Menu Expand

Adjustment Problems in Advanced Open Economies: Japan and Germany

Cite BOOK

Style

Dams, T., Matsugi, T. (Eds.) (1989). Adjustment Problems in Advanced Open Economies: Japan and Germany. Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46623-8
Dams, Theodor and Matsugi, Takashi. Adjustment Problems in Advanced Open Economies: Japan and Germany. Duncker & Humblot, 1989. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46623-8
Dams, T, Matsugi, T (eds.) (1989): Adjustment Problems in Advanced Open Economies: Japan and Germany, Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46623-8

Format

Adjustment Problems in Advanced Open Economies: Japan and Germany

Editors: Dams, Theodor | Matsugi, Takashi

Schriften zu Regional- und Verkehrsproblemen in Industrie- und Entwicklungsländern, Vol. 49

(1989)

Additional Information

Book Details

Pricing

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Editors' Foreword V
Table of Contents VII
Ralf-Bodo Schmidt: "Unternehmungsphilosophie" and Human Concept – Questions to the Research of Real Theory – 1
A. At first: subject of the study 1
B. Secondly: The term "Unternehmungsphilosophie" 3
C. How: Values in goals and in the goal achievement of the company 4
D. At fourth: Human Concepts and patterns of valuation 7
E. And now: Questions to the research of real theory 10
Tamiki Kishida: Entrepreneurshlp: Management Ideology and Corporate Strategy 21
1. Entrepreneurship and innovation 21
2. Hitachi vs. Matsushita, and Toyota 23
2.1 Hitachi 23
2.2 Matsushita 24
2.3 Toyota 26
3. No debt management and entrepreneurship 29
3.1 Questionnaire and no debt small and medium firms 29
3.2 Interview with no debt small and medium firms 30
3.3 Interview with no debt large firms 31
4. Summary and concluding remarks 32
References 34
Table 1: A Comparison of Various Authors' Concepts of Strategy and the Strategy Formulation Process 35
Table 2: Characteristics of the Defender 40
Table 3: Characteristics of the Analyzer 41
Table 4: Characteristics of the Prospector 42
Dieter Schneidewind: Management of a German Subsidiary in Japan – Experiences, Challenges, Solutions – 43
1. Introductory remarks 43
2. Case study of a German beauty & health care company 44
2.1 The local distributor and the preparation phase (1969–1971) 44
2.2 The formation of joint-ventures (1972) 45
2.3 The central role of the liaison office (1973–1975) 46
2.4 The short period of near 100% control (1976) 47
2.5 The participation of Japanese partners (1977–1980) 48
2.6 Amalgamation and consolidation (1980–1985) 49
2.7 Looking to forthcoming strategies (1986–1995) 50
3. Successful management of FAC in the Japanese consumer market 52
3.1 Handling the labor force challenge 52
3.2 The inevitable local production and logistic basis 53
3.3 Public relations 54
3.4 Living with the legal and governmental situation 55
3.5 Obstacles and support from head office 56
3.6 Mastering distribution problems 57
3.7 Guidelines for marketing 59
1) Market Research 59
2) Timing Elements 59
3) Product Concepts 59
4) Communications 61
5) Sales Promotion 61
6) Services 61
4. Japan – cornerstone of market success in the Western Pacific 62
5. Japan and the world markets 63
Seinosuke Kuraku: Management of a Japanese Establishment in the Federal Republic of Germany — A Report on Experiences with Problems and Solution Approaches 65
1. Management by all who are involved 65
2. A smooth communication flow 66
3. Setting objectives and execution 69
4. How does one discover and promote hidden abilities? 70
5. Management must recognize future trends in time 72
Motonari Yamada: Process Innovation and Small Firms in Japan 77
1. Introduction 77
2. The status quo of factory automation in Japanese firms 78
3. Case study – introduction of the industrial robot in the metal painting industry 82
3.1 The contents of work 83
3.2 The price of playback robot 84
3.3 Technological capability 85
4. Concluding remarks 86
Figure 1: The introduction of ME machines 88
Figure 2: The industries in which ME machines are introduced 89
Figure 3: Processes in which ME machines are introduced 90
Figure 4: The reduction of the relative price of ME machines 90
Roland Fahrion: Fifth Generation Technology — Basic Principles and Economic Implications — 91
1. Introduction 91
2. Main targets of FGCS-project 92
3. Need of FGCS for knowledge-based systems 96
4. Technological and socio-economic implications 100
References 105
