German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht
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Arnauld, A., Decken, K. (Eds.) (2017). German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht. Vol. 59 (2016). Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-55357-0
Arnauld, Andreas von and Decken, Kerstin von der. German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 59 (2016). Duncker & Humblot, 2017. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-55357-0
Arnauld, A, Decken, K (eds.) (2017): German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 59 (2016), Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-55357-0
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German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht
Vol. 59 (2016)
Editors: Arnauld, Andreas von | Decken, Kerstin von der
German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, Vol. 59
(2017)
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About The Author
Prof. Dr. Andreas von Arnauld ist Inhaber des Lehrstuhls für Öffentliches Recht mit Schwerpunkt Völker- und Europarecht an der Universität Kiel und Direktor des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht. Zuvor lehrte er als Professor für Öffentliches Recht, insbesondere Völker- und Europarecht an der Helmut-Schmidt-Universität der Bundeswehr in Hamburg (2007–2012) sowie an der Universität Münster (2012–2013). Seine Forschungsschwerpunkte umfassen das internationale Friedenssicherungsrecht, den Grund- und Menschenrechtsschutz, Rechtsstaatlichkeit (rule of law), rechtswissenschaftliche Grundlagenforschung sowie Recht und Literatur.Prof. Dr. Kerstin von der Decken (geb. Odendahl) ist Inhaberin des Lehrstuhls für Öffentliches Recht mit Schwerpunkt Völkerrecht, Europarecht und Allgemeine Staatslehre an der Universität Kiel sowie Geschäftsführende Direktorin des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht. Davor war sie von 2004 bis 2011 Professorin für Völker- und Europarecht an der Universität St. Gallen, Schweiz. Ihre Forschungsschwerpunkte liegen bei den Grundlagen des Völker- und Europarechts sowie dem internationalen Umwelt,- Kultur- und Sicherheitsrecht.Abstract
The German Yearbook of International Law, founded as the Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, provides an annual report on new developments in international law and is edited by the Walther Schücking Institute for International Law at the Kiel University. Since its inception in 1948, the Yearbook has endeavored to make a significant academic contribution to the ongoing development of international law. Over many decades the Yearbook has moved beyond its origins as a forum for German scholars to publish their research and has become a highly-regarded international forum for innovative scholarship in international law. In 1976, the Yearbook adopted its current title and began to publish contributions written in English in order to reach the largest possible international audience. This editorial decision has enabled the Yearbook to successfully overcome traditional language barriers and inform an international readership about current research in German academic institutions and, at the same time, to present international viewpoints to its German audience. Fully aware of the paramount importance of international practice, the Yearbook publishes contributions from active practitioners of international law on a regular basis. The Yearbook also includes critical comments on German state practice relating to international law, as well as international reactions to that practice.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| TABLE OF CONTENTS | 5 | ||
| Forum: Paris Climate Agreement | 9 | ||
| Jorge E. Viñuales: The Paris Agreement on Climate Change: Less is More | 11 | ||
| I. Introduction | 11 | ||
