Reforming the International Economic Order

doi:10.3790/978-3-428-46219-3

Reforming the International Economic Order

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Oppermann, T., Petersmann, E. (Eds.) (1987). Reforming the International Economic Order. German legal comments. Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46219-3

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Reforming the International Economic Order

German legal comments

Editors: Oppermann, Thomas | Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich

Tübinger Schriften zum internationalen und europäischen Recht, Vol. 1

(1987)

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Publisher Name: Duncker & Humblot
ISBN: 978-3-428-46219-3
978-3-428-06219-5 (print edition)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46219-3
Edition: 1
Language: English
Pages: 265
Collections: NBE RECHT
NBE D&H
Subjects: Public international law

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Institution: € 106.00 (incl. local VAT if applicable)
Individual: € 69.90 (incl. local VAT if applicable)

Section Title	Page	Action	Price
Preface	7
Contents	9
THOMAS OPPERMANN: Introduction	11
I. On the Necessity for Peaceful Change in International Economic Relations	11
II. The Contribution of the International Law Association to the Reform of the International Economic Order	12
III. The Activities of the International ILA Committee on "Legal Aspects of a New International Economic Order"	13
IV. German Contributions to the ILA Activities	15
PART I: German Papere Issued for Governmental and Non-governmental Organisations (especially ILA)	17
Pros and Cons of the Signing of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of December 10,1982 by the Federal Republic of Germany	19
Comment	19
Vote	22
Thomas Oppermann: Existing and Evolving Principles of International Law in the Field of a New International Economic Order	24
1. Name of the Committee	25
2. Legal and Functional Principles	25
3. Equity and Solidarity	26
4. UNITAR-principles	27
5. Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources, Economic Activities and Wealth	27
6. Preferential Treatment	28
7. Participatory Equality	28
8. Co-operation of States	29
9. Common Heritage of Mankind	29
10. Right to Development	29
11. International Law of Economic Development	30
12. Sources of International Law of Economic Development	31
13. Future Approach of the Committee	31
On Legal and Optional Principles of the Existing and Future International Economic Order	32
1. Some basic remarks	32
2. The fundamental legal principles of the existing and future international economic order	33
3. The "optional principles" of the world economy as foundation of treaty law in the NIEO-discussion	34
Investment Risks and International Law	36
1. Basic facts of investment practice	36
1.1. Bilateral investment treaties — the example of the FRG	37
1.2. Multilateral agreements	37
2. Principles of NIEO influencing the share of investment	38
3. Compensation standards for expropriation measures	40
Thomas Oppermann: Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources, Compensation in Case of the Taking of Foreign Property	43
1. Preliminary observations	44
2. Illegal taking of foreign owned property and reparation for injuries	44
3. Legal taking of foreign owned property (appropriate compensation)	45
Declaration on the Progressive Development of Principles of Public International Law relating to a New International Economic Order	47
I. Specific part (list of principles)	50
1. The rule of public international law in international economic relations	50
2. Pacta sunt servanda	50
3. The principles of equity and solidarity	50
3.1. Principle of equity	50
3.2. Principle of solidarity	51
3.3. Development assistance	51
4. The duty to co-operate for global development	51
4.1.	51
4.2.	52
4.3.	52
4.4.	52
5. Permanent sovereignty over natural resources , economic activities and wealth	52
5.1.	52
5.2.	53
5.3.	53
5.4.	53
5.5.	53
6. The right to development	53
6.1.	53
6.2.	53
6.3.	54
7. The principle of common heritage of mankind	54
7.1.	54
7.2.	54
7.3.	54
7.4.	55
7.5.	55
8. The principle of equality or non-discrimination	55
9. The principle of participatory equality	55
10. The principle of substantive equality , including the preferential and non-reciprocal treatment of developing countries	56
