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Meeting the Intercultural Challenge

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Knapp, K., Kappel, B., Eubel-Kasper, K., Sal-Lee, L. (Eds.) (1999). Meeting the Intercultural Challenge. Effective Approaches in Research, Education, Training and Business. Verlag Wissenschaft & Praxis. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-89644-787-6
Knapp, Karlfried; Kappel, Bernd; Eubel-Kasper, Karla and Sal-Lee, Liisa. Meeting the Intercultural Challenge: Effective Approaches in Research, Education, Training and Business. Verlag Wissenschaft & Praxis, 1999. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-89644-787-6
Knapp, K, Kappel, B, Eubel-Kasper, K, Sal-Lee, L (eds.) (1999): Meeting the Intercultural Challenge: Effective Approaches in Research, Education, Training and Business, Verlag Wissenschaft & Praxis, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-89644-787-6

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Meeting the Intercultural Challenge

Effective Approaches in Research, Education, Training and Business

Editors: Knapp, Karlfried | Kappel, Bernd | Eubel-Kasper, Karla | Sal-Lee, Liisa

(1999)

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Abstract

Meeting the Intercultural Challenge SIETAR (Society for Intercultural Education Training and Research) ist die älteste und weltweit größte Vereinigung, die ein interdisziplinäres Forum zum Thema interkulturelle Kommunikation bietet. Das Buch faßt die Ergebnisse des Weltkongresses 1996 in rund 50 Beiträgen unter folgenden Schwerpunkten zusammen: Forschung, Wirtschaft und Politik. Es bietet einen umfassenden Überblick über den neuesten Stand der Theorie und Praxis dieser immer bedeutender werdenden Disziplin. Alle Beiträge sind in englischer Sprache geschrieben.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Meeting the Intercultural Challenge 5
Contents 6
1 Introduction: The Intercultural Challenge 10
Karl F. Knapp: Meeting the Intercultural Challenge 10
2 The Host Country: Germany 15
Gertraud Burkert: Welcome address 15
Karl F. Knapp: German identity in the 1990s 18
Some fundamental determinants 18
Some consequences of German culture 25
Current trends 28
Notes 31
References 33
Gerd Antos, Christine S. Kühn: One Germany: United but still divided? Verbal and non-verbal approaches 34
Introduction 34
Differences in life-styles between the East and the West 35
Eastern moms and western feminists: Gender issues in Germany 37
Language and identity in East Germany 40
Body politics or: the real distances among Germans 43
Conclusion 46
References 47
Kurt Biedenkopf: The unification of Germany — Perspectives for the unification of Europe? 48
Introduction 48
The unification of Germany 48
The unification of Europe 52
3 Global and Societal Challenges 59
Y. R. Isar: Perspectives on the intercultural challenge 59
Challenges, tensions and opportunities 60
Towards a global ethics 61
From cultural pluralism to new research 63
Whither intercultural education? 66
Notes 69
P. B. Nayar: The infotainment explosion: Intercultural challenge or invasion? 70
References 78
Anne Seitz: Political issues in community based research in poly-ethnic Australia 80
Introduction 80
Australia - historically and contemporaneously 81
Post World War II immigration and settlement 83
Multiculturalism 84
Political issues in cross-cultural research 84
The multi-dimensional politics of cross-cultural research 85
Public servants and ministerial advisers 85
Government and semi-government agencies 86
NESB community leaders and spokespersons 87
NESB community members and inter- and intra- NESB group politics 87
NESB welfare, social workers and community development workers 88
Academics 88
Research issues in community based projects 89
Cross-cultural research - some practical considerations 91
Summary 93
References 93
4 European Challenges: Eastern and Southeastern Europe 95
Darko Strajn: Matrix of identity 95
Abstract 95
Legacy of communism 95
New ideology in the making 98
„We“ are others for „them“ 100
References 104
Elena Gapova: Eastern Europe meets the West: Cultural misunderstanding over women’s issues 105
Women, Nationalism and the Constitutional State 105
Peasant mentality and state-sponsored emancipation 109
Sexual issues 111
References 113
Anna Pavlovskaya: Russia and Russians in Western orientation literature 114
Gifts 121
Accommodation 121
Entertainment 122
Shopping 122
Transport 122
References 127
