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Arnauld, A., Decken, K., Matz-Lück, N. (Eds.) (2018). German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht. Vol. 60 (2017). Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-55658-8
Arnauld, Andreas von; Decken, Kerstin von der and Matz-Lück, Nele. German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 60 (2017). Duncker & Humblot, 2018. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-55658-8
Arnauld, A, Decken, K, Matz-Lück, N (eds.) (2018): German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht: Vol. 60 (2017), Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-55658-8
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German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht
Vol. 60 (2017)
Editors: Arnauld, Andreas von | Decken, Kerstin von der | Matz-Lück, Nele
German Yearbook of International Law / Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, Vol. 60
(2018)
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Abstract
The German Yearbook of International Law, founded as the Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht, provides an annual report on new developments in international law and is edited by the Walther Schücking Institute for International Law at the Kiel University. Since its inception in 1948, the Yearbook has endeavored to make a significant academic contribution to the ongoing development of international law. Over many decades the Yearbook has moved beyond its origins as a forum for German scholars to publish their research and has become a highly-regarded international forum for innovative scholarship in international law. In 1976, the Yearbook adopted its current title and began to publish contributions written in English in order to reach the largest possible international audience. This editorial decision has enabled the Yearbook to successfully overcome traditional language barriers and inform an international readership about current research in German academic institutions and, at the same time, to present international viewpoints to ist German audience. Fully aware of the paramount importance of international practice, the Yearbook publishes contributions from active practitioners of international law on a regular basis. The Yearbook also includes critical comments on German state practice relating to international law, as well as international reactions to that practice.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Table of Contents | 5 | ||
| Obituary | 9 | ||
| Antonius “Tono” Eitel † (1933–2017) | 11 | ||
| Forum: The Relationship between African States and the International Criminal Court | 15 | ||
| Gerhard Werle and Moritz Vormbaum: African States, the African Union, and the International Criminal Court:A Continuing Story | 17 | ||
| I. The Beginning – From Honeymoon to Marital Crisis | 17 | ||
| A. Background to the Tension: Controversy between African States and the International Criminal Court | 18 | ||
| B. Validity of the Criticism | 19 | ||
| 1. Racial Bias Against Africans | 20 | ||
| 2. Violation of Heads of State Immunity | 24 | ||
| 3. Reform of the Regulation on the Presence of Accused Persons Before the International Criminal Court | 25 | ||
| 4. ‘Abuse’ of Universal Jurisdiction | 26 | ||
| C. Interim Conclusion | 27 | ||
| II. Current Status – Should I Stay or Should I Go? | 27 | ||
| A. South Africa’s Withdrawal Declaration | 28 | ||
| B. The Judicial Aftermath | 29 | ||
| III. The Next Chapter – An ‘African Criminal Court’? | 32 | ||
| A. Content of the Protocol – Overview | 33 | ||
| 1. Establishment of the Chambers | 33 | ||
| 2. Subject Matter Jurisdiction | 34 | ||
| 3. Further Provisions | 37 | ||
| B. Analysis | 37 | ||
| 1. Regionalisation | 38 | ||
| 2. Weaknesses of the Malabo Protocol | 40 | ||
| IV. Conclusions | 42 | ||