10.1.	56
10.2.	56
10.3.	56
11. The right to benefit from science and technology	56
11.1.	56
11.2.	56
11.3.	57
11.4.	57
11.5.	57
II. General Part	57
12. Principles of interpretation and application	57
13. The principle of peaceful settlement of disputes	58
13.1.	58
13.2.	58
14.	58
Annex: Final Statement	59
PART II: Individual Contributions	61
DETLEV CH. DICKE: The Taking of Foreign Property and the Question of Compensation	63
1. Preliminary remarks	63
2. Property	64
3. Acquired or vested rights	67
4. Reparation for injuries	70
a) Contractual situations	70
b) Non-contractual situations	71
5. The taking of foreign owned property as such	71
a) Requisitioning	71
b) Confiscation	72
c) Expropriation	72
d) Nationalisation	73
6. Unjust enrichment	73
a) Methodological questions	73
aa) Point of departure	74
bb) The questions of uncertainty	74
b) First conclusions	75
aa) Error	75
bb) Enrichment and loss	75
c) Groups of states	76
aa) Continental Europe	76
bb) Common Law countries	76
cc) Latin America	76
dd) Arab states and Africa	77
ee) Asia	77
d) Two different issues	78
WOLFGANG FIKENTSCHER and IRENE LAMB: The Principles of Free and Fair Trading and of Intellectual Property Protection in the Legal Framework of a New International Economic Order	81
I. The historical background	81
II. Current code activities	83
A. International antitrust and restrictive business practices (the principle of avoiding trade restraints)	84
B. Principles and rules against unfair competition	89
C. Transfer of technology and protection of intellectual property	91
III. Some basic problems in connection with international business regulation for an international economic order	94
A. The legal character of Codes of Conduct	94
B. International economic order and "Development Aid"	96
IV. Chances for progress in the code activities	98
KAY HAILBRONNER: Foreign Investment Protection in Developing Countries in Public International Law	99
I. Introduction	99
II. Legal sources of investment protection	101
III. Investment protection — international and municipal law	104
IV. The present state of customary international investment law	108
a) The connotation of international investment law	108
b) The requirements for expropriations and nationalisations	110
c) State responsibility in cases of illegal deprivations of foreign-owned wealth	113
d) Standard of compensation	115
V. The concept of property and new forms of foreign investment	118
a) The definition of property	118
b) Contractual rights	119
VI. Indirect expropriation and the social function of property	121
MEINHARD HILF: The Right to Food in National ana International Law	125
I. Survey	125
II. Historical perspective	126
III. The right to food — a basic human right?	127
IV. Constitutional law	128
V. Public international law	131
1. The Universal Declaration	132
2. Article 1 CESCR	133
3. Article 11 CESCR	133
Article 11	133
aa) The states' domestic duties	137
bb) The states' external duties	137
cc) The duties of the individual	139
dd) The duties of the international community	140
4. Further conventional texts	142
5. Customary international law and general principles	145
VI. Conclusion	145
GÜNTHER JAENICKE: The Law of the Sea Convention and the Development of a New International Economic Order	147
I.	147
II.	149
III.	151
IV.	156
HUGO LUEDERS: Aspects of Transborder Data Services within the Manufacturing Industry	161
I. Operational aspects of transborder data services	162
a) ODETTE communication standards for trade data interchange with the assistance of the European automotive industry	163
b) Intelsat-based multiservice tieline between Volkswagen Germany/VW do Brasil/ VW of America- VW Canada: Rechner-Verbund-System (RVS)	164
c) Mark III-System of General Electric for product services of the Volkswagen Group	165
II. Legal aspects of transborder data services	166
a) Informational Freedom vs. Information Sovereignty	166
b) Basic issues of the Brazilian "Informatic Law"	168
III. Assessment and conclusions	170
KARL M. MEESSEN: IMF Conditionality and State Sovereignty	173
I. On the risk of lending money to foreign sovereigns	173
II. Increase of IMF leverage	174
III. Sovereign imbalances	176
IV. As to restoring the balance	179
1. Softening Conditionality?	179
2. Involving the World Bank	180
3. Opening the political process	181
4. In search of symmetry	183