Klára Falk-Bánó: Meeting the intercultural challenge in Hungary: Intercultural conflicts in British-Hungarian and American-Hungarian international organisations 128
Introduction 128
Research methods and key concepts 129
Fieldwork findings 130
Summary 136
References 137
5 Challenges of Diversity 138
Philomena Essed: Theory, change agency and managing diversity 138
Introduction 138
Research background 140
Early frameworks for diversity 142
The role of change agents 143
Plans and strategies 144
Conclusions 145
Notes 146
References 146
Sjiera de Vries: Effects of ethnic diversity in work organizations 148
Comparing majority and minority workers in ethnically diverse groups 148
Comparing ethnically homogeneous and ethnically diverse groups 152
Discussion and conclusions 153
Notes 154
References 155
Lida M. v.d. Broek: Intimidation and discrimination in the workplace. A diversity approach 156
A diversity perspective 156
Preliminary investigation 158
Analysis of strengths and weaknesses 158
Intimidation? We’ll knock it down! 160
The program 160
Effects 161
Notes 164
References 164
6 Challenges for Organizations 165
Jan Hoogsteder, Jan Verhoeven: Stimulating intercultural development in welfare organizations in the Netherlands 165
A national survey of Dutch social welfare organizations 166
Representation of ethnic groups 166
Representation of clients from ethnic groups 167
External and internal representation 168
Seven stages of intercultural development 169
1. Monocultural organization 170
2. Providing services to ethnic ciients 171
3. Intercultural management of services 171
4. Employment of ethnic personnel 171
5. Intercultural management of personnel 172
6. Total quality management 173
7. The intercultural organization 174
Conclusions and recommendations 174
Hossein Dadfar, Claes Moberg, Anders Törnvall: In Search of Cultural Synergy in Multicultural Organizations 175
Introduction 175
Background and purpose of the study 176
Framework 177
Research strategy 183
Discussion and preliminary findings 186
Implication 188
References 188
Ulrich Zeutschel: Intercultural synergy in professional teams: Views based on practical experience 191
Background 191
Models of synergy 192
Exploratory interviews with experts 192
Interviewees 192
Conducting the interviews 193
Evaluation 194
Central findings 195
Conclusions 198
References 199
Peter L. Fedon: About dialogue- and learning-oriented project management 200
Introduction 200
How industry specific is project management? 200
Technical assistance project approaches revisited 202
How can we escape the ‘mental prison of the normal view’? 203
Learning opportunities abundant 205
References 211
7 Challenges for Business 212
Jürgen Bolten: Intercultural business communication: An interactive approach 212
’’Comparative” versus ’’intercultural” management research 212
The life-world model 213
Intercultural Management Consulting: Theoretic principles and case studies 217
Case classification and description 218
Preconditions for the partners’ actions 218
Intercultural interaction 221
Intercultural management training: A model 223
Notes 226
References 229
Kenneth David: Constructing cultural distance: power and cultural issues in acquisitions and other project activity. 234
SIETAR priorities and other organizational realities 235
The trajectory of this presentation is as follows 236
Cultural Distancing 236
Joint ventures and licensing activities 236
Post-acquisition integration projects among departments 237
Case: BDDP’s attempted takeover of BMP 237
Introduction 237
Organizational Comparison: background, culture and acquisition regime. 237
Strategic considerations 238
Merger proposal by BMP 238
Initiation of hostile takeover by BDDP in 1989 238
The public relations battle aimed at stakeholders 239
Outcome 239
Lesson of case 240
Boundary-spanning project regimes 240
Transparent perceived inequity 240
Perceived inequity neutralized by meritocracy regime 240
Perceived inequity neutralized by pre-divestment; culture bridging by massive socialization. 241
Perceived inequity partially neutralized by equity regime (double top management) plus de facto meritocracy regime (at lower levels). 241
Enlisting diversity: multicultural tolerance for target firm’s culture and unobtrusive socialization 241
Eliminating cultural diversity 242
Long term impact 242
References 242
Marie-Joelle Browaeys, Math. W. Göbbels: Impact of National Business Cultures on East & West Joint Ventures 243
Introduction 243
Problem statement and research questions 243
Methodology 244
Data collection 244
Qualitative research results 245
Trust between business partners 245
