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Ullrich, G. (2018). The Law of the International Civil Service. Institutional Law and Practice in International Organisations. Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-54914-6
Ullrich, Gerhard. The Law of the International Civil Service: Institutional Law and Practice in International Organisations. Duncker & Humblot, 2018. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-54914-6
Ullrich, G (2018): The Law of the International Civil Service: Institutional Law and Practice in International Organisations, Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-54914-6
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The Law of the International Civil Service
Institutional Law and Practice in International Organisations
(2018)
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Gerhard Ullrich studierte Rechtswissenschaften an den Universitäten München, Lausanne und Genf; 1967 Doktor der Rechte; Vertreter der deutschen Bundesregierung in zahlreichen internationalen Konferenzen und im Interimsausschuss der Europäischen Patent Organisation (EPO) (1973–1977); Justiziar des Europäischen Patentamts (1977–2005); Mitglied der Rechtsanwaltskammer München (seit 2005); Vize-Präsident des Beschwerdeausschusses des Rats der EPO (2010–2012); Beratung mehrerer internationaler Organisationen bei der Implementierung ihres Dienstrechts; zahlreiche Veröffentlichungen zum Dienstrecht der internationalen Organisationen; Richter am Verwaltungsgericht des Europäischen Stabilitätsmechanismus (seit 2014).Abstract
Gerhard Ullrich provides an overall review of the employment law of international intergovernmental organisations. In the first part of the book, he explains the basics of employment law and provides statistical data. He comments extensively on the privileges and immunities of international officials. The core of the book is dedicated to the examination of the legal sources for international civil service law. Here, the international administrative tribunals' case law on the general principles of law occupies a particularly broad area. A second legal source are the structures and elements of the statutory employment in international organisations. The author finally comments on the system of legal protection for the staff of the international civil service.Despite the differences in the employment laws across international organisations, in many aspects it is more than justified today to speak of a unity of the law of the international civil service within diversity. This trend continues. With his overall presentation of the law of the international civil service, Gerhard Ullrich makes an important practice-oriented and legal-dogmatic contribution to this increasingly important part of international institutional law.Gerhard Ullrich provides an overall review of the employment law of international intergovernmental organisations. In the first part of the book, he explains the basics of employment law and provides statistical data. He comments extensively on the privileges and immunities of international officials. The core of the book is dedicated to the examination of the legal sources for international civil service law. Here, the international administrative tribunals' case law on the general principles of law occupies a particularly broad area. A second legal source are the structures and elements of the statutory employment in international organisations. The author finally comments on the system of legal protection for the staff of the international civil service.Despite the differences in the employment laws across international organisations, in many aspects it is more than justified today to speak of a unity of the law of the international civil service within diversity. This trend continues. With his overall presentation of the law of the international civil service, Gerhard Ullrich makes an important practice-oriented and legal-dogmatic contribution to this increasingly important part of international institutional law.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Preface | 5 | ||
| Summary of Contents | 7 | ||
| Table of Contents | 9 | ||
| Abbreviations | 26 | ||
| Introduction | 31 | ||
| A. The civil service law of international organisations – unity within diversity | 31 | ||
| B. Objectives | 32 | ||
| Part 1: Basic elements | 33 | ||
