The Law of the International Civil Service

Gerhard Ullrich

doi:10.3790/978-3-428-54914-6

The Law of the International Civil Service

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Ullrich, G. (2018). The Law of the International Civil Service. Institutional Law and Practice in International Organisations. Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-54914-6

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The Law of the International Civil Service

Institutional Law and Practice in International Organisations

Ullrich, Gerhard

(2018)

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Publisher Name: Duncker & Humblot
ISBN: 978-3-428-54914-6
978-3-428-14914-8 (print edition)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-54914-6
Edition: 1
Language: English
Pages: 540
Collections: RECHT 2018
D&H 2018
NBE RECHT
NBE D&H
Subjects: Public international law: international organisations & institutions

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Institution: € 136.00 (incl. local VAT if applicable)
Individual: € 89.90 (incl. local VAT if applicable)

About The Author

Gerhard Ullrich studierte Rechtswissenschaften an den Universitäten München, Lausanne und Genf; 1967 Doktor der Rechte; Vertreter der deutschen Bundesregierung in zahlreichen internationalen Konferenzen und im Interimsausschuss der Europäischen Patent Organisation (EPO) (1973–1977); Justiziar des Europäischen Patentamts (1977–2005); Mitglied der Rechtsanwaltskammer München (seit 2005); Vize-Präsident des Beschwerdeausschusses des Rats der EPO (2010–2012); Beratung mehrerer internationaler Organisationen bei der Implementierung ihres Dienstrechts; zahlreiche Veröffentlichungen zum Dienstrecht der internationalen Organisationen; Richter am Verwaltungsgericht des Europäischen Stabilitätsmechanismus (seit 2014).

Abstract

Gerhard Ullrich provides an overall review of the employment law of international intergovernmental organisations. In the first part of the book, he explains the basics of employment law and provides statistical data. He comments extensively on the privileges and immunities of international officials. The core of the book is dedicated to the examination of the legal sources for international civil service law. Here, the international administrative tribunals' case law on the general principles of law occupies a particularly broad area. A second legal source are the structures and elements of the statutory employment in international organisations. The author finally comments on the system of legal protection for the staff of the international civil service.

Despite the differences in the employment laws across international organisations, in many aspects it is more than justified today to speak of a unity of the law of the international civil service within diversity. This trend continues. With his overall presentation of the law of the international civil service, Gerhard Ullrich makes an important practice-oriented and legal-dogmatic contribution to this increasingly important part of international institutional law.Gerhard Ullrich provides an overall review of the employment law of international intergovernmental organisations. In the first part of the book, he explains the basics of employment law and provides statistical data. He comments extensively on the privileges and immunities of international officials. The core of the book is dedicated to the examination of the legal sources for international civil service law. Here, the international administrative tribunals' case law on the general principles of law occupies a particularly broad area. A second legal source are the structures and elements of the statutory employment in international organisations. The author finally comments on the system of legal protection for the staff of the international civil service.

Despite the differences in the employment laws across international organisations, in many aspects it is more than justified today to speak of a unity of the law of the international civil service within diversity. This trend continues. With his overall presentation of the law of the international civil service, Gerhard Ullrich makes an important practice-oriented and legal-dogmatic contribution to this increasingly important part of international institutional law.