| Dire Tladi: Of Heroes and Villains, Angels and Demons: The ICC-AU Tension Revisited | 43 | ||
| I. Introduction | 43 | ||
| II. The ICC Targets Africa | 46 | ||
| A. General | 46 | ||
| B. Africans Have Referred the Situations Themselves | 48 | ||
| C. Jurisdictional Constraints Prevent the ICC from Looking Elsewhere | 49 | ||
| D. The Role of Power | 53 | ||
| III. Immunity Debate | 55 | ||
| A. General | 55 | ||
| B. The AU’s Position Concerning Immunities of Heads of State | 56 | ||
| C. The ICC’s Approach(es) to the Question of Immunity | 60 | ||
| IV. Conclusion | 66 | ||
| Post-Script | 67 | ||
| Focus: International Law and the Dehumanisation of Activities | 69 | ||
| Helmut Philipp Aust: “The System Only Dreams in Total Darkness”: The Future of Human Rights Law in the Light of Algorithmic Authority | 71 | ||
| I. Introduction | 71 | ||
| II. The Construction of Algorithmic Authority | 75 | ||
| III. Human Rights Strategies to Cope With Algorithmic Authority | 80 | ||
| A. Doctrinal Dead Ends | 80 | ||
| B. Escape Routes | 86 | ||
| IV. Concluding Observations | 88 | ||
| Thomas Burri: International Law and Artificial Intelligence | 91 | ||
| I. Introduction | 91 | ||
| II. Argument 1: International Law Will Not Be Automated | 92 | ||
| III. Argument 2: As Artificially Intelligent Entities with Legal Personality Emerge, the Law Must Be Reviewed | 95 | ||
| IV. Argument 3: The Geneva Process Will Result in a Ban on Autonomous Weapons Systems, But It Will Be Limited to Weapons Systems Operating Beyond Meaningful Human Control | 98 | ||
| V. Argument 4: Existing International Law Offers Valuable Insights into the Meaning of Control Over Artificial Intelligence and the Limits of Delegation | 101 | ||
| VI. Argument 5: Supersoft Law Will Govern Artificial Intelligence | 105 | ||
| VII. Conclusion | 107 | ||
| Aldo Chircop: Testing International Legal Regimes: The Advent of Automated Commercial Vessels | 109 | ||
| I. Introduction | 109 | ||
| II. Technology and Terminology | 115 | ||
| III. Implications for the International Law of the Sea | 119 | ||
| A. Flag State | 120 | ||
| B. Coastal State | 124 | ||
| C. Port State | 127 | ||
| IV. Implications for International Maritime Law | 128 | ||
| A. Maritime Safety | 128 | ||
| B. Crew Training, Certification, and Work Conditions | 131 | ||
| C. The ‘Rules of the Road’ | 134 | ||
| D. Environment Protection | 136 | ||
| V. Discussion | 137 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 141 | ||
| Stephan Hobe and Benjamyn I. Scott: International Civil Aviation and the Dehumanisation of Activities | 143 | ||
| I. Introduction | 143 | ||
| II. Manned Aviation | 144 | ||
| A. Terminology | 144 | ||
| B. Automation in Aviation | 147 | ||
| C. Growth in Automation | 148 | ||
| 1. Examples of Automation | 148 | ||
| 2. The Evolution of Automation | 150 | ||
| 3. Why is Automation Important? | 152 | ||
| D. Issues | 154 | ||
| III. Unmanned Aircraft | 160 | ||
| A. Introduction | 160 | ||
| B. Definitions | 161 | ||
| C. Applicability to Current International Air Law | 164 | ||
| D. Some Issues Encountered in Europe | 165 | ||
| 1. Responsibility | 167 | ||
| 2. Visual Line of Sight | 168 | ||
| IV. Conclusion | 170 | ||
| Stefan A. Kaiser: Legal Challenges of Automatedand Autonomous Systems | 173 | ||
| I. Introduction: The Evolving Environment | 173 | ||
| A. From the Industrial Revolution to Autonomous Systems | 174 | ||
| B. Autonomy as Action Independent from Direct Human Control | 175 | ||
| C. Autonomy and Connectivity | 176 | ||
| D. Autonomy and Levels of Automation | 176 | ||
| E. Interface with the Real World | 176 | ||
| F. Algorithms and Artificial Intelligence | 177 | ||
| G. Autonomous Weapons | 178 | ||
| H. The Relationship Between Humans and Autonomous Systems | 179 | ||
| II. The Impact of Information Technology and Software | 179 | ||