| Chapter 1: The international organisations | 33 | ||
| A. The legal nature of international organisations | 33 | ||
| B. The classification of international organisations | 34 | ||
| C. Other types of international organisations | 35 | ||
| I. Supranational organisations | 35 | ||
| II. Non-governmental organisations | 36 | ||
| D. The number of public international organisations | 37 | ||
| Chapter 2: The employment law of the international civil service | 38 | ||
| A. Legal basis for the employment law of the international organisations | 38 | ||
| I. The organisational sovereignty | 38 | ||
| II. The autonomous sovereignty in personnel matters | 40 | ||
| III. The drafting of service regulations (secondary law) prior to the entry into force of the constituent instrument (primary law) | 41 | ||
| IV. The development of the service regulations | 41 | ||
| V. The influence of the jurisprudence | 41 | ||
| VI. The power to initiate proposals to amend the service regulations | 42 | ||
| B. The four large civil service systems of the international organisations as pars pro toto | 43 | ||
| I. General introduction | 43 | ||
| II. The systems | 43 | ||
| 1. The UN Common System | 43 | ||
| 2. The civil service system of the EU | 44 | ||
| 3. The civil service system of the co-ordinated organisations (CO) | 45 | ||
| 4. The mixed (hybrid) civil service system | 45 | ||
| III. The unity of the employment systems of international organisations | 46 | ||
| IV. The dual role of international organisations as an employer and a substitute state | 48 | ||
| V. The numbers of staff members in international organisations | 49 | ||
| 1. The numbers of staff members in organisations participating in the UN Common System | 49 | ||
| 2. The number of staff members participating in the civil service system of the EU | 50 | ||
| 3. The number of staff members participating in the civil service system of the co-ordinated organisations | 50 | ||
| 4. The number of staff members participating in some organisations of the mixed system | 50 | ||
| 5. The total number of staff members employed by international organisations | 50 | ||
| 6. The number of retired staff members | 51 | ||
| C. The law of the international civil service and national law | 51 | ||
| D. The privileges and immunities of the international organisations and international civil servants | 52 | ||
| I. Legal basis | 52 | ||
| 1. The privileges and immunities of international organisations | 52 | ||
| 2. The privileges and immunities of staff members, their family members, and other persons performing functions for the organisation | 55 | ||
| a) The personal scope of privileges and immunities | 55 | ||
| b) The geographical scope of privileges and immunities | 57 | ||
| II. Immunity of staff members and inviolability of official documents | 57 | ||
| 1. The immunity of staff members in respect of official acts | 57 | ||
| 2. The attachment of earnings | 59 | ||
| 3. The assignment of earnings | 59 | ||
| 4. Inviolability of documents | 60 | ||
| 5. Personal immunities of high officials | 60 | ||
| III. Fiscal privileges of active staff members | 60 | ||
| 1. The exemption of salaries from national taxation | 60 | ||
| 2. Internal taxation | 61 | ||
| 3. Progressive taxation | 62 | ||
| 4. Additional privileges for high officials | 64 | ||
| 5. The privileges of other persons | 65 | ||
| 6. The exemption of invalidity benefits from national taxation | 65 | ||
| IV. The taxation of pensions | 66 | ||
| V. Other fiscal privileges | 69 | ||
| VI. Exemption from compulsory national social security schemes | 70 | ||
| VII. Various other privileges and facilities | 72 | ||
| 1. General | 72 | ||
| 2. Facilities concerning immigration, right of residence and repatriation | 73 | ||
| 3. Laissez-passer | 73 | ||
| 4. Working permits for spouses | 73 | ||
| 5. Private servants | 74 | ||
| 6. International crisis | 74 | ||
| 7. Exemption from military service | 74 | ||
| 8. Tax and duty-free purchase of goods | 74 | ||
| E. The liability for employment derived damages | 75 | ||
| I. The liability of the organisation | 75 | ||
| II. The liability of the official | 76 | ||
| F. The criminal responsibility of the officials | 76 | ||
| Part 2: The sources of international civil service law | 78 | ||
| Chapter 1: Statutory employment law and general legal principles – basics and survey | 78 | ||