Section Title	Page	Action	Price
Preface	5
Summary of Contents	7
Table of Contents	9
Abbreviations	26
Introduction	31
A. The civil service law of international organisations – unity within diversity	31
B. Objectives	32
Part 1: Basic elements	33
Chapter 1: The international organisations	33
A. The legal nature of international organisations	33
B. The classification of international organisations	34
C. Other types of international organisations	35
I. Supranational organisations	35
II. Non-governmental organisations	36
D. The number of public international organisations	37
Chapter 2: The employment law of the international civil service	38
A. Legal basis for the employment law of the international organisations	38
I. The organisational sovereignty	38
II. The autonomous sovereignty in personnel matters	40
III. The drafting of service regulations (secondary law) prior to the entry into force of the constituent instrument (primary law)	41
IV. The development of the service regulations	41
V. The influence of the jurisprudence	41
VI. The power to initiate proposals to amend the service regulations	42
B. The four large civil service systems of the international organisations as pars pro toto	43
I. General introduction	43
II. The systems	43
1. The UN Common System	43
2. The civil service system of the EU	44
3. The civil service system of the co-ordinated organisations (CO)	45
4. The mixed (hybrid) civil service system	45
III. The unity of the employment systems of international organisations	46
IV. The dual role of international organisations as an employer and a substitute state	48
V. The numbers of staff members in international organisations	49
1. The numbers of staff members in organisations participating in the UN Common System	49
2. The number of staff members participating in the civil service system of the EU	50
3. The number of staff members participating in the civil service system of the co-ordinated organisations	50
4. The number of staff members participating in some organisations of the mixed system	50
5. The total number of staff members employed by international organisations	50
6. The number of retired staff members	51
C. The law of the international civil service and national law	51
D. The privileges and immunities of the international organisations and international civil servants	52
I. Legal basis	52
1. The privileges and immunities of international organisations	52
2. The privileges and immunities of staff members, their family members, and other persons performing functions for the organisation	55
a) The personal scope of privileges and immunities	55
b) The geographical scope of privileges and immunities	57
II. Immunity of staff members and inviolability of official documents	57
1. The immunity of staff members in respect of official acts	57
2. The attachment of earnings	59
3. The assignment of earnings	59
4. Inviolability of documents	60
5. Personal immunities of high officials	60
III. Fiscal privileges of active staff members	60
1. The exemption of salaries from national taxation	60
2. Internal taxation	61
3. Progressive taxation	62
4. Additional privileges for high officials	64
5. The privileges of other persons	65
6. The exemption of invalidity benefits from national taxation	65
IV. The taxation of pensions	66
V. Other fiscal privileges	69
VI. Exemption from compulsory national social security schemes	70
VII. Various other privileges and facilities	72
1. General	72
2. Facilities concerning immigration, right of residence and repatriation	73
3. Laissez-passer	73
4. Working permits for spouses	73
5. Private servants	74
6. International crisis	74
7. Exemption from military service	74
8. Tax and duty-free purchase of goods	74
E. The liability for employment derived damages	75
I. The liability of the organisation	75
II. The liability of the official	76
F. The criminal responsibility of the officials	76
Part 2: The sources of international civil service law	78
Chapter 1: Statutory employment law and general legal principles – basics and survey	78
Chapter 2: The general legal principles of the international civil service law	81
A. Introduction	81
I. The concept of general principles of law	82
II. The derivation of general legal principles applicable to the law of the international civil service	82
1. General	82
2. Special derivations	84
III. General legal principles as superior rules of law	87
IV. The general legal principles as a basis for the incidental (indirect) review of staff regulations	87
V. The dynamic nature of general legal principles	89
VI. The limitations of the general legal principles	90
1. The limitations in general	90
2. The codified limitations of the general legal principles	91
3. The guarantee of the very essence of a general legal principle	92
VII. The guarantee of social security and participation rights	92
VIII. The doctrine of special status	93
IX. Methods of interpretation in public international law	95
X. The methods of interpretation applied by the international administrative tribunals	96
B. The application of human (fundamental) rights in the international civil service	100
I. The protection of human dignity at work	100
1. General	100
2. Psychological (moral) and sexual harassment	101