| A. Common User Interface | 180 | ||
| B. Interoperability | 180 | ||
| C. Safety Culture and Business Culture | 180 | ||
| III. Responsibility, Control, and Attribution | 183 | ||
| A. Legal Responsibility as a Safeguard of Fundamental Rights | 183 | ||
| B. Responsibility and Control | 185 | ||
| 1. Responsibility of the Operator | 185 | ||
| 2. Responsibility of the Manufacturer and Information Providers | 186 | ||
| 3. Attribution of Responsibility by a Special Regime | 187 | ||
| IV. Establishing a Precautionary Regulatory Regime | 187 | ||
| A. Principle of Comprehensive Prime Responsibility | 188 | ||
| B. Fair Sharing of Responsibility | 189 | ||
| C. Transparency | 190 | ||
| D. Waivers and Disclaimers | 191 | ||
| E. Training and Qualification | 192 | ||
| F. Mandatory Human Override and Fallback Modes | 192 | ||
| 1. Layered and Hard-Wired Fallback Modes | 192 | ||
| 2. Intuitive Fallback Modes | 193 | ||
| G. Algorithms and Artificial Intelligence to Respect Fundamental Rights | 194 | ||
| H. Cyber Security | 195 | ||
| V. Liability | 196 | ||
| A. Different Methodologies: Precautionary Rules and Liability | 196 | ||
| B. Non-Fault Liability | 197 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 199 | ||
| Nicholas Tsagourias and Russell Buchan: Automatic Cyber Defence and the Laws of War | 203 | ||
| I. Introduction | 203 | ||
| II. Automatic Cyber Defence and Jus ad Bellum | 207 | ||
| A. Armed Attack | 207 | ||
| B. Necessity | 212 | ||
| C. Proportionality | 215 | ||
| III. Automatic Cyber Defence and Jus in Bello | 218 | ||
| A. Automatic Cyber Defence and Armed Conflict | 219 | ||
| 1. Automatic Cyber Defence and IACs | 220 | ||
| 2. Automatic Cyber Defence and NIACs | 224 | ||
| 3. Automatic Cyber Defence and Challenges to the Classification of Armed Conflict | 225 | ||
| B. The Principle of Distinction | 229 | ||
| C. The Principle of Proportionality | 234 | ||
| IV. Conclusion | 237 | ||
| Antja von Ungern-Sternberg: Artificial Agents and General Principles of Law | 239 | ||
| I. Introduction | 239 | ||
| II. Technology | 243 | ||
| III. Responsibility | 245 | ||
| A. Responsibility Without Human Fault | 247 | ||
| B. Relocating Human Fault | 250 | ||
| IV. Explainability | 251 | ||
| A. Human Rights | 252 | ||
| B. Other Sources of a Duty to Explain | 254 | ||
| V. Autonomy | 258 | ||
| A. Privacy and Data Protection | 259 | ||
| B. Individuality | 261 | ||
| C. Manipulation | 263 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 265 | ||
| Walter Schücking Lecture | 267 | ||
| Philip Allott: Beyond War and Diplomacy:A Giant Step for Mankind | 269 | ||
| I. War and Diplomacy: A Sinister Partnership | 270 | ||
| II. War and History: The Rule of the Past Over the Present | 272 | ||
| III. First Cognitive State of the Human Mind: Supernaturalism. Fatalism. War and the Particularising of the Universal | 277 | ||
| IV. Second Cognitive State of the Human Mind: Humanism. Self-Evolving. War and the Universalising of the Particular | 281 | ||
| V. Third Cognitive State of the Human Mind: Revolutionary Socialism. Naturalism. War and Universal Human Unsociety | 287 | ||
| A. Exclusive Religions | 291 | ||
| B. Self-Glorifying Kings | 293 | ||
| C. The Poetical Nation-State | 295 | ||
| VI. The Cognitive State of the Human Mindin the 21st Century: Universal Human Society | 305 | ||
| A. Universal Human Society | 306 | ||
| B. International Government | 307 | ||
| C. International Law | 307 | ||
| D. International Economy | 307 | ||
| E. International Politics | 307 | ||
| F. International Consciousness | 308 | ||
| G. Profound Mental Confusion | 310 | ||
| Special Section: Towards Utopia – Rethinking International Law | 313 | ||
| Jens T. Theilen, Isabelle Hassfurther, and Wiebke Staff: Guest Editors’ Introduction: Towards Utopia – Rethinking International Law | 315 | ||