Takao Saito: The Influence of German Business Administration on Japanese Business Administration — Especially in Reference to Accounting 107
1. Introduction – research methods 107
2. The influence on accounting as a social system 108
3. The influence on accounting as a science 114
4. Concluding remarks 116
Wolfgang Hilke: Development of External Accounting in the FRG According to the 4th and 7th EC Directives — The New German Accounting and Reporting Law — 119
1. Introduction 119
Table 1: Contents and Applicability of the EC Directives 120
2. Concept of the new law 121
3. Essential changes in accounting and reporting, caused by the transformation of the 4th EC Directive into German law 122
3.1 New size criteria for corporate entities 122
Table 2: Size criteria for corporate entities 122
3.2 Eased requirements for corporate entities, depending on size 123
Table 3: Summary of eased requirements for corporate entities, depending on size 124
3.3 New regulations on presentation 125
Table 4a: Presentation of the Balance Sheet – Assets 126
Table 4b: Presentation of the Balance Sheet – Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity 128
Table 5a: Presentation of the Statement of Earnings 130
Table 5b: Presentation of the Statement of Earnings 131
3.4 New regulations on valuation 131
3.5 Expansion of the financial statements of corporate entities 134
a) Expanded regulations on notes to financial statements 134
Table 6: Regulations on notes to financial statements 135
b) Report on the economic development and position of the company 138
3.6 Auditing and publication requirements 138
3.7 Effective date and provisions for transition 139
4. Essential changes in group accounting and reporting, caused by the adoption of the 7th EC Directive 140
4.1 Requirements to prepare consolidated financial statements – companies to be consolidated and size criteria 140
4.2 New principle of uniform valuation 141
4.3 New consolidation of shareholders' equity 142
4.4 Intercompany profit/loss elemination 143
4.5 Equity accounting for "associated" companies 143
4.6 Effective date 144
5. Some consequences of the new law 144
References 146
Takashi Matsugi: The Foreign Trade Structure of Japan 149
1. Introduction 149
2. The foreign trade structure according to country 150
3. Explanation of structural characteristics and change 152
3.1 Estimation of export and import functions 152
3.2 The J-curve effect 153
3.3 Explanation by means of the product cycle theory 154
4. Effects of the yen's rise on the Japanese economy 155
Referencesr 157
Table 1: Percentage Distribution of GK Ocopcnents (at constant prices as of 1980) 158
Table 2: Contribution to Percent Change in GME from Previous Year (At constant prices) 160
Table 3: Structure of Japanese Exports and Imports according to Area and Country 161
Table 4: Comparison of Estimated Exports and Imports Functions on Quantity Base 163
Figure 1: Gaps between Exports and Imports in Value and in Quantity on Customs Clearance Base 165
Figure 2: Influences of the Yen Rate Increase and the Declining Crude Oil Price on the Japanese Trade Balance 166
Figure 3.1: Development of Competitiveness Coefficients according to Sectors 167
Figure 3.2: Development of Competitiveness Coefficients according to Sectors 168
Figure 3.3: Development of Competitiveness Coefficients according to Sectors 169
Figure 4: Trends in Competitiveness Coefficient (Japan, U.S.A., Korea) 170
Figure 5: Changes in Employment in Exporting Industries 171
Ryuhei Okumura: Patterns of the Balance of Payments in the Optimal Growth Model 173
1. Introduction 173
2. Optimal growth model of an open economy 175
3. Patterns of the balance of payments 179
A saving and capital-scarce country 182
The saving and capital-abundant country 183
The dissaving and capital-scarce country 183
The dissaving and capital-abundant country 183
4. Concluding remarks 183
References 185
Gerold Blümle / Siegfried Hauser: Exports of Baden-Württemberg within the Frame of the Federal Republic of Germany. Structure — Concentration 191
1. General structure 191
2. Global development of Baden-Württemberg's international trade 192
Table 1: Development of Baden-Württenberg's international trade and federal international trade 193
Table 2: International Trade and Shares by Product Group in quantity and value in 1975 and 1985 194
3. International trade by product groups and groups of countries 194
Table 3: Exports by Product Groups in 1985 195
Table 4: Exports to the Most lmportant Countries 197
Table 5: Export shares by Product Groups and Most Important Consumer Countries,1985 198
