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Wolfrum, R. (Ed.) (1986). Antarctic Challenge II. Conflicting Interests, Cooperation, Environmental Protection, Economic Development. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium, September 17th - 21st, 1985. Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46068-7
Wolfrum, Rüdiger. Antarctic Challenge II: Conflicting Interests, Cooperation, Environmental Protection, Economic Development. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium, September 17th - 21st, 1985. Duncker & Humblot, 1986. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46068-7
Wolfrum, R (ed.) (1986): Antarctic Challenge II: Conflicting Interests, Cooperation, Environmental Protection, Economic Development. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium, September 17th - 21st, 1985, Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46068-7
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Antarctic Challenge II
Conflicting Interests, Cooperation, Environmental Protection, Economic Development. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium, September 17th - 21st, 1985
Editors: Wolfrum, Rüdiger
Veröffentlichungen des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel, Vol. 95
(1986)
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Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | 5 | ||
| Abbreviations | 8 | ||
| Preface | 11 | ||
| Opening Ceremonies | 13 | ||
| Jost Delbrück: Welcoming Address | 13 | ||
| Jürgen Westphal: Address | 14 | ||
| Rüdiger Wolfrum: Opening Address | 16 | ||
| Franz Tessensohn: Antarctic Mineral Resources: Tell Us where the Riches Are ... | 19 | ||
| I. Introduction | 19 | ||
| II. Minerals | 20 | ||
| III. Hydrocarbons | 21 | ||
| 1. Gondwana concept, surrounding continents | 21 | ||
| 2. Sedimentary basins of Antarctica | 21 | ||
| a) Geophysical methods applied | 23 | ||
| b) Geological types of basins | 24 | ||
| c) Status of basin investigations | 25 | ||
| Weddell Sea | 25 | ||
| Bellingshausen Sea, Adelie Margin | 25 | ||
| Prydz Bay | 28 | ||
| Ross Sea | 29 | ||
| Bransfield Strait | 30 | ||
| IV. Technology | 31 | ||
| References | 32 | ||
| Peter Halbach: Comment: Dependence of Deep Ocean Floor Activities on a Viable Legal Regime | 36 | ||
| John C. Behrendt: Comment: Environmental Effects of Development of Antarctic Petroleum and Mineral Resources | 42 | ||
| Karl-Hermann Kock: Present Knowledge of Antarctic Marine Living Resources and Means of Ensuring the Compliance with Protection Measures | 47 | ||
| I. lntroduction | 47 | ||
| II. The Biology of Antarctic Marine Living Resources and Man's Impact on these Resources | 48 | ||
| 1. Krill | 48 | ||
| 2. Fish | 50 | ||
| 3. Squid | 52 | ||
| 4. Seabirds | 53 | ||
| 5. Antarctic Seals | 54 | ||
| 6. Whales | 55 | ||
| III. Ecological Responses to Commercial Exploitation | 57 | ||
| IV. Legislative Control | 58 | ||
| 1. The Antarctic Treaty | 58 | ||
| 2. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals | 59 | ||
| 3. The International Whaling Commission (IWC) | 59 | ||
| 4. The Convention lor the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) | 60 | ||
| References | 61 | ||
| Boleslaw A. Boczek: Specially Protected Areas as an Instrument for the Conservation of the Antarctic Nature | 65 | ||
| I. lntroduction | 65 | ||
| II. Antarctica's Environment and Ecosystems; Man's Impact | 67 | ||
| 1. The Antarctic Environment and its Ecosystems | 67 | ||
| 2. Man' s Activities and Impact | 69 | ||
| III. The Legal Framework of Antarctic Conservation in General | 73 | ||
| IV. The Agreed Measures | 78 | ||
| V. SPAs: Nature and Criterta for Designation | 79 | ||
| VI. The Existing SPAs: A Brief Survey | 81 | ||