| II. The Negotiation Process Leading to the Paris Agreement | 14 | ||
| A. Of ‘Roads’ and Other Storylines | 14 | ||
| B. Climate Negotiations at the International Level | 15 | ||
| C. Climate Negotiations and Domestic Politics | 17 | ||
| III. The Architecture of the Paris Agreement | 21 | ||
| A. The Three Components of the Paris Agreement | 21 | ||
| B. Goals of the Paris Agreement | 23 | ||
| C. Action Areas | 25 | ||
| 1. Mitigation | 25 | ||
| 2. Adaptation | 29 | ||
| 3. Loss and Damage | 31 | ||
| D. Implementation Techniques | 32 | ||
| 1. Overview | 32 | ||
| 2. Information-based Techniques | 34 | ||
| 3. Facilitation Through Assistance and Efficiency | 38 | ||
| E. Management of Non-Compliance | 42 | ||
| IV. Concluding Observations | 43 | ||
| Focus: Frozen Conflicts: How Does PIL Deal with Them? | 47 | ||
| Thomas D. Grant: Three Years After Annexation: Of ‘Frozen Conflicts’ and How to Characterise Crimea | 49 | ||
| I. Introduction | 49 | ||
| II. Crimea 2014 | 51 | ||
| III. Developments Concerning Crimea Since 2014 | 55 | ||
| A. State and International Organisation Practice | 56 | ||
| B. The Human Rights Situation | 58 | ||
| C. Preliminary Examination by the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court | 61 | ||
| IV. Crimea as an Unlawful Claim – but Not a Frozen Conflict | 62 | ||
| A. Defining ‘Frozen Conflict’ | 64 | ||
| 1. Legal Problems Associated with Frozen Conflicts but Not Distinguishing them as a Class | 64 | ||
| 2. The Core Criteria of ‘Frozen Conflict’ | 66 | ||
| B. Is Crimea a ‘Frozen Conflict’? | 67 | ||
| 1. Absence of Armed Hostilities Between a State and Separatists | 68 | ||
| 2. Absence of a Putative Separatist Entity | 70 | ||
| 3. Absence of Formal Ceasefire Lines | 73 | ||
| 4. Absence of a Dispute Settlement Process | 74 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 77 | ||
| Milena Sterios: Self-Determination and Secession Under International Law: Nagorno-Karabakh | 81 | ||
| I. Introduction | 81 | ||
| II. Factual Background: Nagorno-Karabakh | 83 | ||
| III. International Law on Secession | 85 | ||
| A. Territorial Integrity and Uti Possidetis | 86 | ||
| B. Self-Determination | 89 | ||
| C. Remedial Secession | 99 | ||
| IV. Anomaly: The Kosovo Case | 103 | ||
| V. Analysis: Nagorno-Karabakh | 106 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 112 | ||
| Christopher J. Borgen: Moldova: Law and Complex Crises in a Systemic Borderland | 115 | ||
| Introduction | 115 | ||
| I. A History of Interconnected Challenges and Complex Crises | 118 | ||
| A. Moldovan History | 118 | ||
| 1. Prior to the Second World War | 118 | ||
| 2. World War II and the Soviet Period | 120 | ||
| 3. Moldova Since the Dissolution of the USSR | 122 | ||
| a) 1992–2002: State Consolidation and Transnistrian Negotiations | 122 | ||
| b) 2002–2003: The Kiev Document and Kozak Memorandum | 124 | ||
| c) 2005–2011: Action Plans and Association Agreements | 126 | ||
| B. Disentangling Ongoing Challenges and Complex Crises | 130 | ||
| II. The Challenge of Secessionism band the Uses of International Legal Argument | 131 | ||
| A. The Law | 131 | ||
| B. Law and the Transnistrian Challenge: In Theory and in Practice | 134 | ||
| III. The Challenge of Stabilising a Young State | 138 | ||
| A. Political Gridlock | 139 | ||
| B. Corruption and the Moldovan State | 140 | ||
| C. Domestic Politics, Geopolitics, and the Rule of Law | 142 | ||
| IV. The Challenge of Foreign Policy in a Systemic Borderland | 143 | ||
| A. Moldova and the European Neighbourhood Policy | 143 | ||
| B. The ENP, Domestic Stability, and Secessionism | 146 | ||
| 1. Treaties and the Challenge of Domestic Political Stabilisation | 146 | ||
| 2. The European Neighborhood Policy and the Challenge of Transnistrian Secessionism | 147 | ||
| C. Moldova in the EU Neighbourhood and in the Russian Near Abroad | 149 | ||