| Chapter 2: The general legal principles of the international civil service law | 81 | ||
| A. Introduction | 81 | ||
| I. The concept of general principles of law | 82 | ||
| II. The derivation of general legal principles applicable to the law of the international civil service | 82 | ||
| 1. General | 82 | ||
| 2. Special derivations | 84 | ||
| III. General legal principles as superior rules of law | 87 | ||
| IV. The general legal principles as a basis for the incidental (indirect) review of staff regulations | 87 | ||
| V. The dynamic nature of general legal principles | 89 | ||
| VI. The limitations of the general legal principles | 90 | ||
| 1. The limitations in general | 90 | ||
| 2. The codified limitations of the general legal principles | 91 | ||
| 3. The guarantee of the very essence of a general legal principle | 92 | ||
| VII. The guarantee of social security and participation rights | 92 | ||
| VIII. The doctrine of special status | 93 | ||
| IX. Methods of interpretation in public international law | 95 | ||
| X. The methods of interpretation applied by the international administrative tribunals | 96 | ||
| B. The application of human (fundamental) rights in the international civil service | 100 | ||
| I. The protection of human dignity at work | 100 | ||
| 1. General | 100 | ||
| 2. Psychological (moral) and sexual harassment | 101 | ||
| II. Protection of privacy | 106 | ||
| III. Data protection | 108 | ||
| IV. The principle of equal treatment and non-discrimination | 112 | ||
| V. Freedom of association, assembly and trade union matters | 117 | ||
| 1. General information | 117 | ||
| 2. Staff committees | 119 | ||
| 3. Trade unions | 120 | ||
| 4. Other groupings | 124 | ||
| 5. Collective bargaining | 124 | ||
| 6. The right to strike | 128 | ||
| a) The principle | 128 | ||
| b) Content and scope of the right to strike | 130 | ||
| 7. The freedom of assembly | 133 | ||
| VI. The freedom of expression | 133 | ||
| VII. The right to property | 136 | ||
| VIII. Freedom of thought, conscience and religion | 138 | ||
| IX. The right to a safe and healthy working environment | 139 | ||
| X. The right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial | 142 | ||
| XI. Excursus: Immunity of international organisations from national jurisdiction in staff matters | 144 | ||
| 1. The jurisprudence of the ECHR | 144 | ||
| 2. The German Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) | 148 | ||
| 3. The Supreme Court of the Netherlands (Hoge Raad) | 149 | ||
| 4. The Belgian Supreme Court (Cour de Cassation) | 150 | ||
| 5. Other Supreme and Appeal Courts | 151 | ||
| C. Objective legal principles of the international civil service law | 152 | ||
| I. The derivation | 152 | ||
| II. The principle of legality | 152 | ||
| 1. The administration | 152 | ||
| a) General | 152 | ||
| b) Reasonable discretion and value judgments | 153 | ||
| c) Areas of judicial discretion | 156 | ||
| aa) Appointment, promotion, selection board | 156 | ||
| bb)tBenefits/allowances | 157 | ||
| cc)tDisciplinary measures | 157 | ||
| dd) Dismissal/termination of contract | 159 | ||
| ee)tExtension of retirement age limit | 159 | ||
| ff) Facilities granted to staff union | 160 | ||
| gg) Leave | 160 | ||
| hh) Immunity | 160 | ||
| ii) Organisational measures | 160 | ||
| jj) Patere legem | 161 | ||
| kk) Probation | 162 | ||
| ll) Renewal/extension of contract | 162 | ||
| mm) Salary adjustment | 163 | ||
| nn) Seniority (prior experience) | 164 | ||
| oo) Staff (appraisal, performance) reports | 164 | ||
| pp) Transfer/reassignment | 165 | ||
| qq) Vacancy notice | 165 | ||
| rr) Miscellaneous | 166 | ||
| d) Misuse of authority (non-discretionary decisions) | 168 | ||
| 2. The legislative power | 169 | ||
| III. Legal certainty (stability in law) | 170 | ||
| 1. General | 170 | ||
| 2. Deadlines for complaints and appeals | 171 | ||
| 3. Limitation periods for claims | 173 | ||
| 4. Res judicata and stare decisis | 174 | ||
| 5. Clarity and precision of acts, rules and applications | 174 | ||
| 6. Revocation or alteration of decisions | 175 | ||
| 7. Unjust enrichment, recovery of undue payment | 178 | ||
| 8. The principle of non-retroactivity | 180 | ||
| 9. Delegation of authority | 182 | ||
| IV. The principle of proportionality | 183 | ||
