exploitation of the Deep Sea-Bed | 333 | ||
| III. Resolution II and the Need to Eliminate Overlapping between Pioneer Mining Sites | 335 | ||
| IV. The Elimination of Overlapping amongst Western Consortia and Enterprises Belonging to States Applying for Registered Pioneer Status | 336 | ||
| V. The Interests of the "Potential Applicants" | 338 | ||
| VI. The Elimination of Overlapping between the Soviet Enterprise and the Four Western Consortia: the "Midnight Agreement" | 339 | ||
| VII. The Registration of the Indian, French, Japanese and Soviet Enterprises | 340 | ||
| VIII. The Importance of Certain Obligations in the "Midnight Agreement" for Future Developments | 341 | ||
| IX. Trends of Practice after the Registration of Pioneer Investors | 342 | ||
| X. The Obligations of Registered Pioneer Investors under the Test of the Realities of the Present Situation | 342 | ||
| XI. The Universality of the 1982 Conventionas a Commonly Shared Objective | 344 | ||
| XII. Conclusions Drawn from Practice | 345 | ||
| XIII. Prospects for the Future | 347 | ||
| Francisco Orrego Vicuña: State Practice and National Legislation Relating to the Exclusive Economic Zone, the Continental Shelf and Straits Used for International Navigation: Basic Trends | 351 | ||
| I. Trends Relating to the Exclusive Economic Zone | 351 | ||
| 1. Conceptual Content of the Claims | 352 | ||
| 2. Trends Regarding the Rights and Duties of Third States | 354 | ||
| 3. Régime of Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources | 355 | ||
| 4. Declarations of States and Other Functions of Interpretation | 358 | ||
| 5. Evaluation of the Exclusive Economic Zone in the Light of National Legislation and Practice | 359 | ||
| II. Issues and Trends Relating to the Continental Shelf Régime | 360 | ||
| 1. The Integration of the Continental Shelf and Exclusive Economic Zone Régimes | 361 | ||
| 2. The Outer Limit of the Continental Shelf | 361 | ||
| 3. Specialized Legislation on the Continental Shelf | 365 | ||
| 4. Evaluation of Continental Shelf Trends | 366 | ||
| III. Straits Used for International Navigation: the Continuing Uncertainty | 367 | ||
| 1. Divergent Practice as to Innocent Passage in General | 367 | ||
| 2. The Practice Relating to Transit Passage and Freedom of Navigation | 368 | ||
| Wolf Plesmann/Volker Röben: Marine Scientific Research: State Practice versus Law of the Sea? | 373 | ||
| I. Introduction | 373 | ||
| II. Provisions of the Convention | 375 | ||
| III. State Practice | 376 | ||
| 1. Preparation of a Research Cruise | 376 | ||
| 2. RV Meteor | 377 | ||
| 3. RV Meteor/Brazil | 382 | ||
| 4. RV Poseidon | 384 | ||
| 5. RV Sonne | 384 | ||
| IV. Analysis | 385 | ||
| 1. Legal Analysis | 385 | ||
| 2. Factual Analysis and Proposals | 389 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 390 | ||
| Discussion | 393 | ||
| Olivier Jalbert: Straddling Stocks, Protection of the Environment and Drug Control: Unsolved Problems of Coastal States’ Powers and Obligations | 411 | ||
| I. Introduction | 411 | ||
| II. Straddling Stocks | 411 | ||
| III. Applicable International Law | 412 | ||
| IV. Regional Organizations: NAFO | 413 | ||
| V. International Co-operation on Enforcement | 415 | ||
| VI. Protection of the Environment | 415 | ||
| VII. The Intervention Convention | 416 | ||
| VIII. Dumping | 417 | ||
| IX. Basel Convention | 418 | ||
| X. Drug Control | 418 | ||
| XI. Conclusion | 419 | ||
| Discussion | 420 | ||
| J. Enno Harders: Deep Sea-Bed Mining and the Protection of the Environment: Developments in Pollution Control, Responsibility and Liability | 431 | ||
| I. Law of the Sea Convention | 432 | ||
| 1. The Substantive Law of the Convention | 432 | ||
| 2. Enforcement of the Convention's Provisions | 433 | ||
| II. Deep Sea-Bed Mining Code | 435 | ||
| 1. Scope of Application | 436 | ||
| a) Definition of Pollution | 436 | ||
| b) Material Scope of the Definition of Pollution | 438 | ||
| 2. Environmental Reference Zones | 439 | ||
| 3. Marine Pollution Control Measures Taken by the Operator | 440 | ||
| 4. Enforcement of the Draft Provisions | 441 | ||
| a) Enforcement by the Authority | 441 | ||
| b) Enforcement by the States | 444 | ||
| 5. Liability Provisions of the Draft | 445 | ||
| a) Responsibility and Liability of the Contractor | 445 | ||
| b) Responsibility and Liability of the Sponsoring State | 448 | ||
| c) Unlimited Liability without Fund for Compensation | 449 | ||
| III. Conclusion | 452 | ||
| TUSCH Research Group, Germany: Research Perspectives on Protecting the Marine Environment during Deep-Sea Mining | 455 | ||
| I. Introduction and Objectives | 455 | ||
| ll. Deep-Sea Mining | 457 | ||
| 1. Manganese Nodules | 457 | ||
| a) General Aspects | 457 | ||
| b) Ferromanganese Nodule Mining and Environmental Impact | 459 | ||
| 2. Metalliferous Muds | 461 | ||
| a) General Aspects | 461 | ||
| b) Mining of Metalliferous Muds and Environmental Impact | 462 | ||
| 3. Manganese Crusts | 463 | ||
| a) General Aspects | 463 | ||
| b) Mining of Manganese Crusts and Environmental Impact | 463 | ||
| 4. Massive Sulfides | 464 | ||
| a) General Aspects | 464 | ||
| b) Mining of Massive Sulfides and Environmental Impact | 464 | ||
| 5. Phosphorites | 465 | ||
| a) General Aspects | 465 | ||
| b) Mining of Phosphorites and Environmental Impact | 465 | ||
| III. Research Topics | 466 | ||
| 1. Seafloor Boundary Layer | 466 | ||
| 2. Chemical Environment of the Seawater/Sediment lnterface | 467 | ||
| 3. Benthic Communities | 469 | ||
| 4. Suspended Particulates and Currents | 470 | ||
| 5. Relationship of Chemical Elements in the Water Column and the Bottom Boundary Layer | 472 | ||
| 6. Plankton | 473 | ||
| IV. The TUSCH (Tiefsee-Umweltschutz) Research Group | 475 | ||
| 1. National Aspects | 475 | ||
| 2. International Aspects | 476 | ||
| Discussion | 478 | ||
| Round Table: Modifications to the Law of the Sea Convention: The Choice of the Right Format | 487 | ||
| Discussion | 519 | ||
| Closing Remarks | 525 | ||
| Jörn Thiede /Harald Bäcker: Annex: GEOMAR – A New Scientific Concept, a New Road to the Transfer of Technology | 527 | ||
| GEOMAR - The Kiel Perspective | 528 | ||
| Foundation for Marine Geosciences GEOMAR | 529 | ||
| The Technical Component of GEOMAR | 530 | ||
| The Tasks of the GTG | 531 | ||
| The GEOMAR Equipment Pool | 532 | ||
| Technical Developments | 533 | ||
| The GEOMAR Technology and Research Park | 533 | ||
| The GEOMAR Study Center | 534 | ||
| Location and Regional Advantages for GEOMAR | 534 | ||
| Experience and Perspectives | 535 | ||
| List of Participants | 539 |