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Executive and Legislative Powers in the Constitutions of 1848-49
Editors: Dippel, Horst
Schriften zur Verfassungsgeschichte, Vol. 58
(1999)
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Abstract
In the course of the development of modern constitutionalism the biennium of 1848-9 has been continuously underrated. No collection of its constitutions has ever been published, nor any systematic interpretation of them has yet been written in spite of the fact that during the revolutionary upheaval of 1848-9, more than 40 constitutions were, with at least some sort of public legitimacy, drafted in Europe and most of them enacted.The twelve articles assembled in this volume were written to illustrate, with a focus on the organization of legislative and executive powers, some major aspects of this struggle. Besides several German, Italian, and Austro-Hungarian constitutions and those of France, Switzerland, and the Netherlands, the constitution of Wisconsin is deliberately included to document the whole range of ideas from nearly unconcealed opposition to major constitutional concessions to the rule of popular sovereignty in a democratic republic and to demonstrate the similarities as well as the differences between European and American constitutional concepts at the time. As a result, the years 1848-9 stand out for some major results that transformed the performance of modern constitutionalism in Europe during the second half of the nineteenth and in the twentieth centuries.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acknowledgments | V | ||
| Contents | VII | ||
| Introduction | 1 | ||
| Antonio Chiavistelli and Luca Mannori, Florence: The Tuscan Statute of 1848. Background and Genesis of a Constitution | 7 | ||
| I. The Institutional Background from the Medici to Napoleon | 9 | ||
| II. The Restoration and the Return to a Patemalistic Government | 12 | ||
| III. The pre-1848 debate: its generallines and topics | 14 | ||
| IV. The Road Towards the Consultative Monarchy | 16 | ||
| V. The Unexpected Advent of Representative Government: The "Fundamental Statute" of February 15, 1848 | 18 | ||
| VI. Which Frame of Government for Constitutional Tuscany? | 21 | ||
| VII. The Statute put to the test. The legislative-executive relationship until July 31, 1848 | 24 | ||
| VIII. The Cabinet and the Parliament from August 1848 to February 1849 | 27 | ||
| IX. Conclusion | 32 | ||
| János Zlinszky, Budapest: The First Hungarian Civil Constitution (1848). Organization of Executive and Legislative Power | 35 | ||
| I. | 35 | ||
| II. | 38 | ||
| III. | 39 | ||
| IV. | 41 | ||
| V. | 47 | ||
| VI. | 50 | ||
| VII. | 53 | ||
| Wilhelm Brauneder, Vienna: Separation of Powers in Austria’s First Constitutions | 55 | ||
| I. The Separation of Powers in General | 55 | ||
| II. Austria's First Constitution of 1848 | 57 | ||
| III. Draft Constitutions from Outside the Imperial Diet | 59 | ||
| IV. The Draft Constitution of 1848/49 | 60 | ||
| V. The Constitution of 1849 | 62 | ||
| VI. Immediate Consequences | 63 | ||
| VII. Longer-Iasting Consequences | 63 | ||
| Winfried Speitkamp, Gießen: Die Verfassungsfrage in Kurhessen | 65 | ||
| I. Reformvorschläge in der Revolution | 66 | ||
| II. Vorgeschichte und Rahmenbedingungen | 68 | ||
| III. Verfassungsreformen in der Revolution | 75 | ||
| IV. Verfassungskonflikt und Verfassungsrevision am Ende der Revolution | 79 | ||
| English Summary | 85 | ||
| Andreas Schulz, Frankfurt: „Starke Regierung auf volksthümlicher Grundlage.“ Die revolutionären Verfassungen der Hansestädte von 1848/49 | 87 | ||
| I. Der kommunale Verfassungstypus | 88 | ||
| II. Grundzüge der revolutionären Verfassungen von 1848/1849 | 92 | ||
| III. Ergebnisse | 102 | ||
| English Summary | 105 | ||
| Arend H. Huussen Jr., Groningen: Constitutional Reform in the Netherlands 1847–1848 | 107 | ||
| I. The System of the Revised 1848 Constitution | 107 | ||
| II. Reasons for Constitutional Reform: Autocracy and Liberalism, 1840-1847 | 113 | ||
| III. Continuity and Change, 1795-1840 | 121 | ||
| IV. Conclusion | 126 | ||
| Hartmut Ullrich, Kassel: The Statuto Albertino | 129 | ||
| Introductory Remarks | 129 | ||
| I. Main features of the Statuto Albertino | 130 | ||
| II. The genesis of the Statuto Albertino | 132 | ||
| 1. The Historical Context | 132 | ||
| 2. The Decision in Favor of a Constitution and the Choice of a Model | 134 | ||
| III. The organization of powers, in particular Executive and Legislative, in the Statuto Albertino | 141 | ||
| IV. Flexibility of the Constitution, Contrasting Contemporary Interpretations, and the Role of the Cabinet | 144 | ||
| Appendix: Recollections Regarding King Victor Emmanuel II and the Constitution, Written by Carlo Cadorna in 1878 | 155 | ||
| Dieter Hein, Frankfurt: „Self-Government der Nation.“ Exekutive und Legislative in der deutschen Reichsverfassung von 1849 | 163 | ||
| English Summary | 185 | ||
| Rainer J. Schweizer, Saint Gall: Die Ausgestaltung der Regierung des Bundes in der Schweizerischen Bundesverfassung von 1848 | 187 | ||
| I. Einleitung | 187 | ||
| II. Die Bundesreform von 1832/33 | 188 | ||
| a) Vorgeschichte | 188 | ||
| b) Die Bundesverfassungsentwürfe von 1832/33 | 190 | ||
| aa) Allgemeines | 190 | ||
| bb) Ausgestaltung der Exekutive | 191 | ||
| III. Die Exekutive in der Verfassung von 1848 | 195 | ||
| a) Allgemeines | 195 | ||
| b) Ausgestaltung | 196 | ||
| aa) Kollegialbehörde | 196 | ||
| bb) Zahl der Bundesräte und Wahlvoraussetzungen | 197 | ||
| cc) Amtsdauer | 198 | ||
| dd) Wahlgremium | 199 | ||
| ee) Funktionen | 199 | ||
| jj) Bundeskanzlei | 200 | ||
| IV. Revisionsbestrebungen | 200 | ||
| V. Ausblick | 201 | ||
| English Summary | 203 | ||
| Frédéric Lambert, Paris: La Genèse de la Constitution du 4 novembre 1848. De la confiscation de la Révolution à la défaite de la République | 205 | ||
| Un Preambule expurge: la defaite de la Republique sociale | 209 | ||
| Les rapports exécutif-Iégislatif: un bricolage institutionnel | 216 | ||
| Réversibilités de la Constitution et volte-faces politiques | 222 | ||
| English Summary | 230 | ||
| Giuseppe Galasso, Naples: La Costituzione romana del 1849 | 231 | ||
| English Summary | 270 | ||
| Horst Dippel, Kassel: “A mixed form of government founded on democratic principles.” The Wisconsin Constitution of 1848 and the Virtuous Republic | 271 | ||
| List of Contributors | 287 |