State Responsibility for Technological Damage in International Law
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Willisch, J. (1987). State Responsibility for Technological Damage in International Law. Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46238-4
Willisch, Jan. State Responsibility for Technological Damage in International Law. Duncker & Humblot, 1987. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46238-4
Willisch, J (1987): State Responsibility for Technological Damage in International Law, Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46238-4
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State Responsibility for Technological Damage in International Law
Veröffentlichungen des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel, Vol. 97
(1987)
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Abstract
Die »Veröffentlichungen des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel« sind eine 1918 unter dem Namen »Aus dem Institut für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel« gegründete Schriftenreihe des ältesten universitären Völkerrechtsinstituts im deutschsprachigen Raum. Sie werden in der Nachfolge von Prof. Dr. Jost Delbrück herausgegeben. In ihr werden zum einen Habilitationsschriften von Institutsangehörigen und hervorragende Dissertationen, die von den Direktorinnen und Direktoren des Instituts betreut oder begutachtet wurden, veröffentlicht. Zum anderen erscheinen in der Schriftenreihe die Tagungsbände der vom Institut ausgerichteten internationalen Symposien und Workshops sowie die Sammelbände zu den jedes Jahr veranstalteten Ringvorlesungen des Instituts. Schließlich finden sonstige Monographien von Institutsangehörigen oder von mit dem Institut verbundenen Wissenschaftlern Aufnahme.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Preface | VII | ||
| Table of Contents | IX | ||
| Table of Cases | XIV | ||
| International Cases | XIV | ||
| Municipal Cases | XVI | ||
| Table of Treaties | XIX | ||
| Introduction | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1: Transnational Technological Damage | 4 | ||
| Section 1: Examples of Technological Activities Causing Transnational Effects | 4 | ||
| I. Pollution | 4 | ||
| 1. Trail Smelter | 5 | ||
| 2. Icmesa Chemical Factory, Seveso | 5 | ||
| 3. River Rhine | 6 | ||
| 4. Torrey Canyon and Amoco Cadiz | 7 | ||
| 5. Ixtoc One | 7 | ||
| 6. Eko Fisk | 8 | ||
| II. Space Activities | 8 | ||
| 1. Cosmos 954 | 8 | ||
| 2. Sky-Lab | 9 | ||
| III. Nuclear Weapon Tests | 9 | ||
| 1. U. S. A. | 10 | ||
| 2. France | 10 | ||
| IV. Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy | 11 | ||
| V. Supersonic Transportation and the Ozone-Layer | 12 | ||
| VI. Modification of Weather and Climate | 14 | ||
| VII. Biological Experiments | 15 | ||
| Section 2: Features and Characteristics of Transnational Technological Damage | 16 | ||
| Chapter 2: Transnational Technological Damage in Private International Law | 18 | ||
| I. Problems Involved in the Private Law Approach | 19 | ||
| 1. Sovereign Immunity | 19 | ||
| 2. Classification | 20 | ||
| 3. Jurisdiction and Choice of Law | 21 | ||
| II. Conclusions | 24 | ||
| Chapter 3: Public International Law and the General Principles of State Responsibility | 25 | ||
| Section 1: Suitable Approach | 25 | ||
| I. Preventive Measures | 25 | ||
| 1. A Two-Tiered Approach | 25 | ||
| 2. Incentive Effect | 26 | ||
| 3. Enforcement Effect | 26 | ||
| II. International Conventions | 27 | ||
| Section 2: General Principles of State Responsibility | 28 | ||
| I. International Law Commission Draft Article 1 | 29 | ||
| 1. Definitions | 30 | ||
| 2. Liability for “Lawful Activities” | 30 | ||
| II. International Law Commission Draft Article 2 | 32 | ||
| III. International Law Commission Draft Article 3 | 32 | ||
| 1. Definitions | 32 | ||
| 2. “Subjective” and “Objective” Element | 33 | ||
| IV. Infringement of a Right of Another State | 37 | ||
| V. Conclusions | 42 | ||
| Chapter 4: Territorial Sovereignty and Technological Activities | 43 | ||
| Section 1: Territorial Sovereignty | 43 | ||
| Section 2: Territorial Integrity: Scope of Application and Competing Claims | 45 | ||
| I. Art. 2 (4) UN Charter | 46 | ||
| II. Scope of Application | 46 | ||
| 1. Intrusion by Aircraft | 47 | ||
| 2. Intrusion by Unmanned Balloons | 52 | ||
| 3. Intrusion by Space-Objects | 54 | ||
| 4. Intrusion by Noxious Fumes | 57 | ||
| 5. Intrusion by Hertzian Waves | 63 | ||
| 6. Intrusion by Nuclear Fall-out and Nuclear Radiation | 66 | ||
| 7. Detrimental Effects through International Watercourses | 68 | ||
| a) International Decisions | 69 | ||
| b) Treaties | 70 | ||
| c) Helsinki Rules | 71 | ||
| III. Conclusions | 73 | ||