| VII. Evaluation of SPAs: Representativeness | 85 | ||
| VIII. Evaluation of SPAs: Other Criteria | 88 | ||
| IX. Effectiveness of SPA Measures | 88 | ||
| X. Some Problems of Juristiction | 90 | ||
| XI. The SPA-SSSI Connection | 92 | ||
| XII. The Issue of Marine SPAs | 95 | ||
| XIII. SPAs and the Minerals Regime | 97 | ||
| XIV. Beyond SPAs | 98 | ||
| XV. Conclusions | 100 | ||
| Frank Wong/Felicity Newman: Restrictions to Freedom of Scientific Research through Environmental Protection | 103 | ||
| I. | 103 | ||
| II. | 105 | ||
| III. | 107 | ||
| Panel Discussion | 110 | ||
| Lee A. Kimball | 110 | ||
| James N. Barnes | 115 | ||
| Ludger Kappen | 118 | ||
| John D. Viall | 123 | ||
| Finn Seyersted | 128 | ||
| General Discussion | 131 | ||
| Arthur D. Watts: Liability for Activities in Antarctica – Who Pays the Bill to Whom? | 147 | ||
| I. Introduction | 147 | ||
| II. The Problem in Practice | 148 | ||
| III. Problems of Liabillty | 151 | ||
| 1. Jurisdiction | 151 | ||
| 2. Applicable Law | 152 | ||
| 3. The Defendant | 153 | ||
| 4. The Plaintiff | 154 | ||
| 5. The Basis of Liability | 155 | ||
| IV. Bases for Possible Solutions | 157 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 160 | ||
| Günther Jaenicke: Dispute Settlement under the Law of the Sea Convention | 163 | ||
| Rüdiger Wolfrum: Means of Ensuring Compliance with an Antarctic Mineral Resources Regime | 177 | ||
| I. Introduction | 177 | ||
| II. The Distribution of Jurisdiction in International Law | 179 | ||
| III. Requirements and Precedents of the Antarctic Legal Regime as to the Allocation of Jurisdiction | 182 | ||
| IV. Means of Ensuring Compliance | 185 | ||
| 1. States Parties | 185 | ||
| 2. Third States | 186 | ||
| 3. Operators not Having the Nationality of a Contracting Party | 186 | ||
| 4. Operators Sponsored by States Parties | 187 | ||
| Ian E. Nicholson: Antarctic Tourism – The Need for a Legal Regime? | 191 | ||
| I. The Development of Antarctic Tourism Since 1959 | 191 | ||
| II. Environmental and Safety Problems | 192 | ||
| III. Implications of a further Growth in Antarctic Tourism | 193 | ||
| IV. Existing Legal Arrangements Governing Antarctic Tourism | 194 | ||
| V. Further Action | 196 | ||
| a) Information Exchanges | 196 | ||
| b) New Management Mechanisms | 197 | ||
| c) Environmental Impact Assessment | 198 | ||
| d) Official Assistance to Tourist and Non-Governmental Expeditions | 198 | ||
| VI. The Problem of Jurisdiction | 200 | ||
| VII. Conclusion | 202 | ||
| Panel Discussion | 204 | ||
| A. Randelzhofer | 204 | ||
| R. Tucker Scully | 206 | ||
| J. Kobayashi | 210 | ||
| Luiz F. de Macedo-Soares Guimaraes | 211 | ||
| Ian E. Nicholson | 214 | ||
| General Discussion | 216 | ||
| Gotthilf Hempel: Progress in Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany | 229 | ||
| I. Organisational Aspects | 229 | ||
| II. The Research Programme | 231 | ||
| 1. Study of the Ice Shelves | 232 | ||
| 2. Sea Ice and Oceanography | 232 | ||
| 3. Geology | 233 | ||
| 4. Biology | 234 | ||
| 5. Other Projects | 235 | ||
| III. Future Activities | 236 | ||
| IV. Concluding Remarks | 237 | ||
| Patricia Birnie: The Antarctic Regime and Third States | 239 | ||
| I. The Formal Legal Situation | 239 | ||
| 1. Vienna Convention on Treaties Provisions on Third States | 239 | ||
| 2. Under Customary International Law | 242 | ||
| 3. Objective Regimes | 243 | ||
| II. Rights and Obligations of Third States under the Antarctic Treaty | 249 | ||
| 1. Rights and Benefits of Third States | 249 | ||
| 2. Obligations Incumbent on Third, States under the Antarctic Treaty System | 251 | ||
| 3. The Antarctic Treaty as an Objective Regime Today | 255 | ||
| 4. Third States' Demands for a New Antarctic Regime | 258 | ||
