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Social Protection by Way of International Law
Appraisal, Deficits and Further Development
Editors: Maydell, Bernd Baron von | Nußberger, Angelika
Schriftenreihe für Internationales und Vergleichendes Sozialrecht, Vol. 15
(1996)
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Abstract
More than ever the modern welfare state is in the centre of public discussion. Long-term achievements in the field of social rights are being questioned. New approaches try to adapt the social net to the demands of a strong economy. Since these reflections are not specific to one country only, all attempts to solve the problem in the national context are deemed to fail: The model of the welfare state as such is in crisis. Since World War I a great number of rules in the field of social and labour protection have been elaborated. Many of them were ratified by more than half of the States of the World. Transnational law-making has even increased after World War II on the regional and the universal level, with the United Nations, the Council of Europe and the European Community as the main protagonists. It is the aim of the book presented here to show international social and labour law in its historical context, to discuss the impact of its norms on the work of practioners and tribunals and to explain their importance for the on-going discussion. The volume comprises the lectures given at a conference that was held in 1994 on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the International Labour Organization.Das Modell des Sozialstaats steht mehr denn je im Mittelpunkt der öffentlichen Diskussion. Langjährige Errungenschaften im sozialen Bereich werden in Frage gestellt, neue Ansätze zum Aufbau eines sozialen Netzes angedacht. Diese Entwicklungen betreffen nicht nur Deutschland: Das Modell des Sozialstaats ist allgemein in der Krise. Deshalb greifen Lösungsansätze, die nur den jeweiligen nationalen Kontext berücksichtigen, zu kurz. Seit dem ersten Weltkrieg ist eine Vielzahl von sozial- und arbeitsrechtlichen Schutzregelungen ausgearbeitet worden, die zum Teil von mehr als der Hälfte der Staaten dieser Erde ratifiziert wurden. Die normsetzende Tätigkeit im staatenübergreifenden Bereich wurde nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg auf internationaler wie auch auf regionaler Ebene ve
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Preface | 5 | ||
| Table of Contents | 7 | ||
| Abbreviations | 9 | ||
| Bernd von Maydell/Angelika Nußberger: General Introduction | 13 | ||
| Part I: Standard-Setting Activities in the Field of Social and Labour Law | 19 | ||
| Héctor G. Bartolomei de la Cruz: International Labour Law: Renewal or Decline? | 19 | ||
| I. Introduction | 19 | ||
| II. Main Contributions of ILO Standards to Public International Law | 21 | ||
| 1. Conventions and Recommendations | 21 | ||
| 2. Supervisory Procedures | 24 | ||
| III. Main Subjects Covered by ILO Conventions and Recommendations | 31 | ||
| 1. Freedom of Association | 32 | ||
| 2. Forced Labour | 32 | ||
| 3. Equal Opportunity and Treatment | 33 | ||
| 4. Employment Policy | 33 | ||
| 5. Labour Inspection | 33 | ||
| 6. Tripartite ConsuItation | 33 | ||
| IV. Influence of ILO Standards | 34 | ||
| 1. At the International Level | 34 | ||
| 2. At the National Level | 35 | ||
| V. Future Development of ILO Standards | 36 | ||
| VI. Challenges: Universality Versus Relativism | 38 | ||
| VII. Some Closing Reflections | 41 | ||
| Theo Öhlinger: Standard-Setting Activities by Regional Institutions, Taking the Council of Europe as an Example: The European Social Charter | 43 | ||
| I. Introduction | 43 | ||
| II. Contents of the Social Charter | 44 | ||
| III. The Legal Nature of Charter Obligations | 45 | ||
| IV. The Ability to Limit Charter Obligations (Article 20) | 47 | ||
| V. The Effectiveness of the Charter | 48 | ||
| VI. The Supervisory Procedure | 51 | ||
| 1. National Reports | 52 | ||
| 2. Participation of the Social Partners | 53 | ||
| 3. Examination of National Reports by the Committee of Independent Experts | 54 | ||
| 4. Participation of the Parliamentary Assembly | 55 | ||
