State Responsibility for Technological Damage in International Law
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Willisch, J. (1987). State Responsibility for Technological Damage in International Law. Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46238-4
Willisch, Jan. State Responsibility for Technological Damage in International Law. Duncker & Humblot, 1987. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46238-4
Willisch, J (1987): State Responsibility for Technological Damage in International Law, Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46238-4
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State Responsibility for Technological Damage in International Law
Veröffentlichungen des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel, Vol. 97
(1987)
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Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Preface | VII | ||
| Table of Contents | IX | ||
| Table of Cases | XIV | ||
| International Cases | XIV | ||
| Municipal Cases | XVI | ||
| Table of Treaties | XIX | ||
| Introduction | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1: Transnational Technological Damage | 4 | ||
| Section 1: Examples of Technological Activities Causing Transnational Effects | 4 | ||
| I. Pollution | 4 | ||
| 1. Trail Smelter | 5 | ||
| 2. Icmesa Chemical Factory, Seveso | 5 | ||
| 3. River Rhine | 6 | ||
| 4. Torrey Canyon and Amoco Cadiz | 7 | ||
| 5. Ixtoc One | 7 | ||
| 6. Eko Fisk | 8 | ||
| II. Space Activities | 8 | ||
| 1. Cosmos 954 | 8 | ||
| 2. Sky-Lab | 9 | ||
| III. Nuclear Weapon Tests | 9 | ||
| 1. U. S. A. | 10 | ||
| 2. France | 10 | ||
| IV. Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy | 11 | ||
| V. Supersonic Transportation and the Ozone-Layer | 12 | ||
| VI. Modification of Weather and Climate | 14 | ||
| VII. Biological Experiments | 15 | ||
| Section 2: Features and Characteristics of Transnational Technological Damage | 16 | ||
| Chapter 2: Transnational Technological Damage in Private International Law | 18 | ||
| I. Problems Involved in the Private Law Approach | 19 | ||
| 1. Sovereign Immunity | 19 | ||
| 2. Classification | 20 | ||
| 3. Jurisdiction and Choice of Law | 21 | ||
| II. Conclusions | 24 | ||
| Chapter 3: Public International Law and the General Principles of State Responsibility | 25 | ||
| Section 1: Suitable Approach | 25 | ||
| I. Preventive Measures | 25 | ||
| 1. A Two-Tiered Approach | 25 | ||
| 2. Incentive Effect | 26 | ||
| 3. Enforcement Effect | 26 | ||
| II. International Conventions | 27 | ||
| Section 2: General Principles of State Responsibility | 28 | ||
| I. International Law Commission Draft Article 1 | 29 | ||
| 1. Definitions | 30 | ||
| 2. Liability for “Lawful Activities” | 30 | ||
| II. International Law Commission Draft Article 2 | 32 | ||
| III. International Law Commission Draft Article 3 | 32 | ||
| 1. Definitions | 32 | ||
| 2. “Subjective” and “Objective” Element | 33 | ||
| IV. Infringement of a Right of Another State | 37 | ||
| V. Conclusions | 42 | ||
| Chapter 4: Territorial Sovereignty and Technological Activities | 43 | ||
| Section 1: Territorial Sovereignty | 43 | ||
| Section 2: Territorial Integrity: Scope of Application and Competing Claims | 45 | ||
| I. Art. 2 (4) UN Charter | 46 | ||
| II. Scope of Application | 46 | ||
| 1. Intrusion by Aircraft | 47 | ||
| 2. Intrusion by Unmanned Balloons | 52 | ||
| 3. Intrusion by Space-Objects | 54 | ||
| 4. Intrusion by Noxious Fumes | 57 | ||
| 5. Intrusion by Hertzian Waves | 63 | ||
| 6. Intrusion by Nuclear Fall-out and Nuclear Radiation | 66 | ||
| 7. Detrimental Effects through International Watercourses | 68 | ||
| a) International Decisions | 69 | ||
| b) Treaties | 70 | ||
| c) Helsinki Rules | 71 | ||
| III. Conclusions | 73 | ||
| Chapter 5: International Ecological Minimum Standards in Treaties | 75 | ||
| Section 1: Ecological Standards in Treaties | 76 | ||
| I. The Significance of Environmental Treaties for State Responsibility for Environmental Damage | 79 | ||
| II. Ocean Pollution | 83 | ||
| 1. Global Conventions in Force | 84 | ||
| a) 1958 Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Sea | 85 | ||
| b) The Nuclear Test Ban Treaty | 86 | ||
