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Oppermann, T., Petersmann, E. (Eds.) (1987). Reforming the International Economic Order. German legal comments. Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46219-3
Oppermann, Thomas and Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich. Reforming the International Economic Order: German legal comments. Duncker & Humblot, 1987. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46219-3
Oppermann, T, Petersmann, E (eds.) (1987): Reforming the International Economic Order: German legal comments, Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46219-3
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Reforming the International Economic Order
German legal comments
Editors: Oppermann, Thomas | Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich
Tübinger Schriften zum internationalen und europäischen Recht, Vol. 1
(1987)
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Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Preface | 7 | ||
| Contents | 9 | ||
| THOMAS OPPERMANN: Introduction | 11 | ||
| I. On the Necessity for Peaceful Change in International Economic Relations | 11 | ||
| II. The Contribution of the International Law Association to the Reform of the International Economic Order | 12 | ||
| III. The Activities of the International ILA Committee on "Legal Aspects of a New International Economic Order" | 13 | ||
| IV. German Contributions to the ILA Activities | 15 | ||
| PART I: German Papere Issued for Governmental and Non-governmental Organisations (especially ILA) | 17 | ||
| Pros and Cons of the Signing of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of December 10,1982 by the Federal Republic of Germany | 19 | ||
| Comment | 19 | ||
| Vote | 22 | ||
| Thomas Oppermann: Existing and Evolving Principles of International Law in the Field of a New International Economic Order | 24 | ||
| 1. Name of the Committee | 25 | ||
| 2. Legal and Functional Principles | 25 | ||
| 3. Equity and Solidarity | 26 | ||
| 4. UNITAR-principles | 27 | ||
| 5. Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources, Economic Activities and Wealth | 27 | ||
| 6. Preferential Treatment | 28 | ||
| 7. Participatory Equality | 28 | ||
| 8. Co-operation of States | 29 | ||
| 9. Common Heritage of Mankind | 29 | ||
| 10. Right to Development | 29 | ||
| 11. International Law of Economic Development | 30 | ||
| 12. Sources of International Law of Economic Development | 31 | ||
| 13. Future Approach of the Committee | 31 | ||
| On Legal and Optional Principles of the Existing and Future International Economic Order | 32 | ||
| 1. Some basic remarks | 32 | ||
| 2. The fundamental legal principles of the existing and future international economic order | 33 | ||
| 3. The "optional principles" of the world economy as foundation of treaty law in the NIEO-discussion | 34 | ||
| Investment Risks and International Law | 36 | ||
| 1. Basic facts of investment practice | 36 | ||
| 1.1. Bilateral investment treaties — the example of the FRG | 37 | ||
| 1.2. Multilateral agreements | 37 | ||
| 2. Principles of NIEO influencing the share of investment | 38 | ||
| 3. Compensation standards for expropriation measures | 40 | ||
| Thomas Oppermann: Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources, Compensation in Case of the Taking of Foreign Property | 43 | ||
| 1. Preliminary observations | 44 | ||
| 2. Illegal taking of foreign owned property and reparation for injuries | 44 | ||
| 3. Legal taking of foreign owned property (appropriate compensation) | 45 | ||
| Declaration on the Progressive Development of Principles of Public International Law relating to a New International Economic Order | 47 | ||
| I. Specific part (list of principles) | 50 | ||
| 1. The rule of public international law in international economic relations | 50 | ||
| 2. Pacta sunt servanda | 50 | ||
| 3. The principles of equity and solidarity | 50 | ||
| 3.1. Principle of equity | 50 | ||
| 3.2. Principle of solidarity | 51 | ||
| 3.3. Development assistance | 51 | ||
| 4. The duty to co-operate for global development | 51 | ||
| 4.1. | 51 | ||
| 4.2. | 52 | ||
| 4.3. | 52 | ||
| 4.4. | 52 | ||
| 5. Permanent sovereignty over natural resources , economic activities and wealth | 52 | ||
| 5.1. | 52 | ||
| 5.2. | 53 | ||
| 5.3. | 53 | ||
| 5.4. | 53 | ||
| 5.5. | 53 | ||
| 6. The right to development | 53 | ||
| 6.1. | 53 | ||
| 6.2. | 53 | ||
| 6.3. | 54 | ||
| 7. The principle of common heritage of mankind | 54 | ||
| 7.1. | 54 | ||
| 7.2. | 54 | ||
| 7.3. | 54 | ||
| 7.4. | 55 | ||
| 7.5. | 55 | ||
| 8. The principle of equality or non-discrimination | 55 | ||
| 9. The principle of participatory equality | 55 | ||
| 10. The principle of substantive equality , including the preferential and non-reciprocal treatment of developing countries | 56 | ||
| 10.1. | 56 | ||
| 10.2. | 56 | ||
| 10.3. | 56 | ||
| 11. The right to benefit from science and technology | 56 | ||
| 11.1. | 56 | ||