II. Protection of privacy	106
III. Data protection	108
IV. The principle of equal treatment and non-discrimination	112
V. Freedom of association, assembly and trade union matters	117
1. General information	117
2. Staff committees	119
3. Trade unions	120
4. Other groupings	124
5. Collective bargaining	124
6. The right to strike	128
a) The principle	128
b) Content and scope of the right to strike	130
7. The freedom of assembly	133
VI. The freedom of expression	133
VII. The right to property	136
VIII. Freedom of thought, conscience and religion	138
IX. The right to a safe and healthy working environment	139
X. The right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial	142
XI. Excursus: Immunity of international organisations from national jurisdiction in staff matters	144
1. The jurisprudence of the ECHR	144
2. The German Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht)	148
3. The Supreme Court of the Netherlands (Hoge Raad)	149
4. The Belgian Supreme Court (Cour de Cassation)	150
5. Other Supreme and Appeal Courts	151
C. Objective legal principles of the international civil service law	152
I. The derivation	152
II. The principle of legality	152
1. The administration	152
a) General	152
b) Reasonable discretion and value judgments	153
c) Areas of judicial discretion	156
aa) Appointment, promotion, selection board	156
bb)tBenefits/allowances	157
cc)tDisciplinary measures	157
dd) Dismissal/termination of contract	159
ee)tExtension of retirement age limit	159
ff) Facilities granted to staff union	160
gg) Leave	160
hh) Immunity	160
ii) Organisational measures	160
jj) Patere legem	161
kk) Probation	162
ll) Renewal/extension of contract	162
mm) Salary adjustment	163
nn) Seniority (prior experience)	164
oo) Staff (appraisal, performance) reports	164
pp) Transfer/reassignment	165
qq) Vacancy notice	165
rr) Miscellaneous	166
d) Misuse of authority (non-discretionary decisions)	168
2. The legislative power	169
III. Legal certainty (stability in law)	170
1. General	170
2. Deadlines for complaints and appeals	171
3. Limitation periods for claims	173
4. Res judicata and stare decisis	174
5. Clarity and precision of acts, rules and applications	174
6. Revocation or alteration of decisions	175
7. Unjust enrichment, recovery of undue payment	178
8. The principle of non-retroactivity	180
9. Delegation of authority	182
IV. The principle of proportionality	183
V. The principle of good faith (bona fide), fairness, equity and estoppel	185
VI. Good administration and due process	188
1. General	188
2. The duty to state grounds of decisions	191
3. The right to be heard (right to reply)	195
4. Reasonable periods for decisions	197
D. The specific general legal principles of the international civil service	199
I. The Introduction	199
II. The principle of the protection of legitimate expectation	199
1. The principle in general	199
2. The assurance (promise)	201
3. The principle of acquired rights	203
a) The doctrine of acquired rights as applied by the judicature of the ILOAT	204
aa) General introduction	204
bb) Details	204
b) The doctrine of acquired rights as applied by the judicature of the CJEU	209
4. The protection of legitimate expectation in the renewal or extension of fixed-term contracts	210
5. The principle of stability, foreseeability and a clear understanding of the results of a salary adjustment method	214
6. The withdrawal of an administrative decision	218
7. The recovery of undue payment	218
8. The right to information	219
III. The principle of unimpeded accomplishment of tasks of the organisation	220
1. The privileges and immunities	220
2. The independence of the organisation and its staff	221
3. The Noblemaire and Fleming principles	223
4. Facilitating the possibility for staff members to retain personal links with the place of origin	226
IV. Other specific legal principles	227
1. Participation rights	227
a) The right of the staff associations to consultation	227
aa) General introduction	227
bb) The activities of staff committees	230
cc) Facilities provided to staff committees	230
dd) The details of the right to consultation	231
b) Co-determination	233
2. The right to receive care and assistance	235
a) General introduction	235
b) The duty to provide care (solicitude)	236
c) The duty of assistance	236
3. The patere legem principle	240
4. The hierarchy of norms	242
5. The right to material and moral damages	243
a) General introduction	243
b) The competences of international administrative tribunals	245
c) Actions for annulment and damages in detail	247
aa) Action for annulment	247
bb) Action for damages	248
Chapter 3: The typical structures and elements of employment rules	258
A. The legal nature of employment	258
I. Permanent staff	258
II. Contract staff	259
1. Continuing appointments	259
2. Fixed-term and temporary staff	260
III. Local staff	261
IV. Non-staff personnel	261
1. Contractors	261
2. Temporary agency staff	262
3. Trainees	262
4. De facto employment relationship	263
V. Structures of employment	263
B. Recruitment, development and termination of employment	268
I. Recruitment	268
1. General introduction	268
2. The recruitment procedure	269
a) The publication of the vacancy notice	270