| c) International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil (1954) | 89 | ||
| d) Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (1972) | 91 | ||
| e) Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil thereof | 93 | ||
| f) Other Global Conventions in Force Relating to the Prevention of Marine Pollution | 94 | ||
| 2. Regional Conventions in Force | 95 | ||
| a) Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft | 95 | ||
| b) Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution | 98 | ||
| c) Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Landbased Sources | 100 | ||
| d) Convention on the Protection of the Environment of the Baltic Sea Area | 104 | ||
| e) Other Regional Conventions in Force Relating to Marine Pollution | 109 | ||
| 3. Conclusions | 109 | ||
| Section 2: New Regimes for the Protection of the Marine Environment | 111 | ||
| I. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships | 111 | ||
| 1. The Convention | 111 | ||
| 2. Annex I | 116 | ||
| 3. Annex II | 120 | ||
| 4. Annexes III and IV | 122 | ||
| II. Convention on the Law of the Sea | 123 | ||
| 1. General Provisions | 126 | ||
| 2. Specific Obligations and International Ecological Standards Regarding Various Types of Marine Pollution | 129 | ||
| a) Preliminaries | 129 | ||
| b) Rights and Obligations to Establish National and International Norms | 131 | ||
| c) Minimum and Maximum Contents of National Norms | 132 | ||
| III. Conclusions | 149 | ||
| Chapter 6: Abuse of Rights and Neighbourhood Law | 153 | ||
| Section 1: Doctrines of Abuse of Rights in International Law | 154 | ||
| I. Abuse of Rights in International Customary Law | 157 | ||
| II. Abuse of Rights as a General Principle of Law | 159 | ||
| 1. Abuse of Rights stricto sensu | 159 | ||
| 2. Oppenheim’s Doctrine of Abuse of Rights | 163 | ||
| 3. Abuse of Rights lato sensu | 164 | ||
| III. Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas | 167 | ||
| IV. Abuse of Rights and Peaceful Change | 169 | ||
| Section 2: Neighbourhood Law in International Law | 170 | ||
| I. Customary Rules of Neighbourhood Law | 172 | ||
| 1. State Practice | 172 | ||
| 2. Opinions of Publicists | 173 | ||
| II. General Principles of Neighbourhood Law | 176 | ||
| 1. Survey of Municipal Neighbourhood Law on Emissions | 177 | ||
| a) Romanistic Legal Systems | 179 | ||
| b) Germanic Legal Systems | 189 | ||
| c) Legal Systems of the Nordic Countries | 196 | ||
| d) Legal Systems of Socialist Countries of Eastern Europe | 202 | ||
| e) Common Law Systems | 207 | ||
| f) Mixed Jurisdiction | 219 | ||
| g) Conclusions | 223 | ||
| 2. The Analogy Between Restrictions on the Use of Land in Private Law and on the Use of Territory in International Law | 230 | ||
| a) Opposing Arguments | 231 | ||
| b) Theories on the Relationship between Territory and Sovereignty | 235 | ||
| 3. General Principles of Law | 242 | ||
| 4. Application of General Principles of Law in an International Context | 259 | ||
| Chapter 7: Problems of Attribution, Standard of Liability and the Socalled Liability for Lawful Activities | 261 | ||
| Section 1: Problems of Attribution | 261 | ||
| I. Attribution of the Conduct of Organs and Agents to the State | 262 | ||
| II. Jurisdiction of Territory as a Basis of Attribution | 264 | ||
| 1. International Decisions and State Practice | 266 | ||
| 2. Treaty Law | 269 | ||
| Section 2: The Standard of Liability | 273 | ||
| I. Terminology | 275 | ||
| II. A Spectrum of Standards of Liability | 276 | ||
| 1. Extreme Positions | 276 | ||
| 2. Conciliatory Views | 277 | ||
| 3. The Individual Approach | 278 | ||
| III. The International Standard of Due Diligence | 279 | ||
| 1. A Nominate Tort of Negligence in International Law? | 279 | ||
| 2. The Requisite Standard of Due Diligence in a Particular Situation | 281 | ||
| Section 3: International Liability for Lawful Activities? | 282 | ||
| I. Liability for Lawful Acts | 283 | ||
| II. International Liability for Injurious Consequences Arising Out of Acts not Prohibited by International Law | 287 | ||
| 1. Scope | 289 | ||
| 2. Use of Terms | 290 | ||
| 3. Lex specialis and “Contracting out” | 291 | ||
| 4. Draft Article 4 | 291 | ||
| 5. International Organizations | 292 | ||
| 6. Outlook | 293 | ||
| Bibliography | 297 | ||
| Index | 323 |