Respecting differences 245
Commitment and motivation 245
Clarity or unity of objectives goals 246
Communication 246
Quality of Human Resource Management 246
Design of a measurement instrument 246
Questionnaire test 247
Results 248
Conclusions 251
Notes 251
References 251
Peter R. Prud’homme van Reine: Globalisation and indigenous management models: the periphery talks back 252
Business globalization strategies 252
Convergence of organizational competence versus adoption of indigenous models 252
A case: globalization and local models in South Africa 254
Conclusion 260
References 261
Narendra Reddy: Culture and management in the South Pacific 263
Introduction 263
Methodology 264
The People 265
Participants 266
Culture and its impact on managers 266
Summary of findings 270
Notes 271
8 Challenges for Education and Training 272
Andrea Wolff, Nicole Eulenburg, Karla Eubel-Kasper: Intercultural toolbox - developing seminars for individual needs 272
Notes 278
Maria Elena Hoffmann, Sonia Kook, Diana Minguel - De Mey: Intercultural coaching: A workshop 279
Jane Orton: Intercultural learning in a short-term international program 284
Aim 284
Research design 284
Data analysis and discussion 285
Nancy: 289
Interviews & Post Return Questionnaire 291
Liz: 291
Conclusion 295
Notes 296
References 296
Roberta Wiig: Teaching business students intercultural communication: An experiment in skills acquisition 299
Introduction 299
Background 299
Theory and practice 303
Tools for theory application 305
Implementation 310
Conclusion 310
References 311
Michael Berry: Reflecting on reflections. Integrating pedagogical and research agendas to meet the intercultural challenge 312
Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy 313
An ethnographic approach to communication 314
Classroom organization of validating circles of inquiry that bring ethnography and cultural analysis together 314
References 318
Astrid Podsiadlowski: Evaluation eines Trainings zur Erhöhung interkultureller Kompetenz 319
Gliederung 319
Problemstellung 319
1. Falsche Ursachenzuschreibungen 320
2. Personale Ursachenzuschreibungen 320
Untersuchung 324
Exkurs: Deutsche, Amerikaner 327
Auswertung 328
Kategorie: Stereotypisierungen 329
Kategorie: Empathie 330
Kategorie: Kulturstandards 331
Ergebnisse 331
Zusammenfassung der Unterschiede zwischen Trainingsteilnehmern und Nicht-Trainingsteilnehmern 333
Praktische und theoretische Konsequenzen 334
Literatur 335
Alvino E. Fantini: State of the art: A survey of intercultural communication courses 338
Abstract 338
Overview 338
The Fantini Survey: Background 340
Part 1. Respondents 341
Part 2. Institution, Program & Faculty 341
Part 3. Course 341
Part 4. Course Goals & Objectives 342
Part 5. Curriculum Design 342
Part 6. Content 343
Part 7. Course Implementation/Delivery 343
Part 8. Materials & Resources 344
Part 9. Assessment: Students, Teacher & Course 344
Appendices 345
Reference 347
9 Challenges for Language Teaching 348
Dana Sleicher, Wayne Jacobson, Maureen Burke: Interrogation, denial, silence and other intercultural communication strategies 348
The Video Project 350
References 354
Dominic W. Cogan: How culture influences practice in the foreign language classroom 355
Introduction 355
Beliefs about learning 356
The roles of teachers and learners 356
Classroom cultures 358
Different strokes for different folks 359
The four skill areas 360
Overcoming barriers 362
References 363
Sharon Wotschke: American multicultural texts in the German EFL-classroom 366
On the context of the German EFL-classroom 366
American minority literature 368
Creative methods and the literary text 369
Maxine Hong Kingston: The woman warrior 370
„No Name Aunt“ 371
„White Tigers“ and „Shaman“ 371
„At the Western Palace“ 372
„A Song for a Barbarian Reed Pipe“ 373
Conclusion 373
Brief profile of the author 374
Notes 374
References 374
Vivien Lee Jensen: Training the trainers: Developing cross-cultural competence in the culturally homogeneous workplace 375
References 379
Michael Berry: Developing a multicultural e-mail network 381
Theoretical considerations underpinning pedagogical goals 381
Benefits and challenges of e-mail in teaching intercultural communication 383
Learning from the success and failures of others 384
Learning from one’s own mistakes 385
Learning from successful experiments 385
Conclusion 387
References 387
10 Challenges for Research: Approaches and Studies 389
Kristin Bührig: Consecutive translation in intercultural communication 389
Translatory action and intercultural communication 389