| 1. Treaties as Bridges or Treaties as Walls | 150 | ||
| 2. Russian Responses: Sticks and Carrots | 151 | ||
| 3. Treaties as Bridges or Treaties as Walls: the Challenge of Foreign Relations in a Systemic Borderland | 156 | ||
| V. Identity, Power, Sovereignty, and Law: Complex Intersections in a Systemic Borderland | 158 | ||
| Enrico Milano: Unfreezing and Settling the Conflict over Kosovo | 163 | ||
| I. Introduction | 163 | ||
| II. Settling Kosovo | 165 | ||
| III. The ‘Frozen’ Conflict over Northern Kosovo | 171 | ||
| IV. Nature and Content of the Brussels Agreement | 173 | ||
| V. The Brussels Agreement’s Legal Consequences on the Question of Status and its Contribution to the Settlement of the Conflict | 180 | ||
| VI. Concluding Remarks | 184 | ||
| Juan Soroeta: The Conflict in Western Sahara After Forty Years of Occupation: International Law versus Realpolitik | 187 | ||
| I. Introduction | 187 | ||
| II. ‘Spanish Sahara’ (1884–1975) | 188 | ||
| III. The Advisory Opinion of the ICJ | 191 | ||
| IV. The Withdrawal of Spain and its Consequences (1975–1991) | 192 | ||
| A. The Green March and the Tripartite Madrid Accords | 192 | ||
| B. The Armed Conflict | 195 | ||
| V. The Peace Process (1991–2000) | 197 | ||
| A. Introduction | 197 | ||
| B. The Settlement Plan and the Creation of MINURSO | 198 | ||
| C. The Exploitation of the Census Problem in Order to Bury the Settlement Plan | 199 | ||
| 1. First Blow to the Peace Process: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar Modifies the Identification Criteria (1982–1991) | 199 | ||
| 2. Second Blow to the Peace Process: Boutros Boutros Gali Seeks to Dismantle MINURSO (1992–1996) | 200 | ||
| 3. Third (and Definitive?) Blow to the Peace Process: Kofi Annan Abandons the Settlement Plan and Seeks a Solution Based on the Establishment of an Autonomous Western Sahara Within Morocco (1997–2006) | 201 | ||
| a) Officially, Annan Resumes the Settlement Plan (the Houston Agreements) … | 201 | ||
| b) … But in Reality he had Already Buried it (Baker Plans I and II) | 204 | ||
| 4. With the Peace Process Blocked, Ban Ki-moon Focuses his Efforts on Seeking to Protect the Human Rights of the Sahrawi People (2007–2016) | 205 | ||
| VI. The Legal Status of the Territory | 207 | ||
| A. Spain is the Administering Power of Western Sahara | 207 | ||
| 1. International Law | 207 | ||
| 2. Spanish Law | 208 | ||
| a) Spanish Jurisdiction over the Territory According to Spanish Courts | 208 | ||
| b) Spain Monitors the Air Space over Western Sahara | 209 | ||
| B. Morocco is not the ‘de facto Administering Power’, but Rather the Occupying Power of Western Sahara | 210 | ||
| VII. The Exploitation of Natural Resources | 212 | ||
| A. The Corell Opinion and the Exploitation of the Natural Resources bof the Territory | 212 | ||
| B. The Legality of the Agreements Between the EU and Morocco for the Exploitation of the Natural Resources of the Territory | 214 | ||
| 1. The Agreement Between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco Concerning Reciprocal Liberalisation Measures on Agricultural Products, Processed Agricultural Products, Fish and Fishery Products (2012) | 214 | ||
| 2. The Fisheries Agreements | 216 | ||
| VIII. Concluding Remarks | 218 | ||
| Nikos Skoutaris: The Paradox of the Europeanisation of Intrastate Conflicts | 223 | ||
| I. Introduction | 223 | ||
| II. The Closer the Association with the EU, the Stronger the Potential for Conflict Resolution | 226 | ||
| A. European Neighbourhood Policy | 226 | ||
| B. Enlargement Process | 229 | ||
| III. The Limits of the ‘Catalytic Effect’: The Case of the Accession of Cyprus to the EU | 234 | ||
| A. The Limits of the ‘Catalytic Effect’: Lifting the Conditionality | 234 | ||
| B. Accomodating an Intrastate Conflict | 237 | ||
| IV. Understanding the Limits of the ‘Catalytic Effect’: A Law Perspective | 240 | ||
