Antarctic Challenge III
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Wolfrum, R. (Ed.) (1988). Antarctic Challenge III. Conflicting Interests, Cooperation Environmental Protection, Economic Development. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium July 7th - 12th, 1987. Organized by the Institut für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel and the Alfred-Wegener-Inst. Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46550-7
Wolfrum, Rüdiger. Antarctic Challenge III: Conflicting Interests, Cooperation Environmental Protection, Economic Development. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium July 7th - 12th, 1987. Organized by the Institut für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel and the Alfred-Wegener-Inst. Duncker & Humblot, 1988. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46550-7
Wolfrum, R (ed.) (1988): Antarctic Challenge III: Conflicting Interests, Cooperation Environmental Protection, Economic Development. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium July 7th - 12th, 1987. Organized by the Institut für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel and the Alfred-Wegener-Inst, Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-46550-7
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Antarctic Challenge III
Conflicting Interests, Cooperation Environmental Protection, Economic Development. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium July 7th - 12th, 1987. Organized by the Institut für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel and the Alfred-Wegener-Inst
Editors: Wolfrum, Rüdiger
Veröffentlichungen des Walther-Schücking-Instituts für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel, Vol. 105
(1988)
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Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | 5 | ||
| Abbreviations | 9 | ||
| Preface | 13 | ||
| Opening Ceremonies | 15 | ||
| Jost Delbrück: Welcoming Address | 15 | ||
| Roger Asmussen: Welcoming Address | 17 | ||
| Rüdiger Wolfrum: Opening Address | 19 | ||
| John A. Heap: The Role of Scientific Advice for the Decision-Making Process in the Antarctic Treaty System | 21 | ||
| General Discussion | 29 | ||
| R. Tucker Scully: The Institutional Development of the Antarctic Treaty System: The Question of a Secretariat | 41 | ||
| Alberto L. Davérède: Comment | 53 | ||
| General Discussion | 58 | ||
| Patrick Quilty: Cooperation in Antarctica in Scientific and Logistic Matters: Status and Means of Improvement | 65 | ||
| I. Why is Science so Important? | 65 | ||
| II. The Science/Logistics Nexus in Antarctic Affairs | 67 | ||
| III. Modes of Coordination of Antarctic Science/Logistics | 69 | ||
| SCAR | 69 | ||
| Treaty Instruments with a Scientific Component | 70 | ||
| Global Programs with Antarctic Components | 71 | ||
| Small Group Arrangements | 72 | ||
| Private Expeditions | 72 | ||
| Managers of National Antarctic Programs (MNAP) | 72 | ||
| IV. Scope for Improvement | 72 | ||
| Exchange of Scientists | 72 | ||
| Conference on the Future of Antarctic Science | 73 | ||
| Advance Notice of Future Science Programs | 73 | ||
| Common Use of Facilities | 74 | ||
| CATSA | 74 | ||
| Common Publication | 75 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 76 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 76 | ||
| Literature | 76 | ||
| Scott A. Hajost: International Agreements Applicable to Antarctica: A Survey | 79 | ||
| I. Arms Control | 81 | ||
| II. Hijacking, Sabotage and Terrorism | 83 | ||
| III. Wildlife Conservation | 85 | ||
| IV. Marine Environment | 87 | ||
| V. Maritime | 90 | ||
| VI. Nuclear | 93 | ||
| VII. Outer Space | 95 | ||
| VIII. Law of the Sea | 96 | ||