V. Preserving confidence in international finance	183
THOMAS OPPERMANN: On the Present International Economic Order	187
1. The starting point: "Bretton Woods"	187
2. The challenge: "New International Economic Order"	189
3. The real development: reform not abolition of the existing economic order	190
4. The main legal instrument: consensus by treaty	193
5. "Principles" — second pillar of the international economic order?	195
6. The reality: "mixed international economic order on liberal foundations"	198
ERNST-ULRICH PETERSMANN: International Trade Order and International Trade Law	201
Introduction	201
1.	201
2.	202
3.	202
4.	203
5.	204
Part A: International trade policy and international trade law: some basic issues	204
I. Trade liberalisation and the national interest	204
6. The national gains from liberal trade	204
7. The economic theory of optimal intervention	205
8. Trade protectionism as an indication of "government failure"	206
II. "Domestic policy functions" of public international trade law	207
9. The need to distinguish "foreign policy functions" and "domestic policy functions" of international law	207
10. Trade policy as a "constitutional problem"	208
III. Principles of international trade law	209
11. Principles, rules and order	209
12. Principles of general public international trade law	210
13. Principles of GATT law	211
14. Principles of international commodity agreements	213
15. Principles of national foreign trade laws	213
16. Principles of private transnational commercial law	215
IV. Participation of LDCs in the GATT legal system: some basic policy issues	215
17. The adjustment of GATT law to the demands from LDCs	215
18. Some current problems relating to the principle of non-reciprocity	217
a) Do LDCs benefit from their exemptions from the legal GATT disciplines?	218
b) Why do States have a national self-interest in the legal GATT disciplines?	219
c) Does the principle of reciprocity serve the national self-interest of LDCs?	221
d) Is there a linkage between "positive discrimination" for and "negative discrimination" against LDCs?	222
e) Do the legal freedoms of LDCs protect their "economic souvereignty"?	223
19. Some further problems relating to the principle of "special and differential treatment" of LDCs	224
a) Are LDCs significantly benefitting from the GSP?	224
b) Does "special and differential treatment" of LDCs lead to a politicization of North-South trade ?	226
20. The LDCs self-interest in "rule-oriented" and non-discriminatory trade	227
Part Β: The questionnaire of Professor Schachter (Questions 1 to 3)	228
Question 1: "What trade control measures involving restriction of imports should be regarded as legitimate ?"	228
Question 2: "What international rules should be recommended for structural adjustment needed to relieve the pressure on governments to undertake protectionist measures? What obligations may reasonably be acceptable for corrective measures after restrictions have been imposed?"	230
Question 3: " What steps can be taken to restore ' multilateral disciplines ' in international trade ?"	234
a) The principle of non-discrimination in GATT law For centuries, numerous bilateral trade agreements have	234
b) Constitutional functions of the non-discrimination principle	235
c) VERs and the rise in bilateral and sector-specific protectionism	236
d) The need for returning to the non-discriminatory trading system embodied in GATT	238
Annex I: Comparison of the trade policy recommendations of the "Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States" with GATT law (see question 15 in the questionnaire of Professor Schachter)	239
WOLFGANG GRAF VITZTHUM: The European Economic Community, the Law of the Sea Development and a New International Economic Order	243
1. The split decision of the Federal Republic, the EEC and the LOS	243
2. The Law of the Sea development	245
2.1. UNCLOS III and the LOS Convention	245
2.2. A review of the LOS Convention	248
3. Recent LOS developments and EEC Member States	251
3.1. Territorial sea and Exclusive Economic Zone	251
3.2. The deep sea-bed mining two-regime structure	253
4. The EEC and the LOS	256
4.1. The EEC and the LOS Convention	256
4.2. Territorial and extra-territorial EEC competence	261
5. The EEC as an emerging maritime Community	263

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