| A. Member States as ‘Masters of the Treaties’ | 242 | ||
| B. The Legal Basis Problem | 245 | ||
| 1. The Common Foreign and Security Policy | 246 | ||
| 2. Other Union Competences | 248 | ||
| 3. An Informal Way Out of the Legal Conundrum: The EU Role in the Croatia-Slovenia Border Dispute | 250 | ||
| V. Socialisation | 251 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 252 | ||
| General Articles | 255 | ||
| Andreas Kulick: From Problem to Opportunity?: An Analytical Framework for Vagueness and Ambiguity in International Law | 257 | ||
| I. Introduction | 257 | ||
| II. Law, Language and VaA | 262 | ||
| III. Systematising VaA: Actors and Aspects, Forms, Functions and Manifestations | 265 | ||
| A. VaA Manifestations | 265 | ||
| B. VaA Actors | 266 | ||
| C. VaA Forms | 269 | ||
| D. VaA Functions | 271 | ||
| E. VaA Aspects | 273 | ||
| IV. VaA and Authority | 275 | ||
| V. VaA, Adjudication and the Judicial Function | 277 | ||
| VI. VaA Production and Reception in the Practice of International Law-Making: The Example of ‘Constructive Ambiguity’ | 283 | ||
| VII. Concluding Remarks | 288 | ||
| Lando Kirchmair: What Came First: The Obligation or the Belief? A Renaissance of Consensus Theory to Make the Normative Foundations of Customary International Law More Tangible | 289 | ||
| I. Introduction | 290 | ||
| II. The Classical Two-Elements Approach and the Prominent Paradox | 291 | ||
| III. The Way Out: an Evolutionary Perspective | 296 | ||
| IV. A Renaissance of Consensus Theory | 298 | ||
| V. Practical Implications of Consensus Theory | 303 | ||
| A. The Challenge of Tacit Agreement and the Necessity to Distinguish the Identification of CIL Regulated in Article 38 ICJ Statute from the Emergence of CIL Guided by a Meta-Norm | 303 | ||
| B. Inductive v. Deductive Approach and Consensus Theory | 308 | ||
| C. The Challenge of ‘New States’, Consensus Theory, and what we can Learn to Make CIL More Tangible | 313 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 318 | ||
| Paul Behrens: The Crime of Genocide and the Problem of Subjective Substantiality | 321 | ||
| I. Introduction | 321 | ||
| II. Requirement and Challenge: The Establishment of Subjective Substantiality | 324 | ||
| A. Between Percentage and Absolute Numbers: The Numerical Approach | 327 | ||
| B. Between Strategic Importance and Leadership: The Functional Approach | 330 | ||
| 1. Towards an Assessment of Functionality | 330 | ||
| 2. Towards the Disappearance of Substantiality? The Trouble with the Functional Approach | 333 | ||
| 3. Further Questions Relating to the Functional Approach: The Problem of Selectivity | 336 | ||
| C. Between Municipalities and the World: The Geographical Approach | 340 | ||
| III. Towards a New Assessment? The Individualised Approach Towards Substantiality | 344 | ||
| A. The Individualised Approach and its Treatment in the Courts | 344 | ||
| B. The Individualised Approach and the Search for Objectivity | 349 | ||
| IV. Concluding Thoughts | 351 | ||
| Philipp Janig / Sara Mansour Fallah: Certain Iranian Assets: The Limits of Anti-Terrorism Measures in Light of State Immunity and Standards of Treatment | 355 | ||
| I. Factual Background | 355 | ||
| II. Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice | 359 | ||
| A. The Treaty of Amity and its Current Legal Status | 359 | ||
| B. The Compromissory Clause as Applied to Certain Iranian Assets | 361 | ||
| III. Some Preliminary Issues of Treaty Interpretation | 363 | ||
| A. The Current Understanding of Treatment Standards in the Treaty of Amity | 363 | ||
| B. Terms of the Treaty of Amity: Interpreting ‘Companies’ and ‘Nationals’ | 365 | ||
| IV. State Immunity of Iranian State-Owned Corporations | 367 | ||
| A. Subsuming State Immunity Under the Treaty of Amity | 367 | ||
| B. Immunity from Adjudication | 370 | ||
