Antarctic Challenge II
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Wolfrum, R. (Ed.) (1986). Antarctic Challenge II. Conflicting Interests, Cooperation, Environmental Protection, Economic Development. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium, September 17th - 21st, 1985. Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46068-7
Wolfrum, Rüdiger. Antarctic Challenge II: Conflicting Interests, Cooperation, Environmental Protection, Economic Development. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium, September 17th - 21st, 1985. Duncker & Humblot, 1986. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46068-7
Wolfrum, R (ed.) (1986): Antarctic Challenge II: Conflicting Interests, Cooperation, Environmental Protection, Economic Development. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium, September 17th - 21st, 1985, Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46068-7
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Antarctic Challenge II
Conflicting Interests, Cooperation, Environmental Protection, Economic Development. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium, September 17th - 21st, 1985
Editors: Wolfrum, Rüdiger
Veröffentlichungen des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel, Vol. 95
(1986)
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Abstract
Die »Veröffentlichungen des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel« sind eine 1918 unter dem Namen »Aus dem Institut für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel« gegründete Schriftenreihe des ältesten universitären Völkerrechtsinstituts im deutschsprachigen Raum. Sie werden in der Nachfolge von Prof. Dr. Jost Delbrück herausgegeben. In ihr werden zum einen Habilitationsschriften von Institutsangehörigen und hervorragende Dissertationen, die von den Direktorinnen und Direktoren des Instituts betreut oder begutachtet wurden, veröffentlicht. Zum anderen erscheinen in der Schriftenreihe die Tagungsbände der vom Institut ausgerichteten internationalen Symposien und Workshops sowie die Sammelbände zu den jedes Jahr veranstalteten Ringvorlesungen des Instituts. Schließlich finden sonstige Monographien von Institutsangehörigen oder von mit dem Institut verbundenen Wissenschaftlern Aufnahme.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | 5 | ||
| Abbreviations | 8 | ||
| Preface | 11 | ||
| Opening Ceremonies | 13 | ||
| Jost Delbrück: Welcoming Address | 13 | ||
| Jürgen Westphal: Address | 14 | ||
| Rüdiger Wolfrum: Opening Address | 16 | ||
| Franz Tessensohn: Antarctic Mineral Resources: Tell Us where the Riches Are ... | 19 | ||
| I. Introduction | 19 | ||
| II. Minerals | 20 | ||
| III. Hydrocarbons | 21 | ||
| 1. Gondwana concept, surrounding continents | 21 | ||
| 2. Sedimentary basins of Antarctica | 21 | ||
| a) Geophysical methods applied | 23 | ||
| b) Geological types of basins | 24 | ||
| c) Status of basin investigations | 25 | ||
| Weddell Sea | 25 | ||
| Bellingshausen Sea, Adelie Margin | 25 | ||
| Prydz Bay | 28 | ||
| Ross Sea | 29 | ||
| Bransfield Strait | 30 | ||
| IV. Technology | 31 | ||
| References | 32 | ||
| Peter Halbach: Comment: Dependence of Deep Ocean Floor Activities on a Viable Legal Regime | 36 | ||
| John C. Behrendt: Comment: Environmental Effects of Development of Antarctic Petroleum and Mineral Resources | 42 | ||
| Karl-Hermann Kock: Present Knowledge of Antarctic Marine Living Resources and Means of Ensuring the Compliance with Protection Measures | 47 | ||
| I. lntroduction | 47 | ||
| II. The Biology of Antarctic Marine Living Resources and Man's Impact on these Resources | 48 | ||
| 1. Krill | 48 | ||
| 2. Fish | 50 | ||
| 3. Squid | 52 | ||
| 4. Seabirds | 53 | ||
| 5. Antarctic Seals | 54 | ||
| 6. Whales | 55 | ||
| III. Ecological Responses to Commercial Exploitation | 57 | ||
| IV. Legislative Control | 58 | ||
| 1. The Antarctic Treaty | 58 | ||
| 2. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals | 59 | ||
| 3. The International Whaling Commission (IWC) | 59 | ||
