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Dams, T., Matsugi, T. (Eds.) (1989). Adjustment Problems in Advanced Open Economies: Japan and Germany. Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46623-8
Dams, Theodor and Matsugi, Takashi. Adjustment Problems in Advanced Open Economies: Japan and Germany. Duncker & Humblot, 1989. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46623-8
Dams, T, Matsugi, T (eds.) (1989): Adjustment Problems in Advanced Open Economies: Japan and Germany, Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46623-8
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Adjustment Problems in Advanced Open Economies: Japan and Germany
Editors: Dams, Theodor | Matsugi, Takashi
Schriften zu Regional- und Verkehrsproblemen in Industrie- und Entwicklungsländern, Vol. 49
(1989)
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Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Editors' Foreword | V | ||
| Table of Contents | VII | ||
| Ralf-Bodo Schmidt: "Unternehmungsphilosophie" and Human Concept – Questions to the Research of Real Theory – | 1 | ||
| A. At first: subject of the study | 1 | ||
| B. Secondly: The term "Unternehmungsphilosophie" | 3 | ||
| C. How: Values in goals and in the goal achievement of the company | 4 | ||
| D. At fourth: Human Concepts and patterns of valuation | 7 | ||
| E. And now: Questions to the research of real theory | 10 | ||
| Tamiki Kishida: Entrepreneurshlp: Management Ideology and Corporate Strategy | 21 | ||
| 1. Entrepreneurship and innovation | 21 | ||
| 2. Hitachi vs. Matsushita, and Toyota | 23 | ||
| 2.1 Hitachi | 23 | ||
| 2.2 Matsushita | 24 | ||
| 2.3 Toyota | 26 | ||
| 3. No debt management and entrepreneurship | 29 | ||
| 3.1 Questionnaire and no debt small and medium firms | 29 | ||
| 3.2 Interview with no debt small and medium firms | 30 | ||
| 3.3 Interview with no debt large firms | 31 | ||
| 4. Summary and concluding remarks | 32 | ||
| References | 34 | ||
| Table 1: A Comparison of Various Authors' Concepts of Strategy and the Strategy Formulation Process | 35 | ||
| Table 2: Characteristics of the Defender | 40 | ||
| Table 3: Characteristics of the Analyzer | 41 | ||
| Table 4: Characteristics of the Prospector | 42 | ||
| Dieter Schneidewind: Management of a German Subsidiary in Japan – Experiences, Challenges, Solutions – | 43 | ||
| 1. Introductory remarks | 43 | ||
| 2. Case study of a German beauty & health care company | 44 | ||
| 2.1 The local distributor and the preparation phase (1969–1971) | 44 | ||
| 2.2 The formation of joint-ventures (1972) | 45 | ||
| 2.3 The central role of the liaison office (1973–1975) | 46 | ||
| 2.4 The short period of near 100% control (1976) | 47 | ||
| 2.5 The participation of Japanese partners (1977–1980) | 48 | ||
| 2.6 Amalgamation and consolidation (1980–1985) | 49 | ||
| 2.7 Looking to forthcoming strategies (1986–1995) | 50 | ||
| 3. Successful management of FAC in the Japanese consumer market | 52 | ||
| 3.1 Handling the labor force challenge | 52 | ||
| 3.2 The inevitable local production and logistic basis | 53 | ||
| 3.3 Public relations | 54 | ||
| 3.4 Living with the legal and governmental situation | 55 | ||
| 3.5 Obstacles and support from head office | 56 | ||
| 3.6 Mastering distribution problems | 57 | ||
| 3.7 Guidelines for marketing | 59 | ||
| 1) Market Research | 59 | ||
| 2) Timing Elements | 59 | ||
| 3) Product Concepts | 59 | ||
| 4) Communications | 61 | ||
| 5) Sales Promotion | 61 | ||
| 6) Services | 61 | ||
| 4. Japan – cornerstone of market success in the Western Pacific | 62 | ||
| 5. Japan and the world markets | 63 | ||
| Seinosuke Kuraku: Management of a Japanese Establishment in the Federal Republic of Germany — A Report on Experiences with Problems and Solution Approaches | 65 | ||
| 1. Management by all who are involved | 65 | ||