| C. Immunity from Enforcement | 372 | ||
| D. The ‘Terrorism Exception’ Under General International Law and Concluding Remarks on State Immunity | 376 | ||
| V. Expropriation and Standards of Treatment Under the Treaty of Amity | 377 | ||
| A. Article IV (2) – Most Constant Protection and Security and Expropriation | 378 | ||
| 1. General Issues of Expropriation | 378 | ||
| 2. Expropriation Through the Blocking of Assets | 380 | ||
| 3. Expropriation Through Court-Ordered Execution | 382 | ||
| B. Article IV (1) – Fair and Equitable Treatment | 384 | ||
| VI. ‘Essential Security Interests’ and Countermeasures | 387 | ||
| VII. Conclusion | 388 | ||
| Christoph Schewe: Clearing Up? Transparency in the Dispute Settlement of International Trade Agreements | 391 | ||
| I. Introduction | 391 | ||
| II. Transparency and International Trade Dispute Settlement | 395 | ||
| A. Transparency – Meaning, Objective and Historic Development in Context | 397 | ||
| B. Transparency in Courts and Dispute Settlement | 398 | ||
| 1. Objectives and Legal Foundation | 399 | ||
| 2. Negative Aspects of Transparency | 400 | ||
| C. Who is Interested in International Trade Dispute Settlement, or: Why Enhance Transparency? | 401 | ||
| 1. The Interest in Settling International Trade Disputes | 401 | ||
| 2. International Trade Dispute Settlement and Democratic Legitimacy | 402 | ||
| 3. Actors and Interests in International Trade Disputes | 404 | ||
| III. Transparency in International Trade Dispute Settlement: The WTO and CETA | 405 | ||
| A. Transparency on the Different Procedural Levels of Trade Dispute Settlement | 406 | ||
| 1. Trade Dispute Settlement – An Overview of the Different Stages | 406 | ||
| 2. Transparency in the Different Stages of WTO and CETA Trade Dispute Settlement | 408 | ||
| a) The Consultative Phase | 408 | ||
| b) WTO Panel and CETA Arbitration Panel Procedure | 409 | ||
| c) The DSB (Adoption Phase) | 411 | ||
| d) The Appellate Body Procedure | 411 | ||
| e) The 21 (5) Implementation-Procedure/CETA Compliance | 412 | ||
| B. Tendencies in WTO Disputes: Enhancing Transparency? | 412 | ||
| 1. The First Open Hearings: The “Beef Hormones” Dispute | 413 | ||
| 2. Open Hearings After Beef Hormones | 414 | ||
| 3. With or Without Open Hearings – is WTO Dispute Settlement Transparent? | 417 | ||
| IV. Transparency in the Dispute Settlement Today and Tomorrow: Lessons for Other FTAs and ISDS? | 419 | ||
| A. Transparency in Trade Dispute Settlement Today and Tomorrow | 420 | ||
| 1. Elements Providing Transparency in EU and US FTAs | 420 | ||
| 2. Is Dispute Settlement Under EU and US FT as More Transparent? | 421 | ||
| B. Transparency and ISDS – Lessons (to be) Learned from Trade Dispute Settlement? | 423 | ||
| 1. The Differing Regimes for Investment and Trade Disputes | 424 | ||
| 2. The Growing Interest in Transparency Requirements in ISDS | 427 | ||
| 3. The Transferability of Trade Dispute Transparency-Standards to ISDS | 429 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 431 | ||
| Lilian Richieri Hanania: The Social Dimension of Sustainable Development in EU Trade Agreements: Strengthening International Labour Standards | 435 | ||
| I. Introductory Remarks: International Trade Agreements and Labour Standards | 435 | ||
| II. Labour Standards Towards Sustainable Development | 439 | ||
| III. Reinforcing Protection of International Labour Standards | 443 | ||
| A. Fostering Cooperation, Including Through International Assistance | 443 | ||
| B. Reaffirming Protection Obligations | 446 | ||
| 1. The Incorporation of ILO Standards | 446 | ||
| 2. The Promotion of Corporate Social Responsibility | 450 | ||
| 3. The ‘Social Clause’ Issue | 451 | ||
| IV. Controlling Enforcement of International Labour Standards | 454 | ||
| A. ILO Compliance Mechanisms | 454 | ||