| 4. The Convention lor the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) | 60 | ||
| References | 61 | ||
| Boleslaw A. Boczek: Specially Protected Areas as an Instrument for the Conservation of the Antarctic Nature | 65 | ||
| I. lntroduction | 65 | ||
| II. Antarctica's Environment and Ecosystems; Man's Impact | 67 | ||
| 1. The Antarctic Environment and its Ecosystems | 67 | ||
| 2. Man' s Activities and Impact | 69 | ||
| III. The Legal Framework of Antarctic Conservation in General | 73 | ||
| IV. The Agreed Measures | 78 | ||
| V. SPAs: Nature and Criterta for Designation | 79 | ||
| VI. The Existing SPAs: A Brief Survey | 81 | ||
| VII. Evaluation of SPAs: Representativeness | 85 | ||
| VIII. Evaluation of SPAs: Other Criteria | 88 | ||
| IX. Effectiveness of SPA Measures | 88 | ||
| X. Some Problems of Juristiction | 90 | ||
| XI. The SPA-SSSI Connection | 92 | ||
| XII. The Issue of Marine SPAs | 95 | ||
| XIII. SPAs and the Minerals Regime | 97 | ||
| XIV. Beyond SPAs | 98 | ||
| XV. Conclusions | 100 | ||
| Frank Wong/Felicity Newman: Restrictions to Freedom of Scientific Research through Environmental Protection | 103 | ||
| I. | 103 | ||
| II. | 105 | ||
| III. | 107 | ||
| Panel Discussion | 110 | ||
| Lee A. Kimball | 110 | ||
| James N. Barnes | 115 | ||
| Ludger Kappen | 118 | ||
| John D. Viall | 123 | ||
| Finn Seyersted | 128 | ||
| General Discussion | 131 | ||
| Arthur D. Watts: Liability for Activities in Antarctica – Who Pays the Bill to Whom? | 147 | ||
| I. Introduction | 147 | ||
| II. The Problem in Practice | 148 | ||
| III. Problems of Liabillty | 151 | ||
| 1. Jurisdiction | 151 | ||
| 2. Applicable Law | 152 | ||
| 3. The Defendant | 153 | ||
| 4. The Plaintiff | 154 | ||
| 5. The Basis of Liability | 155 | ||
| IV. Bases for Possible Solutions | 157 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 160 | ||
| Günther Jaenicke: Dispute Settlement under the Law of the Sea Convention | 163 | ||
| Rüdiger Wolfrum: Means of Ensuring Compliance with an Antarctic Mineral Resources Regime | 177 | ||
| I. Introduction | 177 | ||
| II. The Distribution of Jurisdiction in International Law | 179 | ||
| III. Requirements and Precedents of the Antarctic Legal Regime as to the Allocation of Jurisdiction | 182 | ||
| IV. Means of Ensuring Compliance | 185 | ||
| 1. States Parties | 185 | ||
| 2. Third States | 186 | ||
| 3. Operators not Having the Nationality of a Contracting Party | 186 | ||
| 4. Operators Sponsored by States Parties | 187 | ||
| Ian E. Nicholson: Antarctic Tourism – The Need for a Legal Regime? | 191 | ||
| I. The Development of Antarctic Tourism Since 1959 | 191 | ||
| II. Environmental and Safety Problems | 192 | ||
| III. Implications of a further Growth in Antarctic Tourism | 193 | ||
| IV. Existing Legal Arrangements Governing Antarctic Tourism | 194 | ||
| V. Further Action | 196 | ||
| a) Information Exchanges | 196 | ||
| b) New Management Mechanisms | 197 | ||
| c) Environmental Impact Assessment | 198 | ||
| d) Official Assistance to Tourist and Non-Governmental Expeditions | 198 | ||
| VI. The Problem of Jurisdiction | 200 | ||
| VII. Conclusion | 202 | ||
| Panel Discussion | 204 | ||
| A. Randelzhofer | 204 | ||
| R. Tucker Scully | 206 | ||
| J. Kobayashi | 210 | ||
| Luiz F. de Macedo-Soares Guimaraes | 211 | ||
| Ian E. Nicholson | 214 | ||
| General Discussion | 216 | ||
| Gotthilf Hempel: Progress in Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany | 229 | ||
| I. Organisational Aspects | 229 | ||
| II. The Research Programme | 231 | ||
| 1. Study of the Ice Shelves | 232 | ||
| 2. Sea Ice and Oceanography | 232 | ||
| 3. Geology | 233 | ||
| 4. Biology | 234 | ||
| 5. Other Projects | 235 | ||
| III. Future Activities | 236 | ||
| IV. Concluding Remarks | 237 | ||
| Patricia Birnie: The Antarctic Regime and Third States | 239 | ||
| I. The Formal Legal Situation | 239 | ||
| 1. Vienna Convention on Treaties Provisions on Third States | 239 | ||
| 2. Under Customary International Law | 242 | ||
| 3. Objective Regimes | 243 | ||