| V. The principle of good faith (bona fide), fairness, equity and estoppel | 185 | ||
| VI. Good administration and due process | 188 | ||
| 1. General | 188 | ||
| 2. The duty to state grounds of decisions | 191 | ||
| 3. The right to be heard (right to reply) | 195 | ||
| 4. Reasonable periods for decisions | 197 | ||
| D. The specific general legal principles of the international civil service | 199 | ||
| I. The Introduction | 199 | ||
| II. The principle of the protection of legitimate expectation | 199 | ||
| 1. The principle in general | 199 | ||
| 2. The assurance (promise) | 201 | ||
| 3. The principle of acquired rights | 203 | ||
| a) The doctrine of acquired rights as applied by the judicature of the ILOAT | 204 | ||
| aa) General introduction | 204 | ||
| bb) Details | 204 | ||
| b) The doctrine of acquired rights as applied by the judicature of the CJEU | 209 | ||
| 4. The protection of legitimate expectation in the renewal or extension of fixed-term contracts | 210 | ||
| 5. The principle of stability, foreseeability and a clear understanding of the results of a salary adjustment method | 214 | ||
| 6. The withdrawal of an administrative decision | 218 | ||
| 7. The recovery of undue payment | 218 | ||
| 8. The right to information | 219 | ||
| III. The principle of unimpeded accomplishment of tasks of the organisation | 220 | ||
| 1. The privileges and immunities | 220 | ||
| 2. The independence of the organisation and its staff | 221 | ||
| 3. The Noblemaire and Fleming principles | 223 | ||
| 4. Facilitating the possibility for staff members to retain personal links with the place of origin | 226 | ||
| IV. Other specific legal principles | 227 | ||
| 1. Participation rights | 227 | ||
| a) The right of the staff associations to consultation | 227 | ||
| aa) General introduction | 227 | ||
| bb) The activities of staff committees | 230 | ||
| cc) Facilities provided to staff committees | 230 | ||
| dd) The details of the right to consultation | 231 | ||
| b) Co-determination | 233 | ||
| 2. The right to receive care and assistance | 235 | ||
| a) General introduction | 235 | ||
| b) The duty to provide care (solicitude) | 236 | ||
| c) The duty of assistance | 236 | ||
| 3. The patere legem principle | 240 | ||
| 4. The hierarchy of norms | 242 | ||
| 5. The right to material and moral damages | 243 | ||
| a) General introduction | 243 | ||
| b) The competences of international administrative tribunals | 245 | ||
| c) Actions for annulment and damages in detail | 247 | ||
| aa) Action for annulment | 247 | ||
| bb) Action for damages | 248 | ||
| Chapter 3: The typical structures and elements of employment rules | 258 | ||
| A. The legal nature of employment | 258 | ||
| I. Permanent staff | 258 | ||
| II. Contract staff | 259 | ||
| 1. Continuing appointments | 259 | ||
| 2. Fixed-term and temporary staff | 260 | ||
| III. Local staff | 261 | ||
| IV. Non-staff personnel | 261 | ||
| 1. Contractors | 261 | ||
| 2. Temporary agency staff | 262 | ||
| 3. Trainees | 262 | ||
| 4. De facto employment relationship | 263 | ||
| V. Structures of employment | 263 | ||
| B. Recruitment, development and termination of employment | 268 | ||
| I. Recruitment | 268 | ||
| 1. General introduction | 268 | ||
| 2. The recruitment procedure | 269 | ||
| a) The publication of the vacancy notice | 270 | ||
| b) The admittance to the selection procedure (pre-selection, pre-screening) | 271 | ||
| c) The selection process | 272 | ||
| aa) The selection committee | 272 | ||
| bb) The assessment | 273 | ||
| d) Legal review of the selection process | 274 | ||
| e) Excursus: The European Personnel Selection Office (EPSO) and the “inspira” system of the UN secretariat | 276 | ||
| aa) EPSO of the EU | 276 | ||
| bb) The “inspira” system of the UN secretariat | 277 | ||
| f) The obligation to give reasons to unsuccessful candidates | 277 | ||
| g) The appointment | 278 | ||
| h) The probationary period | 279 | ||
| II. The development of employment | 281 | ||
| 1. Career development | 281 | ||
| a) General introduction | 281 | ||
| b) Advancement in incremental steps | 281 | ||
| c) Promotion | 282 | ||
| aa) General information | 282 | ||
| bb) The appraisal report | 283 | ||
| cc) The joint promotion committees and review bodies | 286 | ||
| dd) The judicature on promotion | 287 | ||
| d) Temporary posting | 289 | ||
