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Antarctic Challenge II

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Wolfrum, R. (Ed.) (1986). Antarctic Challenge II. Conflicting Interests, Cooperation, Environmental Protection, Economic Development. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium, September 17th - 21st, 1985. Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46068-7
Wolfrum, Rüdiger. Antarctic Challenge II: Conflicting Interests, Cooperation, Environmental Protection, Economic Development. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium, September 17th - 21st, 1985. Duncker & Humblot, 1986. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46068-7
Wolfrum, R (ed.) (1986): Antarctic Challenge II: Conflicting Interests, Cooperation, Environmental Protection, Economic Development. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium, September 17th - 21st, 1985, Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46068-7

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Antarctic Challenge II

Conflicting Interests, Cooperation, Environmental Protection, Economic Development. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium, September 17th - 21st, 1985

Editors: Wolfrum, Rüdiger

Veröffentlichungen des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel, Vol. 95

(1986)

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Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Contents 5
Abbreviations 8
Preface 11
Opening Ceremonies 13
Jost Delbrück: Welcoming Address 13
Jürgen Westphal: Address 14
Rüdiger Wolfrum: Opening Address 16
Franz Tessensohn: Antarctic Mineral Resources: Tell Us where the Riches Are ... 19
I. Introduction 19
II. Minerals 20
III. Hydrocarbons 21
1. Gondwana concept, surrounding continents 21
2. Sedimentary basins of Antarctica 21
a) Geophysical methods applied 23
b) Geological types of basins 24
c) Status of basin investigations 25
Weddell Sea 25
Bellingshausen Sea, Adelie Margin 25
Prydz Bay 28
Ross Sea 29
Bransfield Strait 30
IV. Technology 31
References 32
Peter Halbach: Comment: Dependence of Deep Ocean Floor Activities on a Viable Legal Regime 36
John C. Behrendt: Comment: Environmental Effects of Development of Antarctic Petroleum and Mineral Resources 42
Karl-Hermann Kock: Present Knowledge of Antarctic Marine Living Resources and Means of Ensuring the Compliance with Protection Measures 47
I. lntroduction 47
II. The Biology of Antarctic Marine Living Resources and Man's Impact on these Resources 48
1. Krill 48
2. Fish 50
3. Squid 52
4. Seabirds 53
5. Antarctic Seals 54
6. Whales 55
III. Ecological Responses to Commercial Exploitation 57
IV. Legislative Control 58
1. The Antarctic Treaty 58
2. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals 59
3. The International Whaling Commission (IWC) 59
4. The Convention lor the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) 60
References 61
Boleslaw A. Boczek: Specially Protected Areas as an Instrument for the Conservation of the Antarctic Nature 65
I. lntroduction 65
II. Antarctica's Environment and Ecosystems; Man's Impact 67
1. The Antarctic Environment and its Ecosystems 67
2. Man' s Activities and Impact 69
III. The Legal Framework of Antarctic Conservation in General 73
IV. The Agreed Measures 78
V. SPAs: Nature and Criterta for Designation 79
VI. The Existing SPAs: A Brief Survey 81
VII. Evaluation of SPAs: Representativeness 85
VIII. Evaluation of SPAs: Other Criteria 88
IX. Effectiveness of SPA Measures 88
X. Some Problems of Juristiction 90
XI. The SPA-SSSI Connection 92
XII. The Issue of Marine SPAs 95
XIII. SPAs and the Minerals Regime 97
XIV. Beyond SPAs 98
XV. Conclusions 100
Frank Wong/Felicity Newman: Restrictions to Freedom of Scientific Research through Environmental Protection 103
I. 103
II. 105
III. 107
Panel Discussion 110
Lee A. Kimball 110
James N. Barnes 115
Ludger Kappen 118
John D. Viall 123
Finn Seyersted 128
General Discussion 131
Arthur D. Watts: Liability for Activities in Antarctica – Who Pays the Bill to Whom? 147
I. Introduction 147
II. The Problem in Practice 148
III. Problems of Liabillty 151
1. Jurisdiction 151
2. Applicable Law 152
3. The Defendant 153
4. The Plaintiff 154
5. The Basis of Liability 155
IV. Bases for Possible Solutions 157
V. Conclusion 160
Günther Jaenicke: Dispute Settlement under the Law of the Sea Convention 163
Rüdiger Wolfrum: Means of Ensuring Compliance with an Antarctic Mineral Resources Regime 177
I. Introduction 177
II. The Distribution of Jurisdiction in International Law 179
III. Requirements and Precedents of the Antarctic Legal Regime as to the Allocation of Jurisdiction 182
IV. Means of Ensuring Compliance 185