| I. From Despair to Hope: A Utopian Counterpoint | 315 | ||
| II. Grand Blueprints, Everyday Utopias, and International Law | 320 | ||
| III. Critique and Utopianism | 324 | ||
| IV. Towards Utopia: Transformation by Law, Transformation of Law | 330 | ||
| Jens T. Theilen: Of Wonder and Changing the World:Philip Allott’s Legal Utopianism | 335 | ||
| I. Introduction: An Antilegal Tradition? | 336 | ||
| II. Mapping Utopia(nism): Philip Allott and Ernst Bloch | 340 | ||
| A. Dreams, Imagination, and Hope | 340 | ||
| B. Defamiliarisation from the Present | 343 | ||
| C. Heading Out to Sea, Towards Utopia | 346 | ||
| III. Utopian Perspectives on Law | 352 | ||
| IV. In Lieu of Conclusions: Prospects | 361 | ||
| Ka Lok Yip: What is Human? Reading Social Idealism against the Reality of Blackman and Azaria | 365 | ||
| I. Introduction | 365 | ||
| II. Blackman and Azaria through the Lens of Social Theories | 366 | ||
| III. The ‘Real’ Moment – the Shooting | 370 | ||
| A. Agency | 370 | ||
| B. Culture | 370 | ||
| C. Structure | 372 | ||
| D. Dualist (Non-Emergentist) Versus Dualistic (Emergentist) Account | 373 | ||
| IV. The ‘Legal’ Moment – the Verdict | 375 | ||
| A. Legal Self-Constituting | 375 | ||
| B. Dualist Account | 377 | ||
| C. Dualistic Account | 382 | ||
| V. The ‘Ideal’ Moment – the Thinking About Thinking | 384 | ||
| A. What is Human? | 384 | ||
| B. Philosophical Approaches | 384 | ||
| C. Legal Presuppositions | 388 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 391 | ||
| Radhika Jagtap: Resistance through Utopia: Reflections on the Niyamgiri Anti-Mining Movement and International Law | 393 | ||
| I. Social Movements and International Law: The Utopian Projects within the Discipline | 395 | ||
| A. Social Movements and Counter-Hegemonic Resistance in International Law | 398 | ||
| B. Social Movements and Restructuring International Law | 400 | ||
| C. Social Movements and Rethinking International Law | 402 | ||
| II. The Dongria Imagination of the Niyamgiri | 405 | ||
| III. Niyamgiri and its Relevance in International Law | 407 | ||
| A. Counter-Hegemonic Use of Local Laws | 408 | ||
| B. The Niyamgiri Movement and International Solidarity | 413 | ||
| C. Niyamgiri Against the Global Dystopia | 417 | ||
| IV. Conclusion | 421 | ||
| Wiebke Staff: Customary International Law: A Vehicle on the Road from Istopia to Eutopia? | 423 | ||
| I. International Law in Istopia | 424 | ||
| II. International Law in Eutopia | 428 | ||
| III. Getting from Istopia to Eutopia | 428 | ||
| A. Treaty Law, Customary International Law, and General Principles of Law | 429 | ||
| B. Customary International Law as a Vehicle | 435 | ||
| 1. Customary International Law as a Normative System | 437 | ||
| 2. International Governmental Organisations | 439 | ||
| 3. International Courts and Tribunals | 441 | ||
| 4. The Question of Time | 444 | ||
| 5. Persistent Objector | 446 | ||
| IV. Conclusion | 448 | ||
| Isabelle Hassfurther: Transforming the “International Unsociety”: Towards Eutopia by Means of International Recognition of Peoples’ Representatives | 451 | ||
| I. Introduction – Abuses of Power in an “International Unsociety” | 452 | ||
| II. Eutopian Quests for Legitimate Peoples’ Representation | 456 | ||
| A. Whose Eutopia? Legitimacy and International Recognition | 457 | ||
| 1. Different Subjects of Legitimacy … | 459 | ||
| 2. … with Different Normative Expectations … | 460 | ||
| 3. ... Leading to Different ‘Legitimacy Eutopias’ | 460 | ||
| B. Contemporary Criteria of Legitimacy – Eutopia or Dystopia? | 460 | ||
| 1. Relative Normative Expectations of Peoples – A Right to Representative Governments | 461 | ||
| 2. Absolute Normative Expectations of the “International Unsociety” | 465 | ||
| a) Cementing Illegitimate Regimes – Self-Determination versus Legality | 466 | ||