| 2. A smooth communication flow | 66 | ||
| 3. Setting objectives and execution | 69 | ||
| 4. How does one discover and promote hidden abilities? | 70 | ||
| 5. Management must recognize future trends in time | 72 | ||
| Motonari Yamada: Process Innovation and Small Firms in Japan | 77 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 77 | ||
| 2. The status quo of factory automation in Japanese firms | 78 | ||
| 3. Case study – introduction of the industrial robot in the metal painting industry | 82 | ||
| 3.1 The contents of work | 83 | ||
| 3.2 The price of playback robot | 84 | ||
| 3.3 Technological capability | 85 | ||
| 4. Concluding remarks | 86 | ||
| Figure 1: The introduction of ME machines | 88 | ||
| Figure 2: The industries in which ME machines are introduced | 89 | ||
| Figure 3: Processes in which ME machines are introduced | 90 | ||
| Figure 4: The reduction of the relative price of ME machines | 90 | ||
| Roland Fahrion: Fifth Generation Technology — Basic Principles and Economic Implications — | 91 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 91 | ||
| 2. Main targets of FGCS-project | 92 | ||
| 3. Need of FGCS for knowledge-based systems | 96 | ||
| 4. Technological and socio-economic implications | 100 | ||
| References | 105 | ||
| Takao Saito: The Influence of German Business Administration on Japanese Business Administration — Especially in Reference to Accounting | 107 | ||
| 1. Introduction – research methods | 107 | ||
| 2. The influence on accounting as a social system | 108 | ||
| 3. The influence on accounting as a science | 114 | ||
| 4. Concluding remarks | 116 | ||
| Wolfgang Hilke: Development of External Accounting in the FRG According to the 4th and 7th EC Directives — The New German Accounting and Reporting Law — | 119 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 119 | ||
| Table 1: Contents and Applicability of the EC Directives | 120 | ||
| 2. Concept of the new law | 121 | ||
| 3. Essential changes in accounting and reporting, caused by the transformation of the 4th EC Directive into German law | 122 | ||
| 3.1 New size criteria for corporate entities | 122 | ||
| Table 2: Size criteria for corporate entities | 122 | ||
| 3.2 Eased requirements for corporate entities, depending on size | 123 | ||
| Table 3: Summary of eased requirements for corporate entities, depending on size | 124 | ||
| 3.3 New regulations on presentation | 125 | ||
| Table 4a: Presentation of the Balance Sheet – Assets | 126 | ||
| Table 4b: Presentation of the Balance Sheet – Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity | 128 | ||
| Table 5a: Presentation of the Statement of Earnings | 130 | ||
| Table 5b: Presentation of the Statement of Earnings | 131 | ||
| 3.4 New regulations on valuation | 131 | ||
| 3.5 Expansion of the financial statements of corporate entities | 134 | ||
| a) Expanded regulations on notes to financial statements | 134 | ||
| Table 6: Regulations on notes to financial statements | 135 | ||
| b) Report on the economic development and position of the company | 138 | ||
| 3.6 Auditing and publication requirements | 138 | ||
| 3.7 Effective date and provisions for transition | 139 | ||
| 4. Essential changes in group accounting and reporting, caused by the adoption of the 7th EC Directive | 140 | ||
| 4.1 Requirements to prepare consolidated financial statements – companies to be consolidated and size criteria | 140 | ||
| 4.2 New principle of uniform valuation | 141 | ||
| 4.3 New consolidation of shareholders' equity | 142 | ||
| 4.4 Intercompany profit/loss elemination | 143 | ||
| 4.5 Equity accounting for "associated" companies | 143 | ||
| 4.6 Effective date | 144 | ||
| 5. Some consequences of the new law | 144 | ||
| References | 146 | ||
| Takashi Matsugi: The Foreign Trade Structure of Japan | 149 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 149 | ||