b) The admittance to the selection procedure (pre-selection, pre-screening)	271
c) The selection process	272
aa) The selection committee	272
bb) The assessment	273
d) Legal review of the selection process	274
e) Excursus: The European Personnel Selection Office (EPSO) and the “inspira” system of the UN secretariat	276
aa) EPSO of the EU	276
bb) The “inspira” system of the UN secretariat	277
f) The obligation to give reasons to unsuccessful candidates	277
g) The appointment	278
h) The probationary period	279
II. The development of employment	281
1. Career development	281
a) General introduction	281
b) Advancement in incremental steps	281
c) Promotion	282
aa) General information	282
bb) The appraisal report	283
cc) The joint promotion committees and review bodies	286
dd) The judicature on promotion	287
d) Temporary posting	289
e) The transition from one category of grade (functional groups) to the other (vertical transition)	289
2. Change of the administrative status	290
a) General information	290
b) Special leave	290
aa) Secondment	291
bb) Leave on personal grounds	292
cc) Leave for military service	292
dd) Assignment to non-active or reserve status	292
ee) Parental (paternity) leave	292
ff) Family leave	293
3. Transfer and reassignment within the organisation	293
4. Conversion of appointment (horizontal transition)	295
5. Downgrading (demotion)	296
III. The termination of employment	296
1. General introduction	296
2. EU	297
a) Officials	297
aa) Termination of service	297
bb) Assignment to non-active status and resignation	298
b) Temporary staff	299
c) Contract staff	299
d) Unemployment allowance for temporary and contract staff	299
3. UN	300
4. CoE	301
5. EPO	301
6. The termination of service due to age	302
7. The protection of legitimate expectation in the renewal or extension of fixed-term contracts	302
C. Rights and obligations of staff	303
I. The rights	303
1. Introduction	303
2. Entitlement to remuneration	303
a) The basic salary	303
aa) The amount of salaries in general	303
bb) The salary scales	304
cc) Examples of the amount of salaries of the international civil service (after deduction of internal tax)	306
dd) Adjustment of salaries	308
ee) The salary increase	308
ff) Payment arrangements	308
gg) Forfeit or reduction of salary	309
b) Allowances and reimbursement of expenses	310
aa) Family allowances	311
(1)tThe household allowance	311
(2)tDependency benefits	312
(3)tThe education allowance	315
(4)tNo duplication (overlapping) of benefits	316
(5) Excursus: Benefits for staff members in a union of two persons (same-sex marriage, registered partnership, cohabitation agreement etc) equal to married hetero-sexual staff members	318
bb) The expatriation allowance	323
(1)tEU	324
(2)tUN	324
(3)tCoE	325
(4)tEPO	325
cc)tRent allowance (rental subsidy)	328
dd) Service allowances	328
(1)tLanguage allowance	328
(2)tOvertime compensation/remuneration	329
(3) Compensation for night work, shift and on-call duty, work on Sundays, Saturdays and public holidays	329
(4)tCompensation for temporarily performing duties of a post in a higher grade	329
(5)tEarly termination indemnity	330
(6)tCompensation for protection of confidence (compensatory allowance)	331
ee) Reimbursement of expenses	332
(1)tExpenses for official journey	332
(2) Removal costs and travel expenses related to recruitment, transfer and termination of service	332
(3)tTravel expenses to the place of origin	333
(4)tResidence allowance and accommodation expenses	333
(5)tInstallation allowance, resettlement allowance	333
(6)tOther expenses	333
(7)tExtinctive prescription	336
3. The remuneration adjustment systems	336
a) The adjustment systems of the EU, the CO, the EPO, CERN and ESO	336
b) Exceptions from the regular adjustment procedure	338
aa) The EU	338
bb) The CO	339
cc) The EPO, CERN and ESO	340
c) The adjustment system of the UN-CS	340
4. The social security	343
a) General	343
b) The social security system in case of illness, maternity, birth, long-term care, unemployment and in case of hardship	345
aa) Health care	345
(1)tClaims	346
(2) Premiums and contributions	346
(3)tBenefits	347
(4)tFunding of the health insurance	348
bb) Paid sick leave	348
cc) Long-term care insurance	349
dd) Protection against unemployment	350
ee) Paid leave in the event of maternity and adoption, unpaid parental or family leave, birth grant, allowances for parental and family leave, paid special leave	352
ff) Hardship	353
gg) Special issues	353
(1)tShort term employment, local staff	353
(2)tFormer staff	354
c) Retirement pensions, invalidity (pensions, allowances) and death benefits	354
aa) Retirement benefits	354
bb) The general structure of pension systems	355
cc) General prospects for pension entitlements	355
dd) Special issues concerning retirement benefits	355
(1)tThe rate of contributions	355
(2)tThe level of benefits	356
(3)tThe DCPS more in detail	357
ee) Taxation of retirement benefits	358
ff) Attachment and subrogation of retirement benefits	358
gg) Individual retirement benefits	358
(1)tConditions of entitlement	358
(2)tCommencement of entitlement	358
(3)tYearly accrual rate of pension benefits	360
(4)tMaximum and minimum rate of pensions	360
(5)tThe salary taken as calculatory basis for the pension benefits	360