| Chapter 5: International Ecological Minimum Standards in Treaties | 75 | ||
| Section 1: Ecological Standards in Treaties | 76 | ||
| I. The Significance of Environmental Treaties for State Responsibility for Environmental Damage | 79 | ||
| II. Ocean Pollution | 83 | ||
| 1. Global Conventions in Force | 84 | ||
| a) 1958 Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Sea | 85 | ||
| b) The Nuclear Test Ban Treaty | 86 | ||
| c) International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil (1954) | 89 | ||
| d) Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (1972) | 91 | ||
| e) Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil thereof | 93 | ||
| f) Other Global Conventions in Force Relating to the Prevention of Marine Pollution | 94 | ||
| 2. Regional Conventions in Force | 95 | ||
| a) Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft | 95 | ||
| b) Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution | 98 | ||
| c) Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Landbased Sources | 100 | ||
| d) Convention on the Protection of the Environment of the Baltic Sea Area | 104 | ||
| e) Other Regional Conventions in Force Relating to Marine Pollution | 109 | ||
| 3. Conclusions | 109 | ||
| Section 2: New Regimes for the Protection of the Marine Environment | 111 | ||
| I. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships | 111 | ||
| 1. The Convention | 111 | ||
| 2. Annex I | 116 | ||
| 3. Annex II | 120 | ||
| 4. Annexes III and IV | 122 | ||
| II. Convention on the Law of the Sea | 123 | ||
| 1. General Provisions | 126 | ||
| 2. Specific Obligations and International Ecological Standards Regarding Various Types of Marine Pollution | 129 | ||
| a) Preliminaries | 129 | ||
| b) Rights and Obligations to Establish National and International Norms | 131 | ||
| c) Minimum and Maximum Contents of National Norms | 132 | ||
| III. Conclusions | 149 | ||
| Chapter 6: Abuse of Rights and Neighbourhood Law | 153 | ||
| Section 1: Doctrines of Abuse of Rights in International Law | 154 | ||
| I. Abuse of Rights in International Customary Law | 157 | ||
| II. Abuse of Rights as a General Principle of Law | 159 | ||
| 1. Abuse of Rights stricto sensu | 159 | ||
| 2. Oppenheim’s Doctrine of Abuse of Rights | 163 | ||
| 3. Abuse of Rights lato sensu | 164 | ||
| III. Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas | 167 | ||
| IV. Abuse of Rights and Peaceful Change | 169 | ||
| Section 2: Neighbourhood Law in International Law | 170 | ||
| I. Customary Rules of Neighbourhood Law | 172 | ||
| 1. State Practice | 172 | ||
| 2. Opinions of Publicists | 173 | ||
| II. General Principles of Neighbourhood Law | 176 | ||
| 1. Survey of Municipal Neighbourhood Law on Emissions | 177 | ||
| a) Romanistic Legal Systems | 179 | ||
| b) Germanic Legal Systems | 189 | ||
| c) Legal Systems of the Nordic Countries | 196 | ||
| d) Legal Systems of Socialist Countries of Eastern Europe | 202 | ||
| e) Common Law Systems | 207 | ||
| f) Mixed Jurisdiction | 219 | ||
| g) Conclusions | 223 | ||
| 2. The Analogy Between Restrictions on the Use of Land in Private Law and on the Use of Territory in International Law | 230 | ||
| a) Opposing Arguments | 231 | ||
| b) Theories on the Relationship between Territory and Sovereignty | 235 | ||
| 3. General Principles of Law | 242 | ||
| 4. Application of General Principles of Law in an International Context | 259 | ||
| Chapter 7: Problems of Attribution, Standard of Liability and the Socalled Liability for Lawful Activities | 261 | ||
| Section 1: Problems of Attribution | 261 | ||
| I. Attribution of the Conduct of Organs and Agents to the State | 262 | ||
| II. Jurisdiction of Territory as a Basis of Attribution | 264 | ||
| 1. International Decisions and State Practice | 266 | ||
| 2. Treaty Law | 269 | ||
| Section 2: The Standard of Liability | 273 | ||
| I. Terminology | 275 | ||
| II. A Spectrum of Standards of Liability | 276 | ||
| 1. Extreme Positions | 276 | ||
| 2. Conciliatory Views | 277 | ||
| 3. The Individual Approach | 278 | ||
| III. The International Standard of Due Diligence | 279 | ||
| 1. A Nominate Tort of Negligence in International Law? | 279 | ||
| 2. The Requisite Standard of Due Diligence in a Particular Situation | 281 | ||
| Section 3: International Liability for Lawful Activities? | 282 | ||
| I. Liability for Lawful Acts | 283 | ||
| II. International Liability for Injurious Consequences Arising Out of Acts not Prohibited by International Law | 287 | ||
| 1. Scope | 289 | ||
| 2. Use of Terms | 290 | ||
| 3. Lex specialis and “Contracting out” | 291 | ||
| 4. Draft Article 4 | 291 | ||
| 5. International Organizations | 292 | ||
| 6. Outlook | 293 | ||
| Bibliography | 297 | ||
| Index | 323 |