| IX. Intergovernmental Organizations | 98 | ||
| X. Conclusion | 103 | ||
| Patricia Birnie: Effect of Article VI of the Antarctic Treaty on Scientific Research | 105 | ||
| I. Introduction | 105 | ||
| 1. The Meaning, Value and Relevance of Scientific Research | 105 | ||
| 2. Definition of "scientific research" | 105 | ||
| 3. Scientific Research Requirements under the Antarctic Treaty | 106 | ||
| 4. Scientific Research under the Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora | 108 | ||
| 5. Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals | 109 | ||
| 6. Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources | 109 | ||
| 7. Draft on Antarctic Mineral Resources | 110 | ||
| II. Article VI of the Antarctic Treaty: Its Relation to the Law of the Sea | 111 | ||
| 1. Territorial Sea (Article 245) | 113 | ||
| 2. EEZ and Continental Shelf (Article 241) | 113 | ||
| III. Relation of Article VI of the Antarctic Treaty to Article IV | 114 | ||
| IV. Articles IV and VI of the Antarctic Treaty and their Relation to Research under the UNLOSC Deep Seabed Regime | 117 | ||
| V. Marine Scientific Research in Antarctica: The Way Ahead | 118 | ||
| Panel Discussion | 121 | ||
| Orlando R. Rebagliati | 121 | ||
| Wolfgang E. Burhenne | 125 | ||
| Reinhard Müller | 128 | ||
| Alfonso Muñoz Seca | 129 | ||
| General Discussion | 131 | ||
| E. Augstein: Air – Sea – Ice Interactions in the Antarctic Pack Ice Region | 139 | ||
| I. General Considerations | 139 | ||
| II. Antarctic Sea Ice | 140 | ||
| III. Atmospheric Forcing | 141 | ||
| IV. Final Remarks | 141 | ||
| General Discussion | 142 | ||
| Dietrich Sahrhage: CCAMLR – Its Practical Side: The Polarstern Expedition | 143 | ||
| General Discussion | 147 | ||
| Dietrich Karl Fütterer: Geology and Geophysics of the Weddell Sea | 149 | ||
| I. Introductlon and Physiographic Setting | 149 | ||
| II. Plate Tectonic Setting | 151 | ||
| III. Age of the Weddell Sea Basin | 153 | ||
| IV. Geology of the Weddell Sea Embayment | 154 | ||
| V. Climatic and Sedimentary Evolution of the Weddell Sea | 158 | ||
| References | 162 | ||
| John C. Behrendt: Geophysical and Geological Research in Antarctica Related to the Assessment of Petroleum and Mineral Resources and Potential Environmental Hazards | 165 | ||
| Introduction | 165 | ||
| Examples of Resource Assessment and Environmental Hazards Types of Research | 169 | ||
| Dufek Intrusion | 169 | ||
| Petroleum Resources in the Ross Sea | 171 | ||
| Environmental Hazards, Ross Sea | 173 | ||
| Summary | 175 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 176 | ||
| Refrences | 176 | ||
| Franz Tessensohn: Geophysical and Geological Data in Antarctica – The Overlap Between Science and Prospection | 179 | ||
| General Discussion | 184 | ||
| Christopher Joyner: Antarctic Resources and Remote Sensing by Satellite: The Interplay of Technology, Mission and Law | 191 | ||
| I. Introduction | 191 | ||
| II. The Antarctic Resource Base | 192 | ||
| 1. The Continent | 192 | ||
| 2. The Southern Ocean | 193 | ||
| III. The Technology of Remote Sensing in Antarctica | 194 | ||
| 1. Techniques and Instrumentation | 194 | ||
| 2. Visible and Infrared Sensors | 195 | ||
| 3. Microwave Sensors | 196 | ||
| 4. Radar Sensors | 196 | ||
| IV. Application of Remote Sensing to Antarctica | 199 | ||
| 1. The Continent | 199 | ||
| a) Prospecting for Minerals | 199 | ||
| b) Determining Glaciological Conditions | 201 | ||
| 2. The Southern Ocean | 205 | ||
| a) Phytoplankton Determination | 205 | ||
| b) Polymetallic Nodule Location | 207 | ||
| V. International Law Governing Remote Sensing over Antarctica | 207 | ||
| 1. Sovereignty Issues and Remote Sensing | 208 | ||
| a) Freedom to Sense, with Open Dissemination | 210 | ||