| b) A Shared International Eutopia? – The Alleged Gold Standard of Democracy | 469 | ||
| III. A ‘Transitory Eutopia’ – Reconciliation of Relative and Absolute Standards of Legitimacy | 474 | ||
| A. Relative Normative Expectations of Peoples | 474 | ||
| B. Absolute Normative Expectations of an “International Society” | 475 | ||
| IV. Towards Eutopia – Flourishing of a Human Society | 479 | ||
| Dorothy Makaza: Towards Afrotopia: The AU Withdrawal Strategy Document, the ICC, and the Possibility of Pluralistic Utopias | 481 | ||
| I. The Case Against Utopianism and Universalism in ICL | 483 | ||
| A. Questioning the Legitimacy of Universalism in ICL | 484 | ||
| B. Interpretation and Its Influence on Categories of Compliance and Non-Compliance | 488 | ||
| II. The African Union Withdrawal Strategy Document (WSD) | 491 | ||
| A. Concrete Proposals in the WSD | 492 | ||
| 1. ICC-Related Reforms and Rome Statute Amendments | 492 | ||
| 2. UNSC-Related Reforms | 498 | ||
| 3. African State Party-Targeted Reforms | 500 | ||
| B. Brief Commentary on the Feasibility of the WSD | 501 | ||
| C. Withdrawals and State Compliance | 502 | ||
| D. Weighing the Feasibility of a Singular Utopiain ICL in the Midst of the WSD Proposals | 504 | ||
| III. Possible Solutions | 505 | ||
| A. Pluralistic Utopias | 505 | ||
| B. Afrotopia | 507 | ||
| IV. Concluding Remarks | 513 | ||
| Severin Meier: The Influence of Utopian Projects on the Interpretation of International Law and the Healthy Myth of Objectivity | 515 | ||
| I. Introduction | 515 | ||
| II. Social Darwinism and World War I or Why Utopian Thought in International Law Can Lead to Human Suffering | 516 | ||
| III. The Role of Utopian Thought in Liberal and Critical Legal Theory | 523 | ||
| IV. The Healthy Myth of Objectivity | 528 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 537 | ||
| Marnie Lloydd: Persistent Tensions? International Legal Perspectiveson ‘Other’ Foreign Fighters | 539 | ||
| I. Introduction: The Dilemma Posed by Other Foreign Fighters | 539 | ||
| II. State Responsibility and Diligent Prevention of Harm | 545 | ||
| A. Primary Legal Duties Regarding Other Foreign Fighters | 551 | ||
| B. Flexibility within Due Diligence | 554 | ||
| III. Protection and Global Justice | 555 | ||
| A. R2P and Solidarity with Local Resistance? | 557 | ||
| B. The ‘Common Good’ Standing for Something | 563 | ||
| IV. Concluding Reflections: The Relevance of Stepping Back | 564 | ||
| A. Persistent Tensions in International Legal Argument | 566 | ||
| B. Practical Dilemmas in Policymaking | 569 | ||
| Michelle Staggs Kelsall: From a Stark Utopia to Everyday Utopias | 575 | ||
| I. Introduction | 576 | ||
| II. The Emergence of the Business and Human Rights Agenda | 580 | ||
| A. The Business and Human Rights Agenda | 580 | ||
| B. The United Nations Global Compact and the Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises | 581 | ||
| C. The United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights | 583 | ||
| III. Conceptual Underpinnings of the BHR Agenda: From Embedded Liberalism to Embedded Pragmatism | 586 | ||
| A. Embedded Liberalism Part I: The Post-World War II Economic Order | 587 | ||
| B. Embedded Liberalism Part II: Embedding Legitimate Social Purpose in the Global Public Domain | 590 | ||
| C. The Limits of Embedded Liberalism: Polanyi’s Stark Utopia, Laissez-Faire Markets, and the Global Public Domain | 593 | ||
| IV. The UN Guiding Principles and the Shift Toward Embedded Pragmatism | 596 | ||
| A. Embedded Pragmatism, the UN Guiding Principles, and the Forum for Business and Human Rights | 599 | ||
| B. Evidence of Everyday Utopias: Human Rights Due Diligence Processes | 600 | ||
| C. From the Quotidian to Crisis: Salient Human Rights Issues | 604 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 605 | ||