| 2. The foreign trade structure according to country | 150 | ||
| 3. Explanation of structural characteristics and change | 152 | ||
| 3.1 Estimation of export and import functions | 152 | ||
| 3.2 The J-curve effect | 153 | ||
| 3.3 Explanation by means of the product cycle theory | 154 | ||
| 4. Effects of the yen's rise on the Japanese economy | 155 | ||
| Referencesr | 157 | ||
| Table 1: Percentage Distribution of GK Ocopcnents (at constant prices as of 1980) | 158 | ||
| Table 2: Contribution to Percent Change in GME from Previous Year (At constant prices) | 160 | ||
| Table 3: Structure of Japanese Exports and Imports according to Area and Country | 161 | ||
| Table 4: Comparison of Estimated Exports and Imports Functions on Quantity Base | 163 | ||
| Figure 1: Gaps between Exports and Imports in Value and in Quantity on Customs Clearance Base | 165 | ||
| Figure 2: Influences of the Yen Rate Increase and the Declining Crude Oil Price on the Japanese Trade Balance | 166 | ||
| Figure 3.1: Development of Competitiveness Coefficients according to Sectors | 167 | ||
| Figure 3.2: Development of Competitiveness Coefficients according to Sectors | 168 | ||
| Figure 3.3: Development of Competitiveness Coefficients according to Sectors | 169 | ||
| Figure 4: Trends in Competitiveness Coefficient (Japan, U.S.A., Korea) | 170 | ||
| Figure 5: Changes in Employment in Exporting Industries | 171 | ||
| Ryuhei Okumura: Patterns of the Balance of Payments in the Optimal Growth Model | 173 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 173 | ||
| 2. Optimal growth model of an open economy | 175 | ||
| 3. Patterns of the balance of payments | 179 | ||
| A saving and capital-scarce country | 182 | ||
| The saving and capital-abundant country | 183 | ||
| The dissaving and capital-scarce country | 183 | ||
| The dissaving and capital-abundant country | 183 | ||
| 4. Concluding remarks | 183 | ||
| References | 185 | ||
| Gerold Blümle / Siegfried Hauser: Exports of Baden-Württemberg within the Frame of the Federal Republic of Germany. Structure — Concentration | 191 | ||
| 1. General structure | 191 | ||
| 2. Global development of Baden-Württemberg's international trade | 192 | ||
| Table 1: Development of Baden-Württenberg's international trade and federal international trade | 193 | ||
| Table 2: International Trade and Shares by Product Group in quantity and value in 1975 and 1985 | 194 | ||
| 3. International trade by product groups and groups of countries | 194 | ||
| Table 3: Exports by Product Groups in 1985 | 195 | ||
| Table 4: Exports to the Most lmportant Countries | 197 | ||
| Table 5: Export shares by Product Groups and Most Important Consumer Countries,1985 | 198 | ||
| 4. Differences in export structure in comparison to the whole Federal Republic of Germany | 199 | ||
| Table 6: Export structure according to value: Baden-Nürttenberg and the whole Federal Republic of Germany in 1985 | 200 | ||
| 5. Export ratios | 200 | ||
| Table 7: Development of Export Ratios in Processing Industries for the whole Federal Republic of Germany and Baden-Württemberg | 201 | ||
| Table 8: Export Ratios according to Government District for Processing Industries in 1985 | 202 | ||
| 6. Company concentration and international competitive capacity | 203 | ||
| 7. Location factors | 204 | ||
| 8. Branch specific causes | 206 | ||
| 9 . Explanation principles of international trade theory and company size | 207 | ||
| Chart 1: Export structure according to value: Baden-Württemberg and the whole Federal Republic of Germany in 1985 | 214 | ||
| Chart 2: Differences in Country Structure of Exports: Baden-Württemberg and the whole Federal Republic of Germany | 214 | ||
| Werner Pascha: The Internationalization of Japan's and West Germany's Textile and Clothing Industries, 1970 - 1985 | 215 | ||