| 5. The Committee of Ministers | 55 | ||
| VII. The Future of the Social Charter | 56 | ||
| Manfred Zuleeg: Social Rights in the European Community | 59 | ||
| I. Fundamental Social Rights | 59 | ||
| 1. The Prelude of the Stauder Case | 59 | ||
| 2. The Development of Fundamental Social Rights | 60 | ||
| II. Social Rights in General | 65 | ||
| 1. Subjective Rights and Compensations for Damages | 65 | ||
| 2. Principles of tbe Application of Social Rights | 66 | ||
| 3. The Reaction in Germany | 68 | ||
| Part II: Law-Making, Enforcement, Supervision: Mechanisms Provided by International Law | 69 | ||
| Bruno Simma/Markus Zöckler: Social Protection by International Law: Law-Making by Universal Organizations (Especially the United Nations) | 69 | ||
| I. In Quest for a Broader Perspective: Law-Making as a Process | 69 | ||
| II. Social Protection Through Treaty Law | 71 | ||
| 1. Social Issues in UN Human Rights Treaties | 72 | ||
| 2. Functional Dimensions of Economic and Social Rights | 73 | ||
| 3. Rights as "Rules" and "Principles" | 76 | ||
| III. Social Protection Through Soft Law | 78 | ||
| 1. The Spectrum of Non-Binding Standards | 78 | ||
| 2. The Legal Relevance of Standards: Law as a Process | 80 | ||
| IV. Social Protection Through International Supervisory Mechanisms | 82 | ||
| 1. The Function of General Comments and Concluding Observations | 82 | ||
| 2. International Supervision as a Process of Norm-Concretization | 84 | ||
| Rüdiger Wolfrum: Obligations Under Public International Law to Implement International Rules: Mechanisms to Monitor such Implementation | 87 | ||
| I. Introduction | 87 | ||
| II. Mechanisms for Monitoring Implementation Through International Bodies | 91 | ||
| III. Monitoring of Implementation and Enforcement of International Obligations Through States | 98 | ||
| IV. Conclusion | 104 | ||
| Budislav Vukas: The Diverse Supervisory Procedures in a Comparison | 105 | ||
| I. Introduction | 105 | ||
| II. The Nature of Economic, SociaI and CulturaI Rights | 106 | ||
| III. Supervisory Procedures | 109 | ||
| IV. Political Methods | 110 | ||
| V. Reporting Procedures | 113 | ||
| VI. Settlement of Disputes | 126 | ||
| VII. Final Remarks | 131 | ||
| Part III: International Standards and National Law | 133 | ||
| Jürgen von Muralt: The Role of Technical Cooperation in the Promotion of International Labour Standards | 133 | ||
| I. Introduction | 133 | ||
| II. International Labour Standards in Developing Countries | 134 | ||
| III. Technical Cooperation in Support of the Application of Standards | 135 | ||
| 1. The Strengthening of the Institutional Frame Work | 136 | ||
| 2. Sector and Group Specific Standards | 137 | ||
| a) Selected Standards Relating to the Rural Sector | 137 | ||
| b) The Maritime Industry | 140 | ||
| c) Particular Occupational Groups | 141 | ||
| IV. Outlook | 142 | ||
| Rolf Schuler: The Consideration of International Standards in National Legal Practice (Administration and Court Decisions) | 143 | ||
| I. Subject and Scope of the Investigation | 143 | ||
| 1. Standard-Setting Rules of International Labour and Social Law | 143 | ||
| 2. The Specific Question of the Relevance of International Standards to German Administrative and Court Practice | 145 | ||
| II. International Standards in Court Rulings on Labour Law | 148 | ||
| 1. Guarantees in Respect of Claims to Holiday | 148 | ||
| 2. Guarantees to Employees' Associations and to Employees' Representatives in Enterprises | 151 | ||
| a) Prerequisites Governing the Collective Bargaining Capacity of an Employee Association | 151 | ||
| b) Trade Union Rights in the Enterprise | 153 | ||
| III. International Standards in Court Rulings on Social Law | 153 | ||
| 1. Neutrality Obligation of the Federal Employment Agency in the Event of Industrial Disputes | 153 | ||
| 2. Exclusive Placing Right of the Federal Employment Agency | 157 | ||
| 3. Refusal of Victims' Compensation Owing to Contributory Fault or Self-Injury of the Victim | 158 | ||
| 4. Are Land Parental Allowances Not to be Granted to Turkish Nationals for Their Children? | 159 | ||