| 11.2. | 56 | ||
| 11.3. | 57 | ||
| 11.4. | 57 | ||
| 11.5. | 57 | ||
| II. General Part | 57 | ||
| 12. Principles of interpretation and application | 57 | ||
| 13. The principle of peaceful settlement of disputes | 58 | ||
| 13.1. | 58 | ||
| 13.2. | 58 | ||
| 14. | 58 | ||
| Annex: Final Statement | 59 | ||
| PART II: Individual Contributions | 61 | ||
| DETLEV CH. DICKE: The Taking of Foreign Property and the Question of Compensation | 63 | ||
| 1. Preliminary remarks | 63 | ||
| 2. Property | 64 | ||
| 3. Acquired or vested rights | 67 | ||
| 4. Reparation for injuries | 70 | ||
| a) Contractual situations | 70 | ||
| b) Non-contractual situations | 71 | ||
| 5. The taking of foreign owned property as such | 71 | ||
| a) Requisitioning | 71 | ||
| b) Confiscation | 72 | ||
| c) Expropriation | 72 | ||
| d) Nationalisation | 73 | ||
| 6. Unjust enrichment | 73 | ||
| a) Methodological questions | 73 | ||
| aa) Point of departure | 74 | ||
| bb) The questions of uncertainty | 74 | ||
| b) First conclusions | 75 | ||
| aa) Error | 75 | ||
| bb) Enrichment and loss | 75 | ||
| c) Groups of states | 76 | ||
| aa) Continental Europe | 76 | ||
| bb) Common Law countries | 76 | ||
| cc) Latin America | 76 | ||
| dd) Arab states and Africa | 77 | ||
| ee) Asia | 77 | ||
| d) Two different issues | 78 | ||
| WOLFGANG FIKENTSCHER and IRENE LAMB: The Principles of Free and Fair Trading and of Intellectual Property Protection in the Legal Framework of a New International Economic Order | 81 | ||
| I. The historical background | 81 | ||
| II. Current code activities | 83 | ||
| A. International antitrust and restrictive business practices (the principle of avoiding trade restraints) | 84 | ||
| B. Principles and rules against unfair competition | 89 | ||
| C. Transfer of technology and protection of intellectual property | 91 | ||
| III. Some basic problems in connection with international business regulation for an international economic order | 94 | ||
| A. The legal character of Codes of Conduct | 94 | ||
| B. International economic order and "Development Aid" | 96 | ||
| IV. Chances for progress in the code activities | 98 | ||
| KAY HAILBRONNER: Foreign Investment Protection in Developing Countries in Public International Law | 99 | ||
| I. Introduction | 99 | ||
| II. Legal sources of investment protection | 101 | ||
| III. Investment protection — international and municipal law | 104 | ||
| IV. The present state of customary international investment law | 108 | ||
| a) The connotation of international investment law | 108 | ||
| b) The requirements for expropriations and nationalisations | 110 | ||
| c) State responsibility in cases of illegal deprivations of foreign-owned wealth | 113 | ||
| d) Standard of compensation | 115 | ||
| V. The concept of property and new forms of foreign investment | 118 | ||
| a) The definition of property | 118 | ||
| b) Contractual rights | 119 | ||
| VI. Indirect expropriation and the social function of property | 121 | ||
| MEINHARD HILF: The Right to Food in National ana International Law | 125 | ||
| I. Survey | 125 | ||
| II. Historical perspective | 126 | ||
| III. The right to food — a basic human right? | 127 | ||
| IV. Constitutional law | 128 | ||
| V. Public international law | 131 | ||
| 1. The Universal Declaration | 132 | ||
| 2. Article 1 CESCR | 133 | ||
| 3. Article 11 CESCR | 133 | ||
| Article 11 | 133 | ||
| aa) The states' domestic duties | 137 | ||
| bb) The states' external duties | 137 | ||
| cc) The duties of the individual | 139 | ||
| dd) The duties of the international community | 140 | ||
| 4. Further conventional texts | 142 | ||
| 5. Customary international law and general principles | 145 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 145 | ||
| GÜNTHER JAENICKE: The Law of the Sea Convention and the Development of a New International Economic Order | 147 | ||
| I. | 147 | ||
| II. | 149 | ||
| III. | 151 | ||
| IV. | 156 | ||
| HUGO LUEDERS: Aspects of Transborder Data Services within the Manufacturing Industry | 161 | ||
| I. Operational aspects of transborder data services | 162 | ||
| a) ODETTE communication standards for trade data interchange with the assistance of the European automotive industry | 163 | ||
| b) Intelsat-based multiservice tieline between Volkswagen Germany/VW do Brasil/ VW of America- VW Canada: Rechner-Verbund-System (RVS) | 164 | ||
| c) Mark III-System of General Electric for product services of the Volkswagen Group | 165 | ||
| II. Legal aspects of transborder data services | 166 | ||
| a) Informational Freedom vs. Information Sovereignty | 166 | ||
| b) Basic issues of the Brazilian "Informatic Law" | 168 | ||
| III. Assessment and conclusions | 170 | ||
| KARL M. MEESSEN: IMF Conditionality and State Sovereignty | 173 | ||
| I. On the risk of lending money to foreign sovereigns | 173 | ||
| II. Increase of IMF leverage | 174 | ||
| III. Sovereign imbalances | 176 | ||
| IV. As to restoring the balance | 179 | ||