| II. Rights and Obligations of Third States under the Antarctic Treaty | 249 | ||
| 1. Rights and Benefits of Third States | 249 | ||
| 2. Obligations Incumbent on Third, States under the Antarctic Treaty System | 251 | ||
| 3. The Antarctic Treaty as an Objective Regime Today | 255 | ||
| 4. Third States' Demands for a New Antarctic Regime | 258 | ||
| III. Conclusion | 260 | ||
| Erik Suy: The Status of Observers in International Law | 263 | ||
| General Discussion | 271 | ||
| R. Tucker Scully: Institutionalisation of the Antarctic Treaty Regime | 283 | ||
| General Discussion | 297 | ||
| H. P. Rajan: India’s Approach to the Antarctic Treaty System as a New Consultative Party | 305 | ||
| I. lntroduction | 305 | ||
| II. lndia's Role | 306 | ||
| 1. The Antarctic Treaty | 307 | ||
| 2. The Antarctic Treaty System | 311 | ||
| 3. The Question of Antarctica in the United Nations and the Principle of Common Heritage of Mankind | 313 | ||
| 4. The Changing International Law | 316 | ||
| Mohamed Haron: Antarctica and the United Nations – The Next Step? | 321 | ||
| Panel Discussion | 333 | ||
| Finn Sollie | 333 | ||
| Eckart Klein | 338 | ||
| Orlando R. Rebagliati | 342 | ||
| Vladimir Golitsyn | 346 | ||
| Peter Brückner | 349 | ||
| General Discussion | 354 | ||
| Peter Schwerdtfeger: Antarctic Icebergs as Potential Sources of Water and Energy | 377 | ||
| I. Introduction | 377 | ||
| II. Sources and Dimensions of Icebergs | 379 | ||
| III. Distribution, Movement and Decay of Icebergs | 381 | ||
| IV. Selection and Delivery of Icebergs | 383 | ||
| V. Processing of Icebergs after Delivery | 386 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 387 | ||
| References | 388 | ||
| Dietrich Sobinger: Comment | 390 | ||
| General Discussion | 392 | ||
| Heinz Miller: Geophysical and Glaciological Investigations in the Filchner Ice Shelf Area, Antarctica | 399 | ||
| General Discussion and Closing | 406 | ||
| Annex I | 413 | ||
| lntroduction | 413 | ||
| I. Environmental Assessment and Regulation | 415 | ||
| 1. Present Arrangements | 415 | ||
| 2. Proposals of NGOs | 418 | ||
| a) Structure of an AEPA | 421 | ||
| b) Benefits of an AEPA | 421 | ||
| c) Budget of an AEPA | 422 | ||
| 4. The Antarctic Fund | 423 | ||
| 5. Other Aspects of Regulation | 423 | ||
| a) Public Record | 423 | ||
| b) Notice and Comment | 424 | ||
| c) Energy Use | 425 | ||
| d) Waste Disposal | 425 | ||
| II. Enforcement of Rules | 425 | ||
| 1. Present Arrangements | 425 | ||
| 2. Proposals of NGOs | 426 | ||
| a) AEPA | 426 | ||
| b) Use of Inspection System | 426 | ||
| c) Infractions Committee | 426 | ||
| III. Protected Areas | 427 | ||
| IV. The lmportance of Wilderness Values | 428 | ||
| 1. Definition | 428 | ||
| 2. ATCP Practice | 429 | ||
| 3. History of World Park / Preserve Concept | 430 | ||
| 4. Proposals at the UN | 431 | ||
| 5. IUCN Resolutions and Practice | 431 | ||
| V. Case Studies | 432 | ||
| 1. French Proposal for an Airfield at Pointe Geologie | 432 | ||
| 2. Minerals Negotiations | 433 | ||
| a) Critique | 433 | ||
| b) Outline of a Package Deal | 434 | ||
| c) Objectives and Principles | 436 | ||
| d) Prospecting | 436 | ||
| e) Possible Impacts of Seismic Activities | 438 | ||
| f) Legal Issues | 440 | ||
| aa) Liability and Compensation | 440 | ||
| bb) Enforcement / Compliance | 440 | ||
| cc) Dispute Resolution | 441 | ||
| dd) Withdrawal | 441 | ||
| ee) Amendment | 441 | ||
| g) Environmental Implications of Minerals Activities | 441 | ||
| 3. Implementation of CCAMLR | 442 | ||
| 4. Military Activities | 443 | ||
| VI. The Role of NGOs | 444 | ||
| Conclusion | 445 | ||
| James N. Barnes: The Future of Antarctica – Environmental Issues and the Role of NGOs | 413 | ||
| Annex II | 446 | ||
| The Antarctic Treaty | 446 | ||
| UN Resolution A/40/996 Α–C of 16 December, 1985 | 451 | ||
| Final Declaration of the Foreign Ministers of Non-Aligned Countries, Luanda 4 to 7 September, 1985 | 456 | ||
| Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Organization of African Unity, 42nd Session 1985 | 457 | ||
| List of Participants | 459 |