Comparative and Private International Law
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Clark, D. (1990). Comparative and Private International Law. Essays in Honor of John Henry Merryman on his Seventieth Birthday. Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46838-6
Clark, David. Comparative and Private International Law: Essays in Honor of John Henry Merryman on his Seventieth Birthday. Duncker & Humblot, 1990. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46838-6
Clark, D (1990): Comparative and Private International Law: Essays in Honor of John Henry Merryman on his Seventieth Birthday, Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46838-6
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Comparative and Private International Law
Essays in Honor of John Henry Merryman on his Seventieth Birthday
(1990)
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Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| John Henry Merryman Festschrift Committee | V | ||
| Preface | VII | ||
| Summary of Contents | IX | ||
| Table of Contents | XIII | ||
| Mauro Cappelletti: In Honor of John Henry Merryman | 1 | ||
| Part I: John Henry Merryman and Comparative Law | 9 | ||
| David S. Clark: The Idea of the Civil Law Tradition | 11 | ||
| I. Origins of the Idea of the Civil Law Tradition | 12 | ||
| II. Legal Tradition versus Legal System | 16 | ||
| III. The Atypicality of France and Germany within the Civil Law Tradition | 18 | ||
| IV. The Western Legal Tradition | 21 | ||
| Héctor Fix-Zamudio: John Henry Merryman and the Modernization of Comparative Legal Studies | 25 | ||
| I. Introduction | 25 | ||
| II. The Concept and Nature of “Comparative Law” | 26 | ||
| III. The Goals of Comparative Law | 28 | ||
| A. Reach an Authentic Scientific Level in Legal Studies | 28 | ||
| B. Increase Understanding of National Law | 28 | ||
| C. Perfect Legal Language | 29 | ||
| D. Promote International Understanding of Law | 29 | ||
| E. Unify or Harmonize Legal Systems | 29 | ||
| F. Understand Legal Systems as Dynamic | 30 | ||
| IV. The Extension of Comparative Law | 30 | ||
| V. Comparative Law and National Law | 31 | ||
| VI. Comparative Law and Foreign Law | 34 | ||
| VII. Legal Nationalism and Foreign Law Borrowing | 35 | ||
| VIII. The Traditional and Contemporary Teaching of Comparative Law | 36 | ||
| IX. The Influence of John Henry Merryman’s Modernizing Ideas | 40 | ||
| X. The Need to Update Comparative Legal Studies and Teaching in the Mexican Legal System | 42 | ||
| XI. Conclusions | 45 | ||
| Lawrence M. Friedman: Some Thoughts on Comparative Legal Culture | 49 | ||
| I. Standard Comparative Law | 49 | ||
| II. Classification of Legal Systems | 50 | ||
| III. Comparative Legal Culture | 52 | ||
| IV. A Concrete Example | 55 | ||
| Part II: Comparisions of Legal Systems | 59 | ||
| Hans W. Baade: Springs, Creeks, and Groundwater in Nineteenth-Century German Roman-Law Jurisprudence with a Twentieth-Century Postscript | 61 | ||
| I. Introduction | 61 | ||
| II. The Nineteenth-Century Decisions | 65 | ||
| A. Source and Scope | 65 | ||
| B. Guiding Principles: Public and Private Waters | 66 | ||
| C. Servitudes | 66 | ||
| D. Riparian Rights to Public Waters | 70 | ||
| III. The Millers Go to Court | 72 | ||
| A. Four Cases | 72 | ||
| B. Summary | 76 | ||
| C. The Usus Modernus | 77 | ||
| D. Questions of Policy | 80 | ||
| IV. “Vested” Water Rights and Modern Ground Water Management | 82 | ||
| A. Civil-Law Codification | 82 | ||
| B. “Vested” Rights and Twentieth-Century Water Management | 83 | ||
| C. The Federal Constitutional Court Speaks | 84 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 87 | ||
| Mirjan Damaška: Atomistic and Holistic Evaluation of Evidence: a Comparative View | 91 | ||
| I. Atomistic and Holistic Tendencies Surveyed | 92 | ||
| A. Anglo-American Systems | 92 | ||
| B. Continental Systems | 94 | ||
| II. Sources of Atomistic and Holistic Tendencies | 98 | ||
| A. Organization of Adjudicatory Authority | 98 | ||
| B. Differing Objectives of Justice | 99 | ||