4. Differences in export structure in comparison to the whole Federal Republic of Germany 199
Table 6: Export structure according to value: Baden-Nürttenberg and the whole Federal Republic of Germany in 1985 200
5. Export ratios 200
Table 7: Development of Export Ratios in Processing Industries for the whole Federal Republic of Germany and Baden-Württemberg 201
Table 8: Export Ratios according to Government District for Processing Industries in 1985 202
6. Company concentration and international competitive capacity 203
7. Location factors 204
8. Branch specific causes 206
9 . Explanation principles of international trade theory and company size 207
Chart 1: Export structure according to value: Baden-Württemberg and the whole Federal Republic of Germany in 1985 214
Chart 2: Differences in Country Structure of Exports: Baden-Württemberg and the whole Federal Republic of Germany 214
Werner Pascha: The Internationalization of Japan's and West Germany's Textile and Clothing Industries, 1970 - 1985 215
Masaichi Mizuno: The Economic Consequences of Government Deficit — The Japanese Case — 247
1. Introduction 247
2. Fiscal deficit in the long term 248
3. The economic consequences of government deficit in Japan 250
3.1 The government deficit and inflation 250
3.2 Debt financing and the expansion of public finance 252
3.3 Debt financing and the shifting of burdens to future generations 253
(a) the long-term crowding-out effect 254
(b) Non-neutrality of the public debt because of the public debt illusions 255
3.4 Debt financing and public finance rigidity 257
3.5 Debt financing and fiscal liberalization 257
4. Debt financing and fiscal policy 258
4.1 The deflationary effect of the reconstruction of public finance 258
4.2 Fiscal policy during the process of the reconstruction of public finance 259
References 261
Table 1: (1) Deficit Ratio (%) 264
(2) Degrees of Dependence on Public Bond Issues (%) 264
Table 2: Medium Term Survey of Public Finance – National General Account (1985-1989) 265
Table 3: National Bond and National Debt Expenses 265
Figure 1: Changes of Price Levels 266
Figure 2: The rates of increase of wage, labor productivity, wage cost and consumer price indexes 267
Figure 3: Changes in the Wholesale Price Index and Money Supply 268
Figure 4: Expenditures of General Account 269
Figure 5: Ratio of Public Expenditures to GNP-Expenditures of General Account 270
Figure 6: Ratio of Public Expenditures to GNP-Expenditures of General Government 270
Figure 7: Private Investment in Machinery and Equipment (in real terms) 271
Figure 8: Real Long Term Interest Rate 272
Figure 9: Households' Saving Ratio 273
Figure 10: Personal Saving Ratio and Public Burden Ratio 274
Wolfgang Scherf / Alois Oberhauser: Interactions between the External Economy and the Fiscal and Monetary Policy of the Federal Republic of Germany, in View of Stabilization Policy 275
1. Interactions between the external economy and fiscal and monetary policy 275
2 . Development of foreign economic relations since the introduction of full convertibility 276
2.1 The development of the international monetary system 276
2.2 Import and export quota show an uphill trend 277
2.3 Balance of current accounts, exchange rates and terms of trade 278
2.4 Changes in the foreign exchange reserves of the German central bank 279
3. Monetary policy under external influences 280
3.1 Dependence on the external economy during times of fixed exchange rates 280
3.2 Flexible exchange rates, restrictive monetary policy and stabilization crisis 281
3.3 Relief of monetary policy by revaluation 283
3.4 Monetary policy with rising interest rates in the U.S.A. and devaluation of the DM 283
3.5 High surpluses in the balance of current accounts with increasing interest gap 285
3.6 Adaptions of exchange rates by synchronized measures of the central banks 287
4. Relations between fiscal policy and the external economy 288
4.1 Externally influenced development of the state of the economy and the necessity for fiscal policy to act 289
4.2 External influences on public income and spending 290
4.3 Public debt and international interest rate connections 292
5. Concluding remarks 294
Table 1: Export, Import and Net Exports 295
Table 2: Balance of Current Accounts, Balance on Capital Account, Balance of Foreign-Exchange Payments and Terms of Trade 296
Table 3: Foreign-Exchange Quotations, Interest Level, Difference in Interest Rates: FRG and USA 297
Contributors 299