| e) The transition from one category of grade (functional groups) to the other (vertical transition) | 289 | ||
| 2. Change of the administrative status | 290 | ||
| a) General information | 290 | ||
| b) Special leave | 290 | ||
| aa) Secondment | 291 | ||
| bb) Leave on personal grounds | 292 | ||
| cc) Leave for military service | 292 | ||
| dd) Assignment to non-active or reserve status | 292 | ||
| ee) Parental (paternity) leave | 292 | ||
| ff) Family leave | 293 | ||
| 3. Transfer and reassignment within the organisation | 293 | ||
| 4. Conversion of appointment (horizontal transition) | 295 | ||
| 5. Downgrading (demotion) | 296 | ||
| III. The termination of employment | 296 | ||
| 1. General introduction | 296 | ||
| 2. EU | 297 | ||
| a) Officials | 297 | ||
| aa) Termination of service | 297 | ||
| bb) Assignment to non-active status and resignation | 298 | ||
| b) Temporary staff | 299 | ||
| c) Contract staff | 299 | ||
| d) Unemployment allowance for temporary and contract staff | 299 | ||
| 3. UN | 300 | ||
| 4. CoE | 301 | ||
| 5. EPO | 301 | ||
| 6. The termination of service due to age | 302 | ||
| 7. The protection of legitimate expectation in the renewal or extension of fixed-term contracts | 302 | ||
| C. Rights and obligations of staff | 303 | ||
| I. The rights | 303 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 303 | ||
| 2. Entitlement to remuneration | 303 | ||
| a) The basic salary | 303 | ||
| aa) The amount of salaries in general | 303 | ||
| bb) The salary scales | 304 | ||
| cc) Examples of the amount of salaries of the international civil service (after deduction of internal tax) | 306 | ||
| dd) Adjustment of salaries | 308 | ||
| ee) The salary increase | 308 | ||
| ff) Payment arrangements | 308 | ||
| gg) Forfeit or reduction of salary | 309 | ||
| b) Allowances and reimbursement of expenses | 310 | ||
| aa) Family allowances | 311 | ||
| (1)tThe household allowance | 311 | ||
| (2)tDependency benefits | 312 | ||
| (3)tThe education allowance | 315 | ||
| (4)tNo duplication (overlapping) of benefits | 316 | ||
| (5) Excursus: Benefits for staff members in a union of two persons (same-sex marriage, registered partnership, cohabitation agreement etc) equal to married hetero-sexual staff members | 318 | ||
| bb) The expatriation allowance | 323 | ||
| (1)tEU | 324 | ||
| (2)tUN | 324 | ||
| (3)tCoE | 325 | ||
| (4)tEPO | 325 | ||
| cc)tRent allowance (rental subsidy) | 328 | ||
| dd) Service allowances | 328 | ||
| (1)tLanguage allowance | 328 | ||
| (2)tOvertime compensation/remuneration | 329 | ||
| (3) Compensation for night work, shift and on-call duty, work on Sundays, Saturdays and public holidays | 329 | ||
| (4)tCompensation for temporarily performing duties of a post in a higher grade | 329 | ||
| (5)tEarly termination indemnity | 330 | ||
| (6)tCompensation for protection of confidence (compensatory allowance) | 331 | ||
| ee) Reimbursement of expenses | 332 | ||
| (1)tExpenses for official journey | 332 | ||
| (2) Removal costs and travel expenses related to recruitment, transfer and termination of service | 332 | ||
| (3)tTravel expenses to the place of origin | 333 | ||
| (4)tResidence allowance and accommodation expenses | 333 | ||
| (5)tInstallation allowance, resettlement allowance | 333 | ||
| (6)tOther expenses | 333 | ||
| (7)tExtinctive prescription | 336 | ||
| 3. The remuneration adjustment systems | 336 | ||
| a) The adjustment systems of the EU, the CO, the EPO, CERN and ESO | 336 | ||
| b) Exceptions from the regular adjustment procedure | 338 | ||
| aa) The EU | 338 | ||
| bb) The CO | 339 | ||
| cc) The EPO, CERN and ESO | 340 | ||
| c) The adjustment system of the UN-CS | 340 | ||
| 4. The social security | 343 | ||
| a) General | 343 | ||
| b) The social security system in case of illness, maternity, birth, long-term care, unemployment and in case of hardship | 345 | ||
| aa) Health care | 345 | ||
| (1)tClaims | 346 | ||
| (2) Premiums and contributions | 346 | ||
| (3)tBenefits | 347 | ||
| (4)tFunding of the health insurance | 348 | ||
| bb) Paid sick leave | 348 | ||
| cc) Long-term care insurance | 349 | ||
| dd) Protection against unemployment | 350 | ||
| ee) Paid leave in the event of maternity and adoption, unpaid parental or family leave, birth grant, allowances for parental and family leave, paid special leave | 352 | ||
| ff) Hardship | 353 | ||
| gg) Special issues | 353 | ||