| III. Anglo-American and Continental Systems Revisited | 101 | ||
| Louis Favoreu: American and European Models of Constitutional Justice | 105 | ||
| I. Introduction | 105 | ||
| II. Why Europe Did Not Adopt the American System | 106 | ||
| A. Substantive Factors | 107 | ||
| B. Institutional Factors | 109 | ||
| C. A Political Factor | 110 | ||
| D. The Situation after World War II | 110 | ||
| III. How the European Model Differs from the American Model | 111 | ||
| A. Separation of Constitutional Litigation from Ordinary Litigation | 111 | ||
| B. Jurisdictional Monopoly in a Constitutional Court | 111 | ||
| C. Constitutional Court Uniqueness | 111 | ||
| D. Referral to a Constitutional Court | 112 | ||
| E. The Nature of Constitutional Litigation | 113 | ||
| F. Effects of Constitutional Court Decisions | 114 | ||
| IV. Common Elements in the Two Models | 115 | ||
| A. The United States Supreme Court and Constitutional Courts | 115 | ||
| B. Less Obvious Common Elements | 117 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 119 | ||
| Gino Gorla: Samuel Livermore (1786–1833): An American Forerunner to the Modern “Civil Law-Common Law Dialogue” | 121 | ||
| I. The Civil Law-Common Law Dialogue | 121 | ||
| A. Introduction | 121 | ||
| B. “Diritto comparato delle differenze” and “Diritto comparato delle concordanze” during the Twentieth Century | 122 | ||
| C. “Diritto comparato delle concordanze” during the Formative Era of American Law | 123 | ||
| D. The Anglo-Scottish-American Comparatists | 124 | ||
| II. Samuel Livermore | 125 | ||
| A. A Short Biography | 125 | ||
| B. Livermore’s Library | 127 | ||
| III. Livermore’s Attitudes as Reflected in His Works | 128 | ||
| A. An Overview | 128 | ||
| B. Provide Order and System to American Case Law with Textbooks | 129 | ||
| C. Use of a Scholarly Style | 130 | ||
| D. Use of Comparisons with the Civil Law | 131 | ||
| E. Use of the Ius Commune | 132 | ||
| IV. Livermore’s Influence | 134 | ||
| A. The Fortunes of Livermore’s Books | 134 | ||
| B. Livermore’s Success in Court: Whiston v. Stodder | 135 | ||
| V. The History of Comparative Law of Concordances and the “Civil Law Tradition” | 137 | ||
| Carlos José Gutiérrez: La Constitución Norteamericana como Ley Importada en Costa Rica | 139 | ||
| I. Introducción | 139 | ||
| II. El Régimen Presidencial | 142 | ||
| A. El Modelo | 142 | ||
| B. Las Alternativas Iniciales Latinoamericanas | 144 | ||
| C. La Situación Costarricense | 146 | ||
| CH. Conclusiones | 152 | ||
| III. El Control de Constitucionalidad | 153 | ||
| A. La Gran Invención | 153 | ||
| B. La Evolución Costarricense en las Disposiciones Constitucionales | 156 | ||
| C. La Jurisdicción Compartida entre los Tres Poderes | 157 | ||
| CH. Actuaciones Judiciales | 160 | ||
| D. El Sistema Actual | 164 | ||
| E. Evaluación del Sistema | 166 | ||
| IV. Las Constituciones en Derecho Comparado | 168 | ||
| English Summary: The Constitution of the United States as Imported Law in Costa Rica | 170 | ||
| Jan Hellner: Interpretation of Contracts under the Influence of Statutory Law | 173 | ||
| I. The Use of Statutory Rules | 174 | ||
| II. Interpretation of Special Clauses | 174 | ||
| III. Facultative Rules | 176 | ||
| IV. Mandatory Rules | 181 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 182 | ||
| Hein Kötz: Scholarship and the Courts: A Comparative Survey | 183 | ||
| I. Introduction | 183 | ||
| II. Legal Scholarship in French Courts | 185 | ||
| III. Legal Scholarship in British Courts | 187 | ||
| IV. Legal Scholarship in American Courts | 190 | ||
| V. Legal Scholarship in German Courts | 193 | ||
| VI. The Need for Further Research | 194 | ||
| Dietrich André Loeber: Latvia’s 1937 Civil Code: A Quest for Cultural Identity | 197 | ||
| I. Significance of the Latvian Civil Code | 198 | ||
| II. The Civil Code as a Reform Act | 199 | ||
| III. History of Drafting the Civil Code | 200 | ||
| IV. The Civil Code of Latvia Today | 202 | ||
| Inga Markovits: Socialism and the Rule of Law: Some Speculations and Predictions | 205 | ||
| I. Socialist Administrative Legality: Past and Present | 206 | ||
