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State Responsibility for Technological Damage in International Law

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Willisch, J. (1987). State Responsibility for Technological Damage in International Law. Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46238-4
Willisch, Jan. State Responsibility for Technological Damage in International Law. Duncker & Humblot, 1987. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46238-4
Willisch, J (1987): State Responsibility for Technological Damage in International Law, Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46238-4

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State Responsibility for Technological Damage in International Law

Willisch, Jan

Veröffentlichungen des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel, Vol. 97

(1987)

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Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Preface VII
Table of Contents IX
Table of Cases XIV
International Cases XIV
Municipal Cases XVI
Table of Treaties XIX
Introduction 1
Chapter 1: Transnational Technological Damage 4
Section 1: Examples of Technological Activities Causing Transnational Effects 4
I. Pollution 4
1. Trail Smelter 5
2. Icmesa Chemical Factory, Seveso 5
3. River Rhine 6
4. Torrey Canyon and Amoco Cadiz 7
5. Ixtoc One 7
6. Eko Fisk 8
II. Space Activities 8
1. Cosmos 954 8
2. Sky-Lab 9
III. Nuclear Weapon Tests 9
1. U. S. A. 10
2. France 10
IV. Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy 11
V. Supersonic Transportation and the Ozone-Layer 12
VI. Modification of Weather and Climate 14
VII. Biological Experiments 15
Section 2: Features and Characteristics of Transnational Technological Damage 16
Chapter 2: Transnational Technological Damage in Private International Law 18
I. Problems Involved in the Private Law Approach 19
1. Sovereign Immunity 19
2. Classification 20
3. Jurisdiction and Choice of Law 21
II. Conclusions 24
Chapter 3: Public International Law and the General Principles of State Responsibility 25
Section 1: Suitable Approach 25
I. Preventive Measures 25
1. A Two-Tiered Approach 25
2. Incentive Effect 26
3. Enforcement Effect 26
II. International Conventions 27
Section 2: General Principles of State Responsibility 28
I. International Law Commission Draft Article 1 29
1. Definitions 30
2. Liability for “Lawful Activities” 30
II. International Law Commission Draft Article 2 32
III. International Law Commission Draft Article 3 32
1. Definitions 32
2. “Subjective” and “Objective” Element 33
IV. Infringement of a Right of Another State 37
V. Conclusions 42
Chapter 4: Territorial Sovereignty and Technological Activities 43
Section 1: Territorial Sovereignty 43
Section 2: Territorial Integrity: Scope of Application and Competing Claims 45
I. Art. 2 (4) UN Charter 46
II. Scope of Application 46
1. Intrusion by Aircraft 47
2. Intrusion by Unmanned Balloons 52
3. Intrusion by Space-Objects 54
4. Intrusion by Noxious Fumes 57
5. Intrusion by Hertzian Waves 63
6. Intrusion by Nuclear Fall-out and Nuclear Radiation 66
7. Detrimental Effects through International Watercourses 68
a) International Decisions 69
b) Treaties 70
c) Helsinki Rules 71
III. Conclusions 73
Chapter 5: International Ecological Minimum Standards in Treaties 75
Section 1: Ecological Standards in Treaties 76
I. The Significance of Environmental Treaties for State Responsibility for Environmental Damage 79
II. Ocean Pollution 83
1. Global Conventions in Force 84
a) 1958 Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Sea 85
b) The Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 86
c) International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil (1954) 89
d) Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (1972) 91
e) Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil thereof 93
f) Other Global Conventions in Force Relating to the Prevention of Marine Pollution 94
2. Regional Conventions in Force 95
a) Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft 95
b) Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution 98
c) Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Landbased Sources 100
d) Convention on the Protection of the Environment of the Baltic Sea Area 104
e) Other Regional Conventions in Force Relating to Marine Pollution 109
3. Conclusions 109
Section 2: New Regimes for the Protection of the Marine Environment 111
I. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 111
1. The Convention 111
2. Annex I 116
3. Annex II 120
4. Annexes III and IV 122
II. Convention on the Law of the Sea 123
1. General Provisions 126
2. Specific Obligations and International Ecological Standards Regarding Various Types of Marine Pollution 129
a) Preliminaries 129
b) Rights and Obligations to Establish National and International Norms 131
c) Minimum and Maximum Contents of National Norms 132
III. Conclusions 149
Chapter 6: Abuse of Rights and Neighbourhood Law 153
Section 1: Doctrines of Abuse of Rights in International Law 154
I. Abuse of Rights in International Customary Law 157
II. Abuse of Rights as a General Principle of Law 159
1. Abuse of Rights stricto sensu 159
2. Oppenheim’s Doctrine of Abuse of Rights 163
3. Abuse of Rights lato sensu 164
III. Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas 167
IV. Abuse of Rights and Peaceful Change 169
Section 2: Neighbourhood Law in International Law 170
I. Customary Rules of Neighbourhood Law 172
1. State Practice 172
2. Opinions of Publicists 173
II. General Principles of Neighbourhood Law 176
1. Survey of Municipal Neighbourhood Law on Emissions 177
a) Romanistic Legal Systems 179
b) Germanic Legal Systems 189
c) Legal Systems of the Nordic Countries 196
d) Legal Systems of Socialist Countries of Eastern Europe 202
e) Common Law Systems 207
f) Mixed Jurisdiction 219
g) Conclusions 223
2. The Analogy Between Restrictions on the Use of Land in Private Law and on the Use of Territory in International Law 230
a) Opposing Arguments 231
b) Theories on the Relationship between Territory and Sovereignty 235
3. General Principles of Law 242
4. Application of General Principles of Law in an International Context 259
Chapter 7: Problems of Attribution, Standard of Liability and the Socalled Liability for Lawful Activities 261
Section 1: Problems of Attribution 261
I. Attribution of the Conduct of Organs and Agents to the State 262
II. Jurisdiction of Territory as a Basis of Attribution 264
1. International Decisions and State Practice 266
2. Treaty Law 269
Section 2: The Standard of Liability 273
I. Terminology 275
II. A Spectrum of Standards of Liability 276
1. Extreme Positions 276
2. Conciliatory Views 277
3. The Individual Approach 278
III. The International Standard of Due Diligence 279
1. A Nominate Tort of Negligence in International Law? 279
2. The Requisite Standard of Due Diligence in a Particular Situation 281
Section 3: International Liability for Lawful Activities? 282
I. Liability for Lawful Acts 283
II. International Liability for Injurious Consequences Arising Out of Acts not Prohibited by International Law 287
1. Scope 289
2. Use of Terms 290
3. Lex specialis and “Contracting out” 291
4. Draft Article 4 291
5. International Organizations 292
6. Outlook 293
Bibliography 297
Index 323