| (1)tShort term employment, local staff | 353 | ||
| (2)tFormer staff | 354 | ||
| c) Retirement pensions, invalidity (pensions, allowances) and death benefits | 354 | ||
| aa) Retirement benefits | 354 | ||
| bb) The general structure of pension systems | 355 | ||
| cc) General prospects for pension entitlements | 355 | ||
| dd) Special issues concerning retirement benefits | 355 | ||
| (1)tThe rate of contributions | 355 | ||
| (2)tThe level of benefits | 356 | ||
| (3)tThe DCPS more in detail | 357 | ||
| ee) Taxation of retirement benefits | 358 | ||
| ff) Attachment and subrogation of retirement benefits | 358 | ||
| gg) Individual retirement benefits | 358 | ||
| (1)tConditions of entitlement | 358 | ||
| (2)tCommencement of entitlement | 358 | ||
| (3)tYearly accrual rate of pension benefits | 360 | ||
| (4)tMaximum and minimum rate of pensions | 360 | ||
| (5)tThe salary taken as calculatory basis for the pension benefits | 360 | ||
| (6)tPension benefits for surviving spouses and dependants | 360 | ||
| (7)tInward and outward transfer of pension rights | 361 | ||
| (8)tTaxation of pensions | 361 | ||
| (9)tAllowances | 361 | ||
| (10) Annual adjustment of pensions | 361 | ||
| hh) Permanent invalidity and death benefits | 363 | ||
| (1)tGeneral benefits | 363 | ||
| (2)tOccupational disease and accident at work | 364 | ||
| (3)tTaxation of invalidity benefits | 366 | ||
| 5. The pension schemes of international organisations | 367 | ||
| a) Introduction | 367 | ||
| b) Legal structures of the pension schemes | 367 | ||
| c) Actuarial balance of pension schemes | 368 | ||
| d) Legal protection of beneficiaries | 369 | ||
| e) Financing guarantee of the pension scheme | 369 | ||
| aa) During the existence of the international organisation | 370 | ||
| bb) After dissolution of the international organisation | 370 | ||
| (1)tPensions | 370 | ||
| (2)tHealth and long-term care insurance | 371 | ||
| f) Legal status of the pension (reserve) funds | 372 | ||
| 6. Brief overview of major pension and pension reserve funds of international organisations | 373 | ||
| a) The United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund (UNJSPF) | 373 | ||
| b) The CERN/ESO Pension Fund | 375 | ||
| c) The EPO Reserve Funds for Pensions and Social Security (EPO-RFPSS) | 375 | ||
| d) The Scheme Assets of the European Central Bank | 376 | ||
| e) The Pension Reserve Funds of the co-ordinated organisations | 376 | ||
| 7. Other rights | 377 | ||
| a) Leave entitlements | 377 | ||
| aa) Survey | 377 | ||
| bb) Annual leave | 377 | ||
| cc) Leave on personal grounds | 378 | ||
| dd) Home leave | 379 | ||
| ee) Public holidays | 379 | ||
| b) The right to assistance and vocational training | 382 | ||
| aa)tAssistance | 382 | ||
| bb) Vocational training | 383 | ||
| c) Protection of dignity and professional reputation | 383 | ||
| d) Occupational safety and health (OSH) | 384 | ||
| e) Privileges and immunities | 385 | ||
| f) Right to compensation for damages | 385 | ||
| g) Legal protection | 386 | ||
| h) The right to inspect the personal file | 386 | ||
| i) Data protection | 387 | ||
| j) Other benefits | 389 | ||
| 8. Collective rights of staff | 390 | ||
| a) Survey | 390 | ||
| b) The staff committees | 392 | ||
| aa) General remarks | 392 | ||
| bb) Facilities provided to staff committees | 393 | ||
| cc) Formal participation in staff matters | 393 | ||
| dd) Informal participation in staff matters | 395 | ||
| ee) Co-determination | 396 | ||
| ff) The right of staff committees to file complaints | 396 | ||
| c) Trade unions and professional associations | 396 | ||
| aa) Statutes of international trade unions | 398 | ||
| bb) The right to strike | 400 | ||
| cc) Framework agreements of international organisations with staff unions | 400 | ||
| II. Duties and breach of duties | 403 | ||
| 1. Survey | 403 | ||
| 2. Public service obligations | 404 | ||
| a) The duty to provide service | 404 | ||
| aa) The duty to execute orders (duty to obey, subordination) | 405 | ||
| bb) Hours of work, unauthorised absence | 405 | ||
| cc) Place of work | 406 | ||
| dd) Overtime, shift work, on-call duty | 406 | ||
| b) Additional duties, which directly ensure the duty to provide service | 406 | ||
| aa) Duty of residence | 406 | ||
| bb) Duty to notify violations of privileges and immunities | 407 | ||