| III. Conclusion | 260 | ||
| Erik Suy: The Status of Observers in International Law | 263 | ||
| General Discussion | 271 | ||
| R. Tucker Scully: Institutionalisation of the Antarctic Treaty Regime | 283 | ||
| General Discussion | 297 | ||
| H. P. Rajan: India’s Approach to the Antarctic Treaty System as a New Consultative Party | 305 | ||
| I. lntroduction | 305 | ||
| II. lndia's Role | 306 | ||
| 1. The Antarctic Treaty | 307 | ||
| 2. The Antarctic Treaty System | 311 | ||
| 3. The Question of Antarctica in the United Nations and the Principle of Common Heritage of Mankind | 313 | ||
| 4. The Changing International Law | 316 | ||
| Mohamed Haron: Antarctica and the United Nations – The Next Step? | 321 | ||
| Panel Discussion | 333 | ||
| Finn Sollie | 333 | ||
| Eckart Klein | 338 | ||
| Orlando R. Rebagliati | 342 | ||
| Vladimir Golitsyn | 346 | ||
| Peter Brückner | 349 | ||
| General Discussion | 354 | ||
| Peter Schwerdtfeger: Antarctic Icebergs as Potential Sources of Water and Energy | 377 | ||
| I. Introduction | 377 | ||
| II. Sources and Dimensions of Icebergs | 379 | ||
| III. Distribution, Movement and Decay of Icebergs | 381 | ||
| IV. Selection and Delivery of Icebergs | 383 | ||
| V. Processing of Icebergs after Delivery | 386 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 387 | ||
| References | 388 | ||
| Dietrich Sobinger: Comment | 390 | ||
| General Discussion | 392 | ||
| Heinz Miller: Geophysical and Glaciological Investigations in the Filchner Ice Shelf Area, Antarctica | 399 | ||
| General Discussion and Closing | 406 | ||
| Annex I | 413 | ||
| lntroduction | 413 | ||
| I. Environmental Assessment and Regulation | 415 | ||
| 1. Present Arrangements | 415 | ||
| 2. Proposals of NGOs | 418 | ||
| a) Structure of an AEPA | 421 | ||
| b) Benefits of an AEPA | 421 | ||
| c) Budget of an AEPA | 422 | ||
| 4. The Antarctic Fund | 423 | ||
| 5. Other Aspects of Regulation | 423 | ||
| a) Public Record | 423 | ||
| b) Notice and Comment | 424 | ||
| c) Energy Use | 425 | ||
| d) Waste Disposal | 425 | ||
| II. Enforcement of Rules | 425 | ||
| 1. Present Arrangements | 425 | ||
| 2. Proposals of NGOs | 426 | ||
| a) AEPA | 426 | ||
| b) Use of Inspection System | 426 | ||
| c) Infractions Committee | 426 | ||
| III. Protected Areas | 427 | ||
| IV. The lmportance of Wilderness Values | 428 | ||
| 1. Definition | 428 | ||
| 2. ATCP Practice | 429 | ||
| 3. History of World Park / Preserve Concept | 430 | ||
| 4. Proposals at the UN | 431 | ||
| 5. IUCN Resolutions and Practice | 431 | ||
| V. Case Studies | 432 | ||
| 1. French Proposal for an Airfield at Pointe Geologie | 432 | ||
| 2. Minerals Negotiations | 433 | ||
| a) Critique | 433 | ||
| b) Outline of a Package Deal | 434 | ||
| c) Objectives and Principles | 436 | ||
| d) Prospecting | 436 | ||
| e) Possible Impacts of Seismic Activities | 438 | ||
| f) Legal Issues | 440 | ||
| aa) Liability and Compensation | 440 | ||
| bb) Enforcement / Compliance | 440 | ||
| cc) Dispute Resolution | 441 | ||
| dd) Withdrawal | 441 | ||
| ee) Amendment | 441 | ||
| g) Environmental Implications of Minerals Activities | 441 | ||
| 3. Implementation of CCAMLR | 442 | ||
| 4. Military Activities | 443 | ||
| VI. The Role of NGOs | 444 | ||
| Conclusion | 445 | ||
| James N. Barnes: The Future of Antarctica – Environmental Issues and the Role of NGOs | 413 | ||
| Annex II | 446 | ||
| The Antarctic Treaty | 446 | ||
| UN Resolution A/40/996 Α–C of 16 December, 1985 | 451 | ||
| Final Declaration of the Foreign Ministers of Non-Aligned Countries, Luanda 4 to 7 September, 1985 | 456 | ||
| Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Organization of African Unity, 42nd Session 1985 | 457 | ||
| List of Participants | 459 |