| II. Capitalist Administrative Legality: Ideological Implications of Our System of Judicial Review | 210 | ||
| A. The Protection of Private Interests | 210 | ||
| B. The Individual against the State | 211 | ||
| C. Blurring the Public/Private Distinction | 213 | ||
| III. Capitalist Reservations about Judicial Review: When Do We Limit Court Supervision | 216 | ||
| A. Citizens in Close Affiliation with Specific State Institutions | 217 | ||
| B. Complex Planning Decisions | 219 | ||
| C. Children and Welfare Clients | 221 | ||
| IV. Obstacles to the Success of Judicial Review Procedures in Socialist Countries | 223 | ||
| A. First Obstacle: The Socialist State | 224 | ||
| B. Second Obstacle: Socialist Judiciaries | 228 | ||
| C. Third Obstacle: Socialist Citizens | 232 | ||
| V. Outlook | 238 | ||
| A. The Future of Socialist Law Reform | 238 | ||
| B. The Limits of Law Reform | 243 | ||
| C. Postscript | 245 | ||
| Barry Nicholas: Certainty of Price | 247 | ||
| I. The U.N. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods | 247 | ||
| II. The Roman Rule | 248 | ||
| III. Modern National Views | 250 | ||
| IV. Conclusion | 255 | ||
| Rogelio Pérez Perdomo: La justicia penal en la investigación socio-jurídica de América Latina | 257 | ||
| I. Introducción | 257 | ||
| II. El proceso penal: duración y disfunciones | 259 | ||
| III. Justicia penal y desigualdad social | 265 | ||
| IV. Justicia penal y represión politica | 267 | ||
| V. Un balance | 270 | ||
| English Summary: Criminal Justice in Latin American Sociolegal Research | 272 | ||
| Giovanni Pugliese: Ius Honorarium and English Equity | 275 | ||
| I. Ius Honorarium and Equity in Legal History | 275 | ||
| II. The Distinctiveness of the Two Bodies of Rules | 277 | ||
| III. The Powers of the Praetor and the Chancellor | 278 | ||
| IV. Social Forces Influencing the Two Bodies of Rules | 279 | ||
| V. Similarities and Differences between Ius Honorarium and Equity | 280 | ||
| VI. Dualism and Merger | 281 | ||
| Denis Tallon: The Notion of Contract: A French Jurist’s Naive Look at Common Law Contract | 283 | ||
| I. Uncertain Frontiers: What is a Contract? | 284 | ||
| A. The Rigid Framework of French Law | 284 | ||
| B. The Nebula of the Common Law | 285 | ||
| II. Ambiguous Contents: Contract as a Promise | 286 | ||
| A. Contract and Promise | 287 | ||
| B. The Consequences | 288 | ||
| III. Conclusion | 290 | ||
| Yasuhei Taniguchi: Civil Liability of Experts in Court: A Comparative Overview | 291 | ||
| I. Introduction | 291 | ||
| II. The French Expert | 292 | ||
| A. The Negligent Conduct of Expertise | 294 | ||
| B. Error in the Expert’s Report | 295 | ||
| III. The German Expert | 296 | ||
| IV. The American Expert | 301 | ||
| V. The Japanese Expert | 304 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 307 | ||
| Justin P. Thorens: The Common Law Trust and the Civil Law Lawyer | 309 | ||
| I. Introduction | 309 | ||
| II. Basic Common Law Property Principles | 310 | ||
| A. No Clear Distinction between Real Rights and Personal Rights | 310 | ||
| B. Rejection of a Numerus Clausus for Real Rights | 310 | ||
| C. Fragmentation of Property Ownership | 310 | ||
| D. Tenure | 311 | ||
| E. Estate | 311 | ||
| III. Trust Characteristics from a Civilian Point of View | 314 | ||
| IV. Conclusion | 315 | ||
| Carlos Viladás: Obras de arte y Patrimonio Histórico en España: Una reforma legislativa reciente | 317 | ||
| I. Dos casos ilustrativos de la situación anterior a la reforma | 317 | ||
| A. “Viaje a la luna en el fondo del mar” | 317 | ||
| B. “La Marquesa de Santa Cruz” | 318 | ||
| C. El marco legal español | 318 | ||
| II. La Ley del Patrimonio Histórico Español | 319 | ||
| A. El mandato constitucional | 320 | ||
| B. El Patrimonio Histórico Español | 321 | ||
| C. Medidas de tutela y protección | 321 | ||
| D. Algunas medidas de especial interés | 322 | ||
| E. Incentivos fiscales | 323 | ||
| F. Propiedad privada versus interés público | 324 | ||
| G. Distribución de competencias en materia de Patrimonio Histórico | 327 | ||