| 1. Softening Conditionality? | 179 | ||
| 2. Involving the World Bank | 180 | ||
| 3. Opening the political process | 181 | ||
| 4. In search of symmetry | 183 | ||
| V. Preserving confidence in international finance | 183 | ||
| THOMAS OPPERMANN: On the Present International Economic Order | 187 | ||
| 1. The starting point: "Bretton Woods" | 187 | ||
| 2. The challenge: "New International Economic Order" | 189 | ||
| 3. The real development: reform not abolition of the existing economic order | 190 | ||
| 4. The main legal instrument: consensus by treaty | 193 | ||
| 5. "Principles" — second pillar of the international economic order? | 195 | ||
| 6. The reality: "mixed international economic order on liberal foundations" | 198 | ||
| ERNST-ULRICH PETERSMANN: International Trade Order and International Trade Law | 201 | ||
| Introduction | 201 | ||
| 1. | 201 | ||
| 2. | 202 | ||
| 3. | 202 | ||
| 4. | 203 | ||
| 5. | 204 | ||
| Part A: International trade policy and international trade law: some basic issues | 204 | ||
| I. Trade liberalisation and the national interest | 204 | ||
| 6. The national gains from liberal trade | 204 | ||
| 7. The economic theory of optimal intervention | 205 | ||
| 8. Trade protectionism as an indication of "government failure" | 206 | ||
| II. "Domestic policy functions" of public international trade law | 207 | ||
| 9. The need to distinguish "foreign policy functions" and "domestic policy functions" of international law | 207 | ||
| 10. Trade policy as a "constitutional problem" | 208 | ||
| III. Principles of international trade law | 209 | ||
| 11. Principles, rules and order | 209 | ||
| 12. Principles of general public international trade law | 210 | ||
| 13. Principles of GATT law | 211 | ||
| 14. Principles of international commodity agreements | 213 | ||
| 15. Principles of national foreign trade laws | 213 | ||
| 16. Principles of private transnational commercial law | 215 | ||
| IV. Participation of LDCs in the GATT legal system: some basic policy issues | 215 | ||
| 17. The adjustment of GATT law to the demands from LDCs | 215 | ||
| 18. Some current problems relating to the principle of non-reciprocity | 217 | ||
| a) Do LDCs benefit from their exemptions from the legal GATT disciplines? | 218 | ||
| b) Why do States have a national self-interest in the legal GATT disciplines? | 219 | ||
| c) Does the principle of reciprocity serve the national self-interest of LDCs? | 221 | ||
| d) Is there a linkage between "positive discrimination" for and "negative discrimination" against LDCs? | 222 | ||
| e) Do the legal freedoms of LDCs protect their "economic souvereignty"? | 223 | ||
| 19. Some further problems relating to the principle of "special and differential treatment" of LDCs | 224 | ||
| a) Are LDCs significantly benefitting from the GSP? | 224 | ||
| b) Does "special and differential treatment" of LDCs lead to a politicization of North-South trade ? | 226 | ||
| 20. The LDCs self-interest in "rule-oriented" and non-discriminatory trade | 227 | ||
| Part Β: The questionnaire of Professor Schachter (Questions 1 to 3) | 228 | ||
| Question 1: "What trade control measures involving restriction of imports should be regarded as legitimate ?" | 228 | ||
| Question 2: "What international rules should be recommended for structural adjustment needed to relieve the pressure on governments to undertake protectionist measures? What obligations may reasonably be acceptable for corrective measures after restrictions have been imposed?" | 230 | ||
| Question 3: " What steps can be taken to restore ' multilateral disciplines ' in international trade ?" | 234 | ||
| a) The principle of non-discrimination in GATT law For centuries, numerous bilateral trade agreements have | 234 | ||
| b) Constitutional functions of the non-discrimination principle | 235 | ||
| c) VERs and the rise in bilateral and sector-specific protectionism | 236 | ||
| d) The need for returning to the non-discriminatory trading system embodied in GATT | 238 | ||
| Annex I: Comparison of the trade policy recommendations of the "Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States" with GATT law (see question 15 in the questionnaire of Professor Schachter) | 239 | ||
| WOLFGANG GRAF VITZTHUM: The European Economic Community, the Law of the Sea Development and a New International Economic Order | 243 | ||
| 1. The split decision of the Federal Republic, the EEC and the LOS | 243 | ||
| 2. The Law of the Sea development | 245 | ||
| 2.1. UNCLOS III and the LOS Convention | 245 | ||
| 2.2. A review of the LOS Convention | 248 | ||
| 3. Recent LOS developments and EEC Member States | 251 | ||
| 3.1. Territorial sea and Exclusive Economic Zone | 251 | ||
| 3.2. The deep sea-bed mining two-regime structure | 253 | ||
| 4. The EEC and the LOS | 256 | ||
| 4.1. The EEC and the LOS Convention | 256 | ||
| 4.2. Territorial and extra-territorial EEC competence | 261 | ||
| 5. The EEC as an emerging maritime Community | 263 |