| b) Prior Consent for Remote Sensing and Data Dissemination | 211 | ||
| 2. International Liability and Remote Sensing | 213 | ||
| 3. Concerns by Lesser Developed Countries over Remote Sensing | 216 | ||
| 4. Remote Sensing and the Antarctic Regime | 220 | ||
| a) The Antarctic Treaty System | 220 | ||
| b) The Common Heritage of Mankind Regime | 223 | ||
| VI. Conclusion | 225 | ||
| General Discussion | 226 | ||
| Richard Woolcott: The Legitimacy of the United Nations’ Challenge to the Antarctic Treaty | 229 | ||
| I. Background | 230 | ||
| II. Relationship with the United Nations Charter | 231 | ||
| III. The Present Challenge in the United Nations | 232 | ||
| IV. Practical Considerations | 234 | ||
| V. Need for Consensus | 234 | ||
| VI. Majorities in the General Assembly | 235 | ||
| VII. The UN Does Not Have to Deal with Everything | 238 | ||
| VIII. Conclusion | 240 | ||
| Abdul Koroma: Safeguarding the Interests of Mankind in the Use of Antarctica | 243 | ||
| Cristian Maquieira: The Question of Antarctica at the United Nations – The End of Consensus? | 253 | ||
| I | 253 | ||
| II | 254 | ||
| III | 264 | ||
| Conclusion | 269 | ||
| Mohamed Haron: The Issue of Antarctica – A Commentary | 271 | ||
| Panel Discussion | 277 | ||
| Nils Bølset | 277 | ||
| Vladimir Golitsyn | 278 | ||
| Ian Hendry | 286 | ||
| H. P. Rajan | 288 | ||
| F. Orrego Vicuña | 290 | ||
| Jost Delbrück | 292 | ||
| Finn Sollie: The Legitimacy of Concluding an Antarctic Mineral Resources Regime among the Antarctic Treaty Parties | 297 | ||
| I. Introductory Remarks | 297 | ||
| II. Approaches to the Problem | 299 | ||
| III. Law and Change | 300 | ||
| IV. Law in the Making | 300 | ||
| V. Need as Basis for Action | 301 | ||
| VI. From Science to Resources | 303 | ||
| VII. Attitudes | 305 | ||
| VIII. Legality | 306 | ||
| IX. Representation | 306 | ||
| X. Competence | 307 | ||
| Song Li: Comment: The Legitimacy of Negotiating an Antarctic Mineral Resources Convention among the Antarctic Treaty Parties | 308 | ||
| I. Legal Bases of the Antarctic Treaty Parties to Negotiate an Antarctic Mineral Resources Regime | 308 | ||
| II. Origin of the Question of Legitimacy | 312 | ||
| 1. lnfluence of the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea | 312 | ||
| 2. Inadequacies of the Antarctic Treaty System | 314 | ||
| III. How to Evaluate the Situation Faced by the Antarctic Treaty System | 315 | ||
| 1. The Right of Outsider States to Criticize the Treaty | 315 | ||
| 2. How to Evaluate the Situation | 316 | ||
| Arthur D. Watts: Lessons to be Learned from the Mineral Resources Negotiations | 319 | ||
| I. Nomadic Negotiation | 320 | ||
| II. Continuous Chairmanship | 322 | ||
| III. Informal Consultation | 323 | ||
| IV. Personal Proposals | 324 | ||
| V. Consensus | 326 | ||
| VI. Privacy | 327 | ||
| VII. Linguistic Restraint | 328 | ||
| VIII. Constructive Ignorance | 329 | ||
| IX. Procrastination: Present Principle | 330 | ||
| X. Conclusion | 330 | ||
| Nicolás Roncagliolo: Non-Consultative Parties: The Peruvian Approach to the Antarctic Treaty System and to Antarctic Mineral Resources | 333 | ||
| I. Peru's Approach to the Antarctic Treaty System | 333 | ||
| II. Peruvian Interests in the Antarctic | 334 | ||
| 1. Peruvian Presence and Real Participation in the Antarctic Treaty System | 335 | ||
| 2. The Preservation of International Peace and Security | 335 | ||
| 3. Protection of National Economy | 335 | ||
| 4. The Preservation of the Ecosystem and the Antarctic Environment | 336 | ||
| III. Evolution of the Antarctic System | 336 | ||
| IV. Non-Consultative Parties: Peru's Approach to the Antarctic Mineral Regime | 339 | ||
| Panel Discussion | 341 | ||