| English Summary: Works of Art and the Historical Patrimony in Spain: A Recent Legislative Reform | 328 | ||
| Part III: The Convergence and Integration of Legal Systems within Europe | 331 | ||
| George A. Bermann: EEC Community-Building under the Single European Act | 333 | ||
| Mauro Cappelletti: Balance of Powers, Human Rights, and Legal Integration: New Challenges for European Judges | 341 | ||
| I. The Expansion of European Judicial Review of Legislation | 341 | ||
| II. National and Transnational Developments in Europe | 345 | ||
| A. National Constitutional Tribunals | 345 | ||
| B. Transnational European Judicial Review | 347 | ||
| III. A Judicial Review Revolution in Europe | 352 | ||
| Sabino Cassese: Toward a European Model of Public Administration | 353 | ||
| I. The Possibility of Comparing Different Administrative Systems | 353 | ||
| II. The Origins of Italian Public Administration | 354 | ||
| III. The French-Napoleonic Administrative Model in Italy | 355 | ||
| A. Democratic or Oligarchic Foundations | 356 | ||
| B. The Adoption of Droit Administratif | 357 | ||
| C. Administrative Uniformity | 358 | ||
| D. The Administrative Elite | 359 | ||
| E. The Council of State | 359 | ||
| F. Prefects | 360 | ||
| G. The Efficacy of Legal Transplants | 361 | ||
| IV. The Convergence of Administrative Systems in Europe | 363 | ||
| A. Democracy and Social Demands | 363 | ||
| B. Droit Administratif and English Administrative Law | 364 | ||
| C. Multi-Organizational Public Administration | 364 | ||
| D. General Administrative Procedure Laws | 365 | ||
| E. The Finance Sector’s Leading Role | 366 | ||
| F. The Underlying Causes of Convergence | 367 | ||
| J. A. Jolowicz: Product Liability in the EEC | 369 | ||
| I. Introduction | 369 | ||
| II. A Liability for Producing or a Liability for Selling? | 370 | ||
| A. Product Liability as Liability for Producing | 370 | ||
| B. Product Liability as Liability for Selling | 373 | ||
| III. The Proposal for a Directive | 377 | ||
| IV. The Directive | 379 | ||
| V. The Effect of the Directive | 381 | ||
| A. The Survival of National Law | 381 | ||
| B. Implementation of the Directive | 382 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 388 | ||
| Part IV: Private International Law | 393 | ||
| Heikki Jokela: Internationalism in Private International Law | 395 | ||
| I. Doctrinal Antecedents | 395 | ||
| II. Recent Developments: The New Factors | 397 | ||
| III. International Instruments as a Manifestation of Universal Legal Policy | 399 | ||
| A. Uniform Laws | 399 | ||
| B. Establishment of Legal Standards | 402 | ||
| C. Legal Aspects of International Instruments | 405 | ||
| IV. Conclusions | 406 | ||
| Stefan A. Riesenfeld: Transnational Bankruptcies in the Late Eighties: A Tale of Evolution and Atavism | 409 | ||
| I. France: Société Kléber c. société anonyme de droit danois Friis Hansen et autre | 410 | ||
| II. Germany: P.N. KG u. a. v. RA O | 413 | ||
| III. United Kingdom: Felixstowe Dock and Railway Co. v. U.S. Lines, Inc. | 415 | ||
| IV. Recent Developments in United States Law Governing Transnational Bankruptcy | 418 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 428 | ||
| Kurt Siehr: The Return of Cultural Property Expropriated Abroad | 431 | ||
| I. The Fact Situation | 431 | ||
| A. The East German Background and Case History | 431 | ||
| B. West German Court Procedure | 432 | ||
| II. Legal Problems | 432 | ||
| A. Conflict of Laws Issues | 433 | ||
| B. The East German Transaction | 433 | ||
| C. West German Public Policy | 434 | ||
| D. East German Law on Bona Fide Purchases | 435 | ||
| E. The Property Claim under the West German Civil Code | 436 | ||
| III. Critical Remarks and Comments | 436 | ||
| A. A New Specimen of Art Trade | 436 | ||
| B. The Clash of Different Policies | 436 | ||
| C. Taxation and Expropriation | 437 | ||
| D. Bona Fide Purchases | 439 | ||
| IV. Review by the Bundesgerichtshof | 440 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 441 | ||
| Part V: Bibliography | 443 | ||
| List of Publications of John Henry Merryman | 445 |