| Rossana Deplano: Building Pragmatic Utopias: The “Other” Security Council, International Law, and the United Nations Dream | 607 | ||
| I. Introduction | 607 | ||
| II. The Security Council’s Practice Unpacked (1946–2017) | 612 | ||
| A. Tracing International Law in the Text of Resolutions | 618 | ||
| B. Significance and Limits of the Thematic Resolutions | 623 | ||
| III. A Pragmatic Utopia of International Law? | 630 | ||
| IV. Conclusion | 635 | ||
| General Articles | 637 | ||
| Peter Lawrence and Lukas Köhler: Representation of Future Generations through International Climate Litigation: A Normative Framework | 639 | ||
| I. Introduction | 640 | ||
| II. International Law Should Promote Justice Defined as Promotion of Core Human Rights Extended to Future Generations | 642 | ||
| III. International Tribunals Should Promote Justice, Including in Relation to Future Generations | 647 | ||
| A. INTs Ought to Promote Justice, Including Intergenerational Justice | 647 | ||
| B. INTs Must Exercise Discretion in Clarifying indeterminate International Legal Rules | 649 | ||
| IV. Rehfeld’s Concept of Representation in the Context of International Climate Litigation | 651 | ||
| A. Rehfeld’s Concept of Representation | 651 | ||
| B. Rationale for Representation of Future Generations in INTs | 653 | ||
| V. Representation of Future Generations in International Climate Litigation through Reforming Procedural Rules | 655 | ||
| A. ICJ Advisory Opinion | 656 | ||
| B. Amicus Curiae Briefs | 661 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 665 | ||
| Anja Seibert-Fohr: From Complicity to Due Diligence: When Do States Incur Responsibility for Their Involvement in Serious International Wrongdoing? | 667 | ||
| I. Introduction | 667 | ||
| II. Modes of Participation and the Rules of State Responsibility: What Is Missing? | 672 | ||
| A. Participation in Serious Human Rights Abuses Below the Level of Complicity | 672 | ||
| B. Complicity in Human Rights Abuses and the Lex Specialis Hypothesis | 676 | ||
| III. Examining Contributions under Primary Rules of International Law | 680 | ||
| A. Point of Departure: Positive or Negative Obligations? | 681 | ||
| B. Due Diligence as a Yardstick for Indirect Participation | 685 | ||
| C. The Legal Parameters of Due Diligence | 692 | ||
| D. Applying Due Diligence to Indirect Participation | 697 | ||
| IV. Locating Indirect Participation Within the Framework of Responsibility | 699 | ||
| A. Direct Involvement | 700 | ||
| B. Complicity and Other Forms of Derived Responsibility | 701 | ||
| C. Indirect Participation and Non-Intervention | 702 | ||
| D. Complementarity Instead of Exclusiveness | 704 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 705 | ||
| German Practice | 709 | ||
| Avril Rushe: Same-Sex Marriage under the Grundgesetz and the European Convention on Human Rights | 711 | ||
| I. Introduction | 711 | ||
| II. Marriage under German Law | 712 | ||
| A. Registered Life Partnerships | 714 | ||
| B. Jurisprudence of the FCC | 714 | ||
| C. Debate Around Possibility of Same-Sex Marriage | 715 | ||
| D. Is the Law for the Introduction of Same-Sex Marriage Unconstitutional? | 715 | ||
| III. The European Story | 718 | ||
| A. Evolution of LGBTQI Rights Under the ECHR | 718 | ||
| B. Schalk and Kopf and the Protection of Same-Sex Relationships | 719 | ||
| C. The Right to Marry under the ECHR | 720 | ||
| 1. Article 12 ECHR | 720 | ||
| a) Hämäläinen v. Finland | 721 | ||
| b) Chapin and Charpentier v. France | 722 | ||
| 2. Article 8 ECHR | 723 | ||
| 3. Article 14 ECHR | 724 | ||
| IV. The ECHR as a Living Instrument | 724 | ||
| A. The Margin of Appreciation | 725 | ||
| B. Consensus | 726 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 728 | ||
| Isabelle Hassfurther: Will There Be “Justice for Syria”? The Assad Regime in German Courts | 731 | ||
| I. Introduction | 731 | ||