| B. Complementary Mechanisms in EU Trade Agreements | 456 | ||
| 1. Assessment of Implementation | 457 | ||
| 2. Involvement of Civil Society and Transparency | 458 | ||
| 3. Cooperation and Problem-Solving Through International Consultation | 460 | ||
| 4. Specific Dispute Settlement Mechanisms | 462 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 464 | ||
| German Practicer | 467 | ||
| Thomas Giegerich: In Germany International Law may be Honoured in the Breach: The Federal Constitutional Court Gives the Legislature Carte Blanche to Override Treaties | 469 | ||
| I. Introduction | 469 | ||
| II. Facts and Procedural Basis | 470 | ||
| III. The Decision’s Shaky Ground in International Law | 471 | ||
| IV. The FCC’s Vacillation Between the Nazi Reichskonkordat and the Communist Land Reform | 472 | ||
| A. The Konkordat Judgment of 1957: Foundation of the Post-War Foreign Relations Law | 472 | ||
| 1. Content and History of the Konkordat Judgment | 472 | ||
| 2. The FCC’s Cornerstones of Foreign Relations Law | 473 | ||
| B. The Order of 2004 on the Communist Land Reform (CLR): A Change of Mentality? | 474 | ||
| 1. Extension and Elevation of the BL’s Friendliness Towards International Law ... | 474 | ||
| 2. ... But Only “Controlled Commitment” of German Institutions to Some Rules of International Law | 476 | ||
| C. The Internationalist Potential of the Görgülü Order of 2004 | 477 | ||
| V. The ‘Friendliness Towards International Law’ of the DTA Order Disappoints Friends of International Law | 478 | ||
| A. Reaffirmation and Expansion of the Three Cornerstones of the Konkordat Judgment | 478 | ||
| B. Disrespect for the Fundamental Rule ‘Pacta Sunt Servanda’ | 479 | ||
| C. Playing Off the Principle of Democracy Against the Principle of Friendliness Towards International Law: The Emperor’s New Clothes | 481 | ||
| 1. International Law Reduced to a Plaything of Republican Power Politics | 481 | ||
| 2. The Treaty-Friendly Interpretation of the Principle of Democracy is Preferable | 481 | ||
| 3. Misleading Parenthesis on the Rule of Law Principle | 483 | ||
| 4. The Unfortunate Legacy of the Pershing Judgment: The Foreign Relations Power Continues to be an Executive Domain | 483 | ||
| 5. Is the Arbitrary Treaty Override Even Under the Protection of Article 79 (3) BL? | 485 | ||
| 6. The Antithesis: Compliance with International Law as Component of the Democracy Concept of Carlo Schmid | 486 | ||
| D. The Violation of International Law Accompanying any Treaty Override is Downplayed by the FCC | 487 | ||
| E. Reduction of the Constitutional Principle of Friendliness Towards International Law to a Mere Means of Interpretation | 489 | ||
| 1. But the FCC Immediately Disregards that Means of Interpretation | 489 | ||
| 2. May Germany of Late Sovereignly Defy International Law? | 490 | ||
| 3. The “Controlled Commitment” Reservation Formulated in the CLR Order is Stripped of its Constitutional Constraint | 492 | ||
| F. Not even the Rule of Law Principle is Said to Prohibit Breaches of Treaties | 493 | ||
| G. Is there a Human Rights Bright Spot in the Cloud of the DTA Order? | 494 | ||
| VI. The Balancing Approach in the Dissenting Opinion of Judge König | 495 | ||
| VII. Conclusion: The Friendliness of the BL Towards International Law – A Swan Song | 497 | ||
| Felix Telschow: “Gliding O’er All”: Human Dignity and Constitutional Identity in the Federal Constitutional Court’s Recent Jurisprudence | 499 | ||
| I. Introduction | 499 | ||
| II. Identity Review and its Theoretical Conceptualisation | 500 | ||
| III. Analysis of the Case at Hand | 504 | ||
| A. Facts and Ruling | 504 | ||
| 1. Facts and History of Proceedings | 504 | ||
| 2. The FCC’s Ruling in Overview | 505 | ||
| B. Introducing an Individual Case Admissibility Standard | 506 | ||
| C. Ex Ante Conformity with ECJ Jurisprudence? | 507 | ||
| D. Identity Review as Obiter Dictum | 509 | ||