| 5. International Standards Governing the Award of Social Insurance Benefits to Non-Nationals Residing Abroad | 161 | ||
| IV. On the Significance of International Labour and Social Law Standards to Other Fields of Law | 163 | ||
| 1. International Social Standards and German Law on Competition | 163 | ||
| 2. Receipt of Sodal Assistance by Non-Nationals with a View to Their Residence Status | 164 | ||
| V. Results and Conclusions | 168 | ||
| Ludwik Florek: The Significance of International Labour Standards to the Transformation Process in Poland | 171 | ||
| I. Introduction | 171 | ||
| II. Influence of ILO Conventions and Recommendations on Polish Legislation | 172 | ||
| 1. Until 1980 | 172 | ||
| 2. In the 1980s | 173 | ||
| 3. Following 1989 | 177 | ||
| III. Influence of European Law | 182 | ||
| IV. International Rules of Law and the Case Law of the Polish Supreme Court Concerning International Obligations | 183 | ||
| Part IV: Panel Discussion: Is There a Need for the Further Development of Existing Protection Standards in the Field of Social Security? (Examined in the Light of Convention No. 102 Concerning Minimum Standards of Social Security) | 187 | ||
| Introduced by Bernd von Maydell | 187 | ||
| Héctor G. Bartolomei de la Cruz | 190 | ||
| Wilhelm Adamy | 193 | ||
| Christian Hess | 200 | ||
| Gisbert Brinkmann | 203 | ||
| Wolfgang Ohndorf | 208 | ||
| Part V: Summary of Discussions | 211 | ||
| Angelika Nußberger: Is the International Labour Organization in a State of Transition? | 211 | ||
| I. Introduction | 212 | ||
| II. Structural Changes in the International Realm | 213 | ||
| 1. End of the East-West Conflict | 213 | ||
| 2. Shift in the Weighting of Interests Between Industrialized and Developing Countries | 215 | ||
| 3. Increase in International Approaches to Solving Problems | 215 | ||
| 4. Liberalization and Globalization in the Economic Field | 216 | ||
| III. Standard Setting in the International Realm | 217 | ||
| 1. The Term "Standard" | 218 | ||
| 2. Possibilities of Framing International Standards | 218 | ||
| IV. Application of International Standards in the National Realm | 220 | ||
| 1. Standards Set by the ILO and the ESC | 220 | ||
| a) Legal Consequences of Ratification | 220 | ||
| b) Problems of Application | 221 | ||
| 2. Significance of the Case Law of the European Court of Justice to the Further Development of National Law | 223 | ||
| a) General Dogmatic Problems in the Development of Fundamental Rights Protection | 223 | ||
| b) Concrete Issues of lnterpretation | 226 | ||
| aa) Interpretation of Art. 119 E(E)C Treaty | 226 | ||
| bb) Interpretation of Section 613a of the German Civil Code (BGB) | 227 | ||
| V. Supervisory Mechanisms for the Enforcement of International Standards | 228 | ||
| 1. Function of the Reporting Systems | 229 | ||
| 2. The Committees' Conception of Themselves | 229 | ||
| 3. Procedure | 230 | ||
| a) Acquisition of Information | 230 | ||
| b) Procedures for the Examination of Government Reports | 231 | ||
| c) Bindingness of the Results | 231 | ||
| 4. Steps Taken to Coordinate the Work of the Diverse Committees | 232 | ||
| VI. Additional Possibilities for the Global Enforcement of Social Values | 233 | ||
| 1. Technical Assistance | 233 | ||
| 2. Social Clauses | 233 | ||
| 3. Conditionality of Assistance Programmes | 234 | ||
| 4. Alternative Approaches | 234 | ||
| VII. Cooperation of the ILO with Other Organizations | 235 | ||
| 1. World Bank and International Monetary Fund | 235 | ||
| 2. World Trade Organization | 235 | ||
| 3. Demographic Programmes Within the Framework of the UNO | 236 | ||
| 4. World Social Summit | 236 | ||
| 5. Council of Europe | 236 | ||
| 6. European Union | 237 | ||
| VIII. Further Development of Protection Standards in the Field of Social Security | 237 | ||
| 1. Rank of Social Security Within the Entire Body of ILO Standards | 237 | ||
| 2. Arguments in Favour of and Against a Revision of Convention No. 102 | 239 | ||
| 3. Prerequisites for a Revision | 240 | ||
| 4. Basic Features of a New Concept | 241 | ||
| a) Conceptualization | 241 | ||
| b) Points of Emphasis | 241 | ||
| IX. Summary of the Findings | 243 | ||
| List of Participants | 245 |