| II. Accusations against the Assad Regime | 734 | ||
| III. Approaches to Criminal Justice on the International Plane | 735 | ||
| A. Blockade of the International Criminal Court | 736 | ||
| B. The International, Impartial and Independent Mechanism | 737 | ||
| IV. Germany’s Role | 737 | ||
| A. The Legal Framework | 738 | ||
| B. Present Focus: Evidence and Terrorism | 742 | ||
| C. Recent Initiatives | 745 | ||
| 1. Complaints against Assad and High-Ranking Members of Military Intelligence | 745 | ||
| 2. Difficulties and Prospects | 748 | ||
| Felix Würkert: The German Past between Collectives and Individuals | 751 | ||
| I. Guilt and Responsibility | 752 | ||
| II. Compensating Collective Actors | 755 | ||
| III. Using the Collective-Individual Dichotomy to Achieve Compensation | 759 | ||
| IV. The Difficulty of Quantifying the Unquantifiable | 760 | ||
| Tobias Thienel: Application and Repeal of the Offence of Insulting Foreign Heads of State: The Böhmermann Affair | 763 | ||
| I. Introduction | 763 | ||
| II. Judicial Proceedings | 764 | ||
| III. Legislative Efforts | 765 | ||
| IV. Significance to International Law | 766 | ||
| Alena Kunstreich: Prohibition or Non-Proliferation? Germany’s Point of View Concerning the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons and Effective Nuclear Arms Control and Disarmament | 773 | ||
| I. Introduction | 773 | ||
| II. Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons | 774 | ||
| III. Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons | 776 | ||
| A. Developments Leading to the Adoption of the Treaty | 776 | ||
| B. Obligations and the Safeguards System under the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons | 779 | ||
| IV. Germany’s Point of View | 780 | ||
| A. Reasons Why Germany Does Not Support the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons | 780 | ||
| B. A “Step-By-Step Approach” – Alternatives Encouraged by Germany | 781 | ||
| Markus Gentzsch and Marc Becker: PSPP: Curtain Up for a New Act in the Drama “German Federal Constitutional Court versus European Court of Justice” | 785 | ||
| I. Introduction | 785 | ||
| II. Background of the Drama: Instruments for the Stabilisation of the Financial Markets | 786 | ||
| A. Public Sector Purchase Programme | 786 | ||
| B. The Outright Monetary Transaction Programme | 788 | ||
| III. Act II – Will the FCC Become a Regicide in the PSPP Case? | 789 | ||
| A. Scene 1: The Ultra Vires Review | 789 | ||
| 1. Prohibition of Monetary Financing | 791 | ||
| 2. Principle of Conferral | 794 | ||
| B. Scene 2: The Identity Review | 795 | ||
| IV. Summary | 797 | ||
| Book Reviews | 799 | ||
| ONUMA Yasuaki: International Law in a Transcivilizational World | 801 | ||
| Andrzej Jakubowski/Karolina Wierczyńska (eds.): Fragmentation vs the Constitutionalisation of International Law: A Practical Inquiry | 804 | ||
| Rosalyn Higgins/Philippa Webb/Dapo Akande/Sandesh Sivakumaran/James Sloan: Oppenheim’s International Law: United Nations | 806 | ||
| Nobuo Hayashi/Cecilia M. Bailliet (eds.): The Legitimacy of International Criminal Tribunals | 809 | ||
| Christine Chinkin/Mary Kaldor: International Law and New Wars | 811 | ||
| Marina Lostal: International Cultural Heritage Law in Armed Conflict: Case-Studies ofSyria, Libya, Mali, the Invasion of Iraq, and the Buddhas of Bamiyan | 816 | ||
| Brian D. Lepard (ed.): Reexamining Customary International Law | 820 | ||
| Anne Peters: Beyond Human Rights. The Legal Status of the Individual in International Law | 823 | ||
| C. J. Jenner/Tran Truong Thuy (eds.): The South China Sea: A Crucible of Regional Cooperation or Conflict-making Sovereignty Claims? | 825 | ||
| Daniel Bodansky/Jutta Brunnée/Lavanya Rajamani: International Climate Change Law | 828 | ||
| Andreas Kulick (ed.): Reassertion of Control over the Investment Treaty Regime | 830 |