| Alberto Davérède | 342 | ||
| Abdul Koroma | 343 | ||
| Vladimir Golitsyn | 344 | ||
| Jorge Berguño | 346 | ||
| Scott Hajost | 348 | ||
| Rüdiger Wolfrum | 350 | ||
| General Discussion | 352 | ||
| Bo Johnson Theutenberg: Comment | 367 | ||
| Gerard J. Mangone: The Legal Status of Ice in International Law | 371 | ||
| I. Physical Aspects of Ice for Legal Consideration | 372 | ||
| 1. Pack Ice | 372 | ||
| 2. Fast Ice | 373 | ||
| 3. Shelf Ice | 373 | ||
| 4. Icebergs | 374 | ||
| 5. lnterstitial Ice | 374 | ||
| 6. Pingo Ice | 375 | ||
| 7. State Sovereignty Over Territory | 375 | ||
| II. Jurisdiction Over Ice | 377 | ||
| 1. Pack Ice | 377 | ||
| 2. Fast Ice | 379 | ||
| 3. Shelf Ice | 380 | ||
| 4. Icebergs | 382 | ||
| 5. Interstitial Ice | 384 | ||
| 6. Pingo Ice | 385 | ||
| III. Conclusion | 386 | ||
| Sudhir Chopra: Comment: The Legal Consequences of Antarctic Stations | 389 | ||
| I. The Consequences of Polar Stations under the Present Treaty System | 389 | ||
| II. The Legal Consequences of Antarctic Stations in the Absence of the Treaty | 391 | ||
| Francisco Orrego Vicuña: Air Traffic in Antarctica – The Need for a Legal Regime | 397 | ||
| I. The Growing Importance of Antarctic Aviation | 397 | ||
| 1. Main Uses of Antarctic Airspace | 398 | ||
| a. Trans-Antarctic Flights | 398 | ||
| b. Access to Antarctica | 400 | ||
| c. Intra-Antarctic Flights | 403 | ||
| II. Legal Issues Prior to the 1959 Antarctic Treaty | 403 | ||
| 1. The Commonwealth-French Negotiation of Air Rights | 404 | ||
| 2. The Underlying lssue of Territorial Claims | 406 | ||
| 3. Argentine-Chilean Discussion on Air Transit | 407 | ||
| III. Air Traffic under the Antarctic Treaty | 407 | ||
| 1. The 1959 Antarctic Treaty | 408 | ||
| 2. Article IV and the Question of Claims | 409 | ||
| IV. Developments under the Antarctic Treaty System | 411 | ||
| 1. Air Issues Relating to Resource Regimes | 413 | ||
| V. The Need for a Joint Legal Regime | 415 | ||
| 1. A Joint Regime Governing Trans-continental Flights over Antarctica | 415 | ||
| 2. A Joint Regime for the Access to Antarctica and Intra-Continental Air Traffic | 417 | ||
| 3. The Lessons from Beattie et al. | 420 | ||
| 4. Antarctic: A New Joint Regime | 422 | ||
| Roberto Puceiro Ripoll: Comment: Air Traffic in Antarctica | 424 | ||
| I. The Importance of Air Traffic in Antarctica | 424 | ||
| II. The Legal Regime of Overflight in the Antarctic Area | 426 | ||
| III. The Regime of Air Traffic Services in the Antarctic Zone | 429 | ||
| General Discussion | 432 | ||
| E. Imre Friedmann: Micro-organisms in the Antarctic Desert: A Model for Possible Life on Early Mars | 445 | ||
| General Discussion | 451 | ||
| Boleslaw Adam Boczek: The Legal Status of Visitors, Including Tourists, and Non-Governmental Expeditions in Antarctica | 455 | ||
| I. lntroduction | 455 | ||
| II. Tourism and Non-Govemmental Expeditions in Antarctica | 457 | ||
| 1. Tourism | 457 | ||
| 2. Non-Governmental Expeditions since 1961 | 460 | ||
| III. Terminological and Conceptual Problems | 462 | ||
| IV. Two Preliminary Issues: Third Parties and Jurisdiction | 465 | ||
| 1. Third Parties | 466 | ||
| 2. Jurisdiction | 469 | ||
| a. In General | 469 | ||
| b. Territorial Jurisdiction | 472 | ||
| c. Nationality Principle | 473 | ||
| d. Nationality: Ships | 474 | ||
| e. "Constructive" Nationality of Stations | 475 | ||
| V. The Sources of the Antarctic Regime Rules on Visitors and Non-Governmental Expeditions: An Overall Review | 476 | ||
| VI. Access to the Treaty Area and the Stations; Monttoring the Presence of Visitors (Information Exchange) | 479 | ||
| 1. Access to Antarctica; Information Exchange | 479 | ||
| 2. Visits to Stations | 481 | ||
| VII. Environmental Regulations | 483 | ||