| cc) Duty to transfer industrial property rights | 407 | ||
| dd) Recovery of undue payment | 407 | ||
| ee) Duty to undergo a medical examination | 408 | ||
| c) Other obligations | 408 | ||
| 3. Duty of conduct | 408 | ||
| a) The duty of loyalty and allegiance | 409 | ||
| b) The duty of integrity | 411 | ||
| aa) The duty of independence, impartiality and incorruptibility | 412 | ||
| bb) The duty of maintaining discretion and secrecy | 413 | ||
| cc) The duty to report possible illegal activity | 414 | ||
| dd) The duty to respect the law and ethical standards | 415 | ||
| ee) The duty to respect the dignity of colleagues (psychological and sexual victimisation) | 416 | ||
| ff) Excursus: The duty of conduct and the freedom of expression | 416 | ||
| 4. Legal consequences for breaches of duties | 418 | ||
| a) General | 418 | ||
| b) Disciplinary and administrative consequences | 418 | ||
| aa) Disciplinary measures | 420 | ||
| bb) Disciplinary proceedings | 421 | ||
| c) Hidden disciplinary measures | 426 | ||
| d) Non-disciplinary actions and recourse claims | 427 | ||
| Part 3: The system of legal protection for the international civil service – The international administrative tribunals | 430 | ||
| Chapter 1: General | 430 | ||
| A. The obligation to grant legal protection | 430 | ||
| B. The legal basis for establishing an international administrative tribunal | 431 | ||
| C. The limited jurisdiction of the international administrative tribunals | 431 | ||
| I. The principle of limited subject matters | 431 | ||
| II. The principle of limited remedial powers | 433 | ||
| III. The principle of limited standards of judicial review | 434 | ||
| IV. Details of the case law of the CJEU, ILOAT, UNDT/UNAT and the CoEAT on the application of general legal principles as standards for their judicial review | 436 | ||
| D. The international administrative tribunals as genuine judicial organs | 438 | ||
| E. The legal status of the international administrative tribunals and their judges | 440 | ||
| F. The number of international administrative tribunals | 441 | ||
| G. The success rate of complaints | 442 | ||
| H. Legal assistance for staff in employment disputes | 442 | ||
| I. Conflict of jurisdiction | 442 | ||
| J. Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms (arbitration, mediation, ombudsman services) | 443 | ||
| I. Overview | 443 | ||
| II. Internal ADR mechanisms | 445 | ||
| Chapter 2: International administrative tribunals and their legal proceedings | 449 | ||
| A. International administrative tribunals | 449 | ||
| I. Unity within diversity | 449 | ||
| II. ADR and court proceedings | 449 | ||
| 1. The UNDT | 449 | ||
| 2. The CJEU | 450 | ||
| 3. The ILOAT | 450 | ||
| B. The most important international administrative tribunals | 450 | ||
| I. Tribunals extending their jurisdiction to several international organisations | 450 | ||
| 1. The ILOAT | 450 | ||
| 2. The UNDT and the UNAT | 452 | ||
| 3. The CJEU (CJ, GC, CST) | 453 | ||
| 4. The Administrative Tribunal of the World Bank Group (WBAT) | 454 | ||
| 5. The Administrative Tribunal of the Council of Europe (CoEAT) | 454 | ||
| 6. The Administrative Tribunal of the Organization of American States (TRIBAD) | 454 | ||
| II. The tribunals competent for individual organisations | 454 | ||
| 1. The Tribunals of the co-ordinated organisations | 454 | ||
| 2. The Administrative Tribunal of the International Monetary Fund (IMFAT) | 455 | ||
| 3. The African Development Bank Administrative Tribunal | 455 | ||
| 4. The Asian Development Bank Administrative Tribunal | 455 | ||
| 5. The Inter-American Development Bank Administrative Tribunal | 455 | ||
| 6. The Administrative Tribunal of the European Stability Mechanism (ESMAT) | 455 | ||
| 7. The Complaints Board of the European Schools | 456 | ||
| C. The right to bring an action (locus standi) | 456 | ||
| I. Staff members and legal successors | 456 | ||
| II. External candidates for a vacant post | 456 | ||
| III. De facto employment relationships | 457 | ||
| IV. Experts, independent contractors and agency staff | 458 | ||
| V. Locus standi of staff committees and trade unions | 458 | ||
| VI. Limited right of the organisation itself to bring an action | 459 | ||
| D. Persons taking part in the proceedings | 459 | ||
| I. Representation by another staff member or by a legal counsel | 459 | ||