| Masaichi Mizuno: The Economic Consequences of Government Deficit — The Japanese Case — | 247 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 247 | ||
| 2. Fiscal deficit in the long term | 248 | ||
| 3. The economic consequences of government deficit in Japan | 250 | ||
| 3.1 The government deficit and inflation | 250 | ||
| 3.2 Debt financing and the expansion of public finance | 252 | ||
| 3.3 Debt financing and the shifting of burdens to future generations | 253 | ||
| (a) the long-term crowding-out effect | 254 | ||
| (b) Non-neutrality of the public debt because of the public debt illusions | 255 | ||
| 3.4 Debt financing and public finance rigidity | 257 | ||
| 3.5 Debt financing and fiscal liberalization | 257 | ||
| 4. Debt financing and fiscal policy | 258 | ||
| 4.1 The deflationary effect of the reconstruction of public finance | 258 | ||
| 4.2 Fiscal policy during the process of the reconstruction of public finance | 259 | ||
| References | 261 | ||
| Table 1: (1) Deficit Ratio (%) | 264 | ||
| (2) Degrees of Dependence on Public Bond Issues (%) | 264 | ||
| Table 2: Medium Term Survey of Public Finance – National General Account (1985-1989) | 265 | ||
| Table 3: National Bond and National Debt Expenses | 265 | ||
| Figure 1: Changes of Price Levels | 266 | ||
| Figure 2: The rates of increase of wage, labor productivity, wage cost and consumer price indexes | 267 | ||
| Figure 3: Changes in the Wholesale Price Index and Money Supply | 268 | ||
| Figure 4: Expenditures of General Account | 269 | ||
| Figure 5: Ratio of Public Expenditures to GNP-Expenditures of General Account | 270 | ||
| Figure 6: Ratio of Public Expenditures to GNP-Expenditures of General Government | 270 | ||
| Figure 7: Private Investment in Machinery and Equipment (in real terms) | 271 | ||
| Figure 8: Real Long Term Interest Rate | 272 | ||
| Figure 9: Households' Saving Ratio | 273 | ||
| Figure 10: Personal Saving Ratio and Public Burden Ratio | 274 | ||
| Wolfgang Scherf / Alois Oberhauser: Interactions between the External Economy and the Fiscal and Monetary Policy of the Federal Republic of Germany, in View of Stabilization Policy | 275 | ||
| 1. Interactions between the external economy and fiscal and monetary policy | 275 | ||
| 2 . Development of foreign economic relations since the introduction of full convertibility | 276 | ||
| 2.1 The development of the international monetary system | 276 | ||
| 2.2 Import and export quota show an uphill trend | 277 | ||
| 2.3 Balance of current accounts, exchange rates and terms of trade | 278 | ||
| 2.4 Changes in the foreign exchange reserves of the German central bank | 279 | ||
| 3. Monetary policy under external influences | 280 | ||
| 3.1 Dependence on the external economy during times of fixed exchange rates | 280 | ||
| 3.2 Flexible exchange rates, restrictive monetary policy and stabilization crisis | 281 | ||
| 3.3 Relief of monetary policy by revaluation | 283 | ||
| 3.4 Monetary policy with rising interest rates in the U.S.A. and devaluation of the DM | 283 | ||
| 3.5 High surpluses in the balance of current accounts with increasing interest gap | 285 | ||
| 3.6 Adaptions of exchange rates by synchronized measures of the central banks | 287 | ||
| 4. Relations between fiscal policy and the external economy | 288 | ||
| 4.1 Externally influenced development of the state of the economy and the necessity for fiscal policy to act | 289 | ||
| 4.2 External influences on public income and spending | 290 | ||
| 4.3 Public debt and international interest rate connections | 292 | ||
| 5. Concluding remarks | 294 | ||
| Table 1: Export, Import and Net Exports | 295 | ||
| Table 2: Balance of Current Accounts, Balance on Capital Account, Balance of Foreign-Exchange Payments and Terms of Trade | 296 | ||
| Table 3: Foreign-Exchange Quotations, Interest Level, Difference in Interest Rates: FRG and USA | 297 | ||
| Contributors | 299 |