| VIII. Assistance to Non-Govemmental Expeditions | 484 | ||
| IX. Conclusions | 488 | ||
| James N. Barnes/Peter J. Lipperman/Kelly Rigg: Waste Management in Antarctica | 491 | ||
| I. Introduction | 491 | ||
| II. Legal Framework | 493 | ||
| 1. Global | 493 | ||
| a) The Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (London Dumping Convention) | 494 | ||
| b) The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL Convention) | 494 | ||
| c) The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS Convention) | 494 | ||
| 2. The Antarctic Treaty Systemt | 495 | ||
| a) The Consultative Process and the Code of Conduct | 495 | ||
| b) The Antarctic Seals Convention | 497 | ||
| c) The Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) | 497 | ||
| d) The Minerals Negotiations | 498 | ||
| 3. U.S. Waste Management Policy | 499 | ||
| a) U.S. Policies Based on the Antarctic Treaty System | 500 | ||
| i) The Antarctic Conservation Act | 500 | ||
| ii) The Antarctic Marine Living Resources Act | 501 | ||
| iii) lmplementation of the Code of Conduct | 502 | ||
| b) Domestic Policies | 503 | ||
| i) The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) | 503 | ||
| ii) Executive Order 12114 | 504 | ||
| iii) The Ocean Dumping Act | 506 | ||
| III. The Waste Management Processr | 506 | ||
| 1. The Regulation of Imported Materials | 507 | ||
| a) General Practice | 507 | ||
| b) U. S. Practice | 508 | ||
| 2. Regional Disposal - Dumping | 509 | ||
| a) Solid Waste Dumps | 509 | ||
| i) General Practice | 509 | ||
| ii) U. S. Practice | 510 | ||
| b) Ocean Dumping of Solid Waste | 513 | ||
| i) General Practice | 514 | ||
| ii) U. S. Practice | 514 | ||
| c) Sewage Disposal on Land and Sea | 515 | ||
| i) General Practice | 516 | ||
| ii) U.S. Practice | 517 | ||
| 3. Burning and Incineration (of Waste) | 518 | ||
| a) General Practice | 518 | ||
| b) U.S. Practice | 520 | ||
| 4. Retrograding of Waste | 521 | ||
| a) General Practice | 521 | ||
| b) U.S. Practice | 523 | ||
| IV. The Beginnings of a Model Program | 524 | ||
| 1. Observations | 524 | ||
| 2. Recommendations | 524 | ||
| 3. The Energy Linkage | 526 | ||
| Appendix | 528 | ||
| Roberto Puceiro Ripoll: Comment: Waste Disposal: Need for Further Regulation? | 530 | ||
| Sudhir Chopra: Comment | 536 | ||
| Panel Discussion | 538 | ||
| Patricia Birnie | 538 | ||
| Rahmatullah Khan | 540 | ||
| Ian Nicholson | 541 | ||
| Nicolas Mettra | 544 | ||
| Roger Wilson | 545 | ||
| General Discussion and Closing | 548 | ||
| Annex | 563 | ||
| Jörn Thiede/Leonard Johnson/Yngve Kristoffersen/Steven Blasco/Lawrence Mayer: Deep Sea Drilling in the Ice-Covered Arctic: Scientific, Environmental, Technical and Political Challenge, or The Call for C.O.N.D. | 563 | ||
| Abstract | 564 | ||
| I. Introduction: Why drill the deep Arctic for science? | 564 | ||
| II. On the Geological Properties of the Arctic Deep-Sea Floors | 566 | ||
| 1. Bathymetry of the Arctic Deep-Sea Floors | 566 | ||
| 2. Age and Nature of the Major Structural Units | 567 | ||
| 3. Evolution of the Paleoenvironment, Paleogeography and Paleobathymetry | 568 | ||
| III. Feasibility of Arctic Deep-Sea Drilling | 571 | ||
| 1. Technical Feasibility: Choice of Platforms, Drilling Techniques | 571 | ||
| 2. Scientific Feasibility: the Problem of Site Surveying; Drilling Targets | 574 | ||
| 3. Environmental Protection | 575 | ||
| 4. Financial Feasibility | 576 | ||
| 5. Political Feasibility | 576 | ||
| IV. Call for a Large International, Interdisciplinary Expedition to Explore the Nature of the Deep Arctic: C.O.N.D. - Centennial of F. Nansen's Drift 1893-1896 | 576 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 580 | ||
| List of Participants | 583 |