(6)tPension benefits for surviving spouses and dependants	360
(7)tInward and outward transfer of pension rights	361
(8)tTaxation of pensions	361
(9)tAllowances	361
(10) Annual adjustment of pensions	361
hh) Permanent invalidity and death benefits	363
(1)tGeneral benefits	363
(2)tOccupational disease and accident at work	364
(3)tTaxation of invalidity benefits	366
5. The pension schemes of international organisations	367
a) Introduction	367
b) Legal structures of the pension schemes	367
c) Actuarial balance of pension schemes	368
d) Legal protection of beneficiaries	369
e) Financing guarantee of the pension scheme	369
aa) During the existence of the international organisation	370
bb) After dissolution of the international organisation	370
(1)tPensions	370
(2)tHealth and long-term care insurance	371
f) Legal status of the pension (reserve) funds	372
6. Brief overview of major pension and pension reserve funds of international organisations	373
a) The United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund (UNJSPF)	373
b) The CERN/ESO Pension Fund	375
c) The EPO Reserve Funds for Pensions and Social Security (EPO-RFPSS)	375
d) The Scheme Assets of the European Central Bank	376
e) The Pension Reserve Funds of the co-ordinated organisations	376
7. Other rights	377
a) Leave entitlements	377
aa) Survey	377
bb) Annual leave	377
cc) Leave on personal grounds	378
dd) Home leave	379
ee) Public holidays	379
b) The right to assistance and vocational training	382
aa)tAssistance	382
bb) Vocational training	383
c) Protection of dignity and professional reputation	383
d) Occupational safety and health (OSH)	384
e) Privileges and immunities	385
f) Right to compensation for damages	385
g) Legal protection	386
h) The right to inspect the personal file	386
i) Data protection	387
j) Other benefits	389
8. Collective rights of staff	390
a) Survey	390
b) The staff committees	392
aa) General remarks	392
bb) Facilities provided to staff committees	393
cc) Formal participation in staff matters	393
dd) Informal participation in staff matters	395
ee) Co-determination	396
ff) The right of staff committees to file complaints	396
c) Trade unions and professional associations	396
aa) Statutes of international trade unions	398
bb) The right to strike	400
cc) Framework agreements of international organisations with staff unions	400
II. Duties and breach of duties	403
1. Survey	403
2. Public service obligations	404
a) The duty to provide service	404
aa) The duty to execute orders (duty to obey, subordination)	405
bb) Hours of work, unauthorised absence	405
cc) Place of work	406
dd) Overtime, shift work, on-call duty	406
b) Additional duties, which directly ensure the duty to provide service	406
aa) Duty of residence	406
bb) Duty to notify violations of privileges and immunities	407
cc) Duty to transfer industrial property rights	407
dd) Recovery of undue payment	407
ee) Duty to undergo a medical examination	408
c) Other obligations	408
3. Duty of conduct	408
a) The duty of loyalty and allegiance	409
b) The duty of integrity	411
aa) The duty of independence, impartiality and incorruptibility	412
bb) The duty of maintaining discretion and secrecy	413
cc) The duty to report possible illegal activity	414
dd) The duty to respect the law and ethical standards	415
ee) The duty to respect the dignity of colleagues (psychological and sexual victimisation)	416
ff) Excursus: The duty of conduct and the freedom of expression	416
4. Legal consequences for breaches of duties	418
a) General	418
b) Disciplinary and administrative consequences	418
aa) Disciplinary measures	420
bb) Disciplinary proceedings	421
c) Hidden disciplinary measures	426
d) Non-disciplinary actions and recourse claims	427
Part 3: The system of legal protection for the international civil service – The international administrative tribunals	430
Chapter 1: General	430
A. The obligation to grant legal protection	430
B. The legal basis for establishing an international administrative tribunal	431
C. The limited jurisdiction of the international administrative tribunals	431
I. The principle of limited subject matters	431
II. The principle of limited remedial powers	433
III. The principle of limited standards of judicial review	434
IV. Details of the case law of the CJEU, ILOAT, UNDT/UNAT and the CoEAT on the application of general legal principles as standards for their judicial review	436
D. The international administrative tribunals as genuine judicial organs	438
E. The legal status of the international administrative tribunals and their judges	440
F. The number of international administrative tribunals	441
G. The success rate of complaints	442
H. Legal assistance for staff in employment disputes	442
I. Conflict of jurisdiction	442
J. Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms (arbitration, mediation, ombudsman services)	443
I. Overview	443
II. Internal ADR mechanisms	445
Chapter 2: International administrative tribunals and their legal proceedings	449
A. International administrative tribunals	449
I. Unity within diversity	449
II. ADR and court proceedings	449
1. The UNDT	449
2. The CJEU	450
3. The ILOAT	450
B. The most important international administrative tribunals	450