| E. Acte Clair? | 510 | ||
| F. Diluting Human Dignity? | 511 | ||
| G. The ECJ’s Response in Aranyosi: Ex Post Conformity? | 513 | ||
| IV. Conclusion | 515 | ||
| Mareike Nürnberg and David Schenk: Deployment of Soldiers for the Protection of Nationals Abroad and Inner-State Justification: The German Federal Constitutional Court’s Decision on the Operation of German Military in Libya | 517 | ||
| I. Introduction | 517 | ||
| II. Deployments of the German Armed Forces Under National Law | 518 | ||
| A. The Facts of the Rescue Operation Pegasus Case | 518 | ||
| B. The National Legal Framework and its Development (the Requirement of Parliamentary Approval) | 519 | ||
| 1. The German Statute on Parliamentary Participation | 520 | ||
| 2. AWACS II | 521 | ||
| C. The Novelties of the Rescue Operation Pegasus Judgment | 522 | ||
| III. The Doctrine of the Protection of Nationals Abroad | 524 | ||
| A. Overview | 524 | ||
| B. Customary International Law Status | 525 | ||
| C. Assessment and Outlook | 528 | ||
| IV. Conclusion | 531 | ||
| Berenike Schriewer: The German Federal Constitutional Court’s First Reference for a Preliminary Ruling to the European Court of Justice: A 2016 Follow-Up | 533 | ||
| I. Procedural History | 534 | ||
| II. The FCC’s Judgment of 21 June 2016 | 535 | ||
| III. Evaluation | 537 | ||
| Isabell Böhm: Genocide in Rwanda: The Judgment of Frankfurt’s Higher Regional Court Against a Former Rwandan Mayor of 29 December 2015 | 541 | ||
| I. Introduction | 541 | ||
| II. The Case of R. Before the German Courts | 543 | ||
| A. Facts of the Case | 543 | ||
| B. Legal Framework | 545 | ||
| C. Proceedings of the Case | 546 | ||
| 1. Judgment of the Higher Regional Court of Frankfurt of 2014 | 546 | ||
| 2. Judgment of the German Federal Court of Justice of May 2015 | 548 | ||
| 3. Judgment of the Higher Regional Court of Frankfurt of December 2015 | 548 | ||
| III. Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects | 550 | ||
| Jens Kaiser: German Chairmanship of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe in 2016 | 555 | ||
| I. Introduction | 555 | ||
| II. The OSCE Chairmanship | 556 | ||
| A. Determining the Chairing State | 556 | ||
| B. Responsibilities and Competences of the Chairmanship | 557 | ||
| 1. Policy-Making and Representation | 558 | ||
| 2. Administration and Coordination | 559 | ||
| 3. Communication and Information | 559 | ||
| III. The German Chairmanship in 2016 | 560 | ||
| A. Crisis and Conflict Management | 561 | ||
| 1. Conflict Area Ukraine | 561 | ||
| 2. Conflict Area Nagorno-Karabakh | 563 | ||
| 3. Conflict Area Transnistria | 564 | ||
| 4. Conflict Area Georgia | 564 | ||
| B. Strengthening the OSCE’s Capacities over the Entire Conflict Cycle | 565 | ||
| C. Using the OSCE as a Platform for Dialogue | 566 | ||
| D. Promoting Sustainable Connectivity and Good Governance in the OSCE Area | 568 | ||
| E. Focusing on the Human Dimension | 568 | ||
| F. Strengthening Exchange Between Societies and the Public | 569 | ||
| IV. Summary | 570 | ||
| Avril Rushe / Joschka Peters-Wunnenberg: Are the Maghreb States ‘Safe’? | 571 | ||
| I. Introduction | 571 | ||
| II. Origin and Rationale of the Safe Country of Origin Concept | 572 | ||
| III. Are Safe Lists Contrary to Fundamental Rights Standards? | 573 | ||
| IV. Safe Country of Origin Concept in Germany | 575 | ||
| V. The Individual Countries | 577 | ||
| A. Morocco | 578 | ||
| 1. Freedom of Expression and Assembly | 578 | ||
| 2. Torture and Other Ill-Treatment | 579 | ||
| 3. Rights of LGBTI Persons | 580 | ||
| 4. Women’s Rights | 580 | ||
| B. Algeria | 581 | ||
| 1. Freedom of Expression and Assembly | 581 | ||
| 2. Torture and Other Ill-Treatment | 582 | ||
| 3. Rights of LGBTI Persons | 583 | ||
| 4. Women’s Rights | 583 | ||
| C. Tunisia | 583 | ||