| II. Intervention | 460 | ||
| III. Friend-of-the-court briefs (amicus curiae briefs) | 460 | ||
| E. The admissibility of a complaint | 461 | ||
| I. Overview, general questions and preconditions for admissibility | 461 | ||
| 1. The formal conditions of an application | 461 | ||
| 2. Examination of admissibility proprio motu | 462 | ||
| 3. Strict application of the rules regarding admissibility | 463 | ||
| 4. Misdirection of an appeal | 463 | ||
| 5. Summary dismissal | 463 | ||
| 6. Types of admissible actions | 464 | ||
| 7. Filing fees (deposit) | 464 | ||
| 8. Precise terms of the claims | 464 | ||
| 9. Waiver to bring an action | 465 | ||
| 10. Amicable settlement of a dispute | 465 | ||
| II. The specific admissibility requirements of a complaint | 465 | ||
| 1. Overview | 465 | ||
| 2. Individual and general decisions | 466 | ||
| a) The appeals system | 466 | ||
| aa) The individual decision | 466 | ||
| bb) The general decision | 467 | ||
| b) Preparatory, provisional and preliminary acts | 468 | ||
| c) Cause of action – the adverse effect of a decision | 470 | ||
| d) Confirmatory decisions | 471 | ||
| e) Decisions with recurring effect | 472 | ||
| f) Consistency between the administrative complaint (pre-litigation procedure) and the legal action | 472 | ||
| g) Class actions, representative complaints | 473 | ||
| h) The incidental (indirect) challenge of an act of general application (regulatory act) | 474 | ||
| 3. The direct challenge of a general decision (regulatory act) | 475 | ||
| a) General | 475 | ||
| b) The special case of the EPO | 477 | ||
| 4. The formal pre-litigation procedures | 478 | ||
| a) Overview | 478 | ||
| b) Non-peer administrative review | 480 | ||
| c) Administrative review with the involvement nof a peer advisory body | 482 | ||
| d) The interaction between internal appeal proceedings and court proceedings | 484 | ||
| aa) The importance of internal appeals committees | 484 | ||
| bb) Consequences of the admissibility of an action brought before the tribunal based on an implied decision | 485 | ||
| cc) Internal appeal proceedings and legal actions brought before the ILOAT – interpretation of Art. VII of its statute | 486 | ||
| e) Time limits for the internal appeal proceedings | 488 | ||
| f) The failure to exhaust the internal appeal proceedings | 490 | ||
| 5. The time limits for bringing an action | 490 | ||
| 6. Restitutio in integrum (Re-establishment of rights) | 493 | ||
| III. Interim measures | 493 | ||
| IV. Interlocutory judgments/orders | 496 | ||
| V. Stay of proceedings | 497 | ||
| F. Procedural matters | 497 | ||
| I. The principles of procedural law applicable to the international administrative tribunals | 497 | ||
| 1. General | 497 | ||
| 2. General legal principles | 501 | ||
| a) The essence of the right to a fair trial | 501 | ||
| b) Equality of the parties in the court proceedings | 502 | ||
| c) Fundamental errors in procedure – failure in justice | 502 | ||
| d) Publicity of an oral hearing | 502 | ||
| e) International minimum standard of elementary procedural justice | 502 | ||
| f) Oral hearing, accessibility, length of proceedings | 503 | ||
| II. The proceedings before the tribunals | 503 | ||
| III. Evidence and proof | 505 | ||
| 1. General | 505 | ||
| 2. The burden of proof | 506 | ||
| 3. Evidentiary presumption and shifting the burden of proof | 507 | ||
| 4. Standard of proof, evaluation of evidence | 508 | ||
| 5. Means of evidence | 508 | ||
| IV. Change of claims | 509 | ||
| V. Ex tunc assessment (tempus regit actum) | 510 | ||
| VI. Withdrawal of complaint (discontinuance of proceedings) | 510 | ||
| VII. Joinder of cases | 511 | ||
| VIII. Prolongation of deadlines | 511 | ||
| G. The judgment | 511 | ||
| I. Content and other aspects | 511 | ||
| II. Application for the interpretation of judgments | 513 | ||
| III. Supplementary decisions | 514 | ||
| 1. Decisions as to costs | 514 | ||
| 2. Default interest on damages | 515 | ||
| H. Res judicata, stare decisis | 516 | ||
| I. General | 516 | ||
| II. Substantive res judicata | 516 | ||
| III. Right of appeal, review | 517 | ||
| IV. Stare decisis | 519 | ||
| I. Enforcement (execution) | 520 | ||
| I. General | 520 | ||
| II. ILOAT Judgments | 520 | ||
| III. CJEU Judgments | 521 | ||
| IV. UNDT Judgments | 522 | ||
| Bibliography | 523 | ||
| Index | 529 |