I. Tribunals extending their jurisdiction to several international organisations	450
1. The ILOAT	450
2. The UNDT and the UNAT	452
3. The CJEU (CJ, GC, CST)	453
4. The Administrative Tribunal of the World Bank Group (WBAT)	454
5. The Administrative Tribunal of the Council of Europe (CoEAT)	454
6. The Administrative Tribunal of the Organization of American States (TRIBAD)	454
II. The tribunals competent for individual organisations	454
1. The Tribunals of the co-ordinated organisations	454
2. The Administrative Tribunal of the International Monetary Fund (IMFAT)	455
3. The African Development Bank Administrative Tribunal	455
4. The Asian Development Bank Administrative Tribunal	455
5. The Inter-American Development Bank Administrative Tribunal	455
6. The Administrative Tribunal of the European Stability Mechanism (ESMAT)	455
7. The Complaints Board of the European Schools	456
C. The right to bring an action (locus standi)	456
I. Staff members and legal successors	456
II. External candidates for a vacant post	456
III. De facto employment relationships	457
IV. Experts, independent contractors and agency staff	458
V. Locus standi of staff committees and trade unions	458
VI. Limited right of the organisation itself to bring an action	459
D. Persons taking part in the proceedings	459
I. Representation by another staff member or by a legal counsel	459
II. Intervention	460
III. Friend-of-the-court briefs (amicus curiae briefs)	460
E. The admissibility of a complaint	461
I. Overview, general questions and preconditions for admissibility	461
1. The formal conditions of an application	461
2. Examination of admissibility proprio motu	462
3. Strict application of the rules regarding admissibility	463
4. Misdirection of an appeal	463
5. Summary dismissal	463
6. Types of admissible actions	464
7. Filing fees (deposit)	464
8. Precise terms of the claims	464
9. Waiver to bring an action	465
10. Amicable settlement of a dispute	465
II. The specific admissibility requirements of a complaint	465
1. Overview	465
2. Individual and general decisions	466
a) The appeals system	466
aa) The individual decision	466
bb) The general decision	467
b) Preparatory, provisional and preliminary acts	468
c) Cause of action – the adverse effect of a decision	470
d) Confirmatory decisions	471
e) Decisions with recurring effect	472
f) Consistency between the administrative complaint (pre-litigation procedure) and the legal action	472
g) Class actions, representative complaints	473
h) The incidental (indirect) challenge of an act of general application (regulatory act)	474
3. The direct challenge of a general decision (regulatory act)	475
a) General	475
b) The special case of the EPO	477
4. The formal pre-litigation procedures	478
a) Overview	478
b) Non-peer administrative review	480
c) Administrative review with the involvement nof a peer advisory body	482
d) The interaction between internal appeal proceedings and court proceedings	484
aa) The importance of internal appeals committees	484
bb) Consequences of the admissibility of an action brought before the tribunal based on an implied decision	485
cc) Internal appeal proceedings and legal actions brought before the ILOAT – interpretation of Art. VII of its statute	486
e) Time limits for the internal appeal proceedings	488
f) The failure to exhaust the internal appeal proceedings	490
5. The time limits for bringing an action	490
6. Restitutio in integrum (Re-establishment of rights)	493
III. Interim measures	493
IV. Interlocutory judgments/orders	496
V. Stay of proceedings	497
F. Procedural matters	497
I. The principles of procedural law applicable to the international administrative tribunals	497
1. General	497
2. General legal principles	501
a) The essence of the right to a fair trial	501
b) Equality of the parties in the court proceedings	502
c) Fundamental errors in procedure – failure in justice	502
d) Publicity of an oral hearing	502
e) International minimum standard of elementary procedural justice	502
f) Oral hearing, accessibility, length of proceedings	503
II. The proceedings before the tribunals	503
III. Evidence and proof	505
1. General	505
2. The burden of proof	506
3. Evidentiary presumption and shifting the burden of proof	507
4. Standard of proof, evaluation of evidence	508
5. Means of evidence	508
IV. Change of claims	509
V. Ex tunc assessment (tempus regit actum)	510
VI. Withdrawal of complaint (discontinuance of proceedings)	510
VII. Joinder of cases	511
VIII. Prolongation of deadlines	511
G. The judgment	511
I. Content and other aspects	511
II. Application for the interpretation of judgments	513
III. Supplementary decisions	514
1. Decisions as to costs	514
2. Default interest on damages	515
H. Res judicata, stare decisis	516
I. General	516
II. Substantive res judicata	516
III. Right of appeal, review	517
IV. Stare decisis	519
I. Enforcement (execution)	520
I. General	520
II. ILOAT Judgments	520
III. CJEU Judgments	521
IV. UNDT Judgments	522
Bibliography	523
Index	529

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The Law of the International Civil Service

Institutional Law and Practice in International Organisations

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