| 1. Freedom of Expression and Assembly | 584 | ||
| 2. Torture and Ill Treatment | 585 | ||
| 3. Rights of LGBTI Persons | 585 | ||
| 4. Women’s Rights | 586 | ||
| VI. Does the Designation by Germany of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia Comply with the Terms of the Annex I to the APD? | 587 | ||
| A. Generally and Consistently No Persecution | 587 | ||
| B. No Torture or Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment | 589 | ||
| C. No Threat by Reason of Indiscriminate Violence in Situations of International or Internal Armed Conflict | 591 | ||
| VII. Conclusion | 591 | ||
| Sebastian Tho Pesch: Finding a Solution Without Addressing the Problem: The 2014 Ems-Dollard Treaty | 593 | ||
| I. Introduction | 593 | ||
| II. The Background | 593 | ||
| III. The Ems-Dollard Regime | 595 | ||
| IV. The 2014 Treaty | 597 | ||
| A. An Extended Sans Préjudice Clause | 597 | ||
| B. A Different Approach | 598 | ||
| C. A Central Marine Traffic Management and Other Provisions Concerning Waterworks | 599 | ||
| V. Critique | 599 | ||
| VI. Conclusion and Outlook | 600 | ||
| Marcus Schladebach: The Germanwings Disaster: Legal Debates and Consequences | 603 | ||
| I. The Chronology of the Disaster | 603 | ||
| II. Legal Debates | 605 | ||
| A. Political Discussion | 605 | ||
| B. Legal Discussion | 605 | ||
| C. The Previous Mozambique Airline Accident of 2013 | 606 | ||
| III. Consequences in EU Law | 607 | ||
| A. European Air Law | 607 | ||
| B. EASA Recommendation | 608 | ||
| C. European Initiative in the ICAO | 610 | ||
| IV. Consequences in International Law | 611 | ||
| A. ICAO Statement | 611 | ||
| B. The 39th Session of the ICAO Assembly | 611 | ||
| V. Conclusion: A Technical Recommendation | 612 | ||
| Thomas Hoppe: The German Federal Court of Justice Marks a Possible Way for the CJEU’s Preliminary Ruling: The Compatibility of Investment Arbitration Clauses in Intra-EU Bilateral Investment Treaties with European Union Law | 615 | ||
| I. Introduction | 615 | ||
| II. Facts of the Case | 617 | ||
| III. Questions Referred to the CJEU for a Preliminary Ruling | 618 | ||
| A. Compatibility of the Investment Arbitration Clause with Article 344 TFEU | 618 | ||
| B. Compatibility of the Investment Arbitration Clause with Article 267 TFEU | 619 | ||
| C. Compatibility of the Investment Arbitration Clause with Article 18 TFEU | 621 | ||
| IV. Conclusion and Implications for the Future | 622 | ||
| Book Reviews | 625 | ||
| Michael Bowman/Peter Davies/Edward Goodwin (eds.): Research Handbook on Biodiversityand Law (van Doorn) | 627 | ||
| Eric de Brabandere, Investment Treaty Arbitration as Public International Law – ProceduralAspects and Implications (Hoppe) | 631 | ||
| Stuart Casey-Maslen et al.: The Arms Trade Treaty:A Commentary (Brandes) | 634 | ||
| Alice Edwards / Laura van Waas (eds.): Nationality and Statelessness under InternationalLaw (Forlati) | 636 | ||
| Yves Haeck / Oswaldo Ruiz-Chiriboga / Clara Burbano-Herrera (eds.): The Inter-AmericanCourt of Human Rights: Theory and Practice, Present and Future (Stöckle) | 638 | ||
| Pierre Hauck / Sven Peterke (eds.): International Law and Transnational Organised Crime (Salvadego) | 640 | ||
| Gro Nystuen / Stuart Casey-Maslen / Annie Golden Bersagel (eds.): Nuclear Weapons underInternational Law (Schöberl ) | 645 | ||
| Ben Saul (ed.): The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.Travaux Préparatoires 1948–1966 (Roeder) | 648 | ||
| Yuval Shany: Questions of Jurisdiction and Admissibility before International Courts (Ogbodo) | 650 | ||
| Malcolm Shaw: Rosenne’s Law and Practice of the International Court 1920–2015 (Zimmermann) | 653 | ||
| Katja Weigelt: Die Auswirkung der Bekämpfung des internationalen Terrorismus auf diestaatliche Souveränität (How the war against international terrorism affects Statesovereignty) (Mührel) | 656 |