1. States Parties 185
2. Third States 186
3. Operators not Having the Nationality of a Contracting Party 186
4. Operators Sponsored by States Parties 187
Ian E. Nicholson: Antarctic Tourism – The Need for a Legal Regime? 191
I. The Development of Antarctic Tourism Since 1959 191
II. Environmental and Safety Problems 192
III. Implications of a further Growth in Antarctic Tourism 193
IV. Existing Legal Arrangements Governing Antarctic Tourism 194
V. Further Action 196
a) Information Exchanges 196
b) New Management Mechanisms 197
c) Environmental Impact Assessment 198
d) Official Assistance to Tourist and Non-Governmental Expeditions 198
VI. The Problem of Jurisdiction 200
VII. Conclusion 202
Panel Discussion 204
A. Randelzhofer 204
R. Tucker Scully 206
J. Kobayashi 210
Luiz F. de Macedo-Soares Guimaraes 211
Ian E. Nicholson 214
General Discussion 216
Gotthilf Hempel: Progress in Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany 229
I. Organisational Aspects 229
II. The Research Programme 231
1. Study of the Ice Shelves 232
2. Sea Ice and Oceanography 232
3. Geology 233
4. Biology 234
5. Other Projects 235
III. Future Activities 236
IV. Concluding Remarks 237
Patricia Birnie: The Antarctic Regime and Third States 239
I. The Formal Legal Situation 239
1. Vienna Convention on Treaties Provisions on Third States 239
2. Under Customary International Law 242
3. Objective Regimes 243
II. Rights and Obligations of Third States under the Antarctic Treaty 249
1. Rights and Benefits of Third States 249
2. Obligations Incumbent on Third, States under the Antarctic Treaty System 251
3. The Antarctic Treaty as an Objective Regime Today 255
4. Third States' Demands for a New Antarctic Regime 258
III. Conclusion 260
Erik Suy: The Status of Observers in International Law 263
General Discussion 271
R. Tucker Scully: Institutionalisation of the Antarctic Treaty Regime 283
General Discussion 297
H. P. Rajan: India’s Approach to the Antarctic Treaty System as a New Consultative Party 305
I. lntroduction 305
II. lndia's Role 306
1. The Antarctic Treaty 307
2. The Antarctic Treaty System 311
3. The Question of Antarctica in the United Nations and the Principle of Common Heritage of Mankind 313
4. The Changing International Law 316
Mohamed Haron: Antarctica and the United Nations – The Next Step? 321
Panel Discussion 333
Finn Sollie 333
Eckart Klein 338
Orlando R. Rebagliati 342
Vladimir Golitsyn 346
Peter Brückner 349
General Discussion 354
Peter Schwerdtfeger: Antarctic Icebergs as Potential Sources of Water and Energy 377
I. Introduction 377
II. Sources and Dimensions of Icebergs 379
III. Distribution, Movement and Decay of Icebergs 381
IV. Selection and Delivery of Icebergs 383
V. Processing of Icebergs after Delivery 386
VI. Conclusion 387
References 388
Dietrich Sobinger: Comment 390
General Discussion 392
Heinz Miller: Geophysical and Glaciological Investigations in the Filchner Ice Shelf Area, Antarctica 399
General Discussion and Closing 406
Annex I 413
lntroduction 413
I. Environmental Assessment and Regulation 415
1. Present Arrangements 415
2. Proposals of NGOs 418
a) Structure of an AEPA 421
b) Benefits of an AEPA 421
c) Budget of an AEPA 422
4. The Antarctic Fund 423
5. Other Aspects of Regulation 423
a) Public Record 423
b) Notice and Comment 424
c) Energy Use 425
d) Waste Disposal 425
II. Enforcement of Rules 425
1. Present Arrangements 425
2. Proposals of NGOs 426
a) AEPA 426
b) Use of Inspection System 426
c) Infractions Committee 426
III. Protected Areas 427
IV. The lmportance of Wilderness Values 428
1. Definition 428
2. ATCP Practice 429
3. History of World Park / Preserve Concept 430
4. Proposals at the UN 431
5. IUCN Resolutions and Practice 431
V. Case Studies 432
1. French Proposal for an Airfield at Pointe Geologie 432
2. Minerals Negotiations 433
a) Critique 433
b) Outline of a Package Deal 434
c) Objectives and Principles 436
d) Prospecting 436
e) Possible Impacts of Seismic Activities 438
f) Legal Issues 440
aa) Liability and Compensation 440
bb) Enforcement / Compliance 440
cc) Dispute Resolution 441
dd) Withdrawal 441
ee) Amendment 441
g) Environmental Implications of Minerals Activities 441
3. Implementation of CCAMLR 442
4. Military Activities 443
VI. The Role of NGOs 444
Conclusion 445
James N. Barnes: The Future of Antarctica – Environmental Issues and the Role of NGOs 413
Annex II 446
The Antarctic Treaty 446
UN Resolution A/40/996 Α–C of 16 December, 1985 451
Final Declaration of the Foreign Ministers of Non-Aligned Countries, Luanda 4 to 7 September, 1985 456
Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Organization of African Unity, 42nd Session 1985 457
List of Participants 459