Characteristics of translatory action 389
Consecutive translation 390
The source text 391
On the character of the conference 391
Characteristics of reporting in the source text 391
Changing the report into a portrayal 392
The categorisation of reality 393
Perspective: Consecutive translation as a paradox constellation of translatory action? 397
Notes 398
References 399
Bernhard Haupert, Bernt Schnettler: Culture shock: Empirical evidence supporting the W-curve hypothesis 401
Abstract 401
Introduction 401
The evolution of the culture-shock concept 402
Why coping with culture shock is important: The dangers and costs of not coping 403
Positive aspects of culture shock 403
The phases of culture shock 404
Criticism of the U-curve hypothesis 405
Methods 407
Results 408
Discussion 409
Notes 410
References 412
Kunyu Bu-Zielinski: Exploring the meaning of culture shock through culture bump analysis 415
Introduction 415
Purpose of the study 416
Aspects for inquiry 416
Method 416
Participants 417
Instruments 417
Interviewing process 418
Results 419
Conclusions 421
Implications 423
Extensive exploration 423
Implications for cross-cultural education 423
References 424
Enid Alston, Robert Stratford: Living abroad - the adjustment experiences of children during international relocation 426
Introduction 426
Theoretical perspectives 427
Early work on international relocation 427
Self-concept theory and self shock 428
The preliminary research project Development of the relocation adjustment questionnaire - RAQ 428
Qualitative analysis based on family interviews 429
The presence of or freedom from significant stressors 430
Expressive style within the family system 430
Conclusion 431
Notes 432
References 432
Nancy Bragard: Self-disclosure as a therapeutic technique in Eastern and Western cultures 434
Patterns of self-disclosure in Western & Eastern cultures 434
Self-disclosure and value systems of Eastern cultures 436
Is Western psychotherapy adaptable to Eastern populations? 438
Conclusion 441
Note 442
References 442
Christopher Leeds: Stereotypes, national identities, values and Europeanness 444
Introduction 444
Stereotypes - Negative aspects 444
Stereotypes as a natural cognitive process, values and National Identity 445
Stereotypes and North-South European differences 447
Europeanness and Conclusions 449
Notes 451
References 451
Øyvind Dahl: The use of stereotypes in intercultural communication 453
Lippmann’s Introduction to the Concept of Stereotype 453
Katz and Braly’s study of racial stereotypes 454
Stereotypes in the research of ethnicity 454
Prejudice 456
Categorization 456
Stereotype as Categorization 456
Stereotype and prejudice 457
Uncertainty Reduction 457
Present Status of the Term Stereotype 458
The empirical research of Geert Hofstede 459
Summary of findings 461
Notes 462
References 462
11 Challenges for Research: Theories 464
Edwin Hoffman: Cultures don’t meet, people do 464
Introduction 464
The risks of a cultural approach 465
An attempt on a systemtheoretical approach to intercultural communication 466
Aspects of attitude Regard communication as an universal matter 468
Focus attention on interaction, communication between people instead of culture or discrimination. 468
Regard communication as a circular process instead of a linear process 469
Be pessimistic about the course of one’s communication 471
Be optimistic about the people one is communicating with 471
The T.O.P.O.I-model 472
References 475
Richard Harris: Concepts of paradise and intercultural communication 476
Introduction 476
Historical survey of the idea of paradise 477
A taxonomy of paradise myths 481
Notes 487
References 488
12 Challenges for Us Ourselves: Reflections 491
Irmgard Sollinger: Über das Gewöhnliche am Umgang mit Fremden 491
These 1: Stereotype Sichtweisen trüben den Blick 491
These 2: Die Sprache ist verräterisch 491
These 3: Fremden gegenüber ist das Denken undifferenziert und oft abwertend 493
These 4: Fremde werden auf Teile ihres Selbst eingeengt 493
These 5: Fremde werden verklärt 494
These 6: Man projiziert eigene Vorstellungen in das Fremde 495
These 7: Man beurteilet Gleiches bei sich und den anderen mit unterschiedlichen Maßstäben 495
These 8: Man vergleicht das Ideal der eigenen Gesellschaft mit den Beispielen aus der schnöden Wirklichkeit der anderen 496
These 9: Oft werden Schicht und Nationalität verwechselt 496
These 10: Kultur gilt als fest, statisch und naturhaft 496
Notes 497
Michael H. Hoppe, Meena S. Wilson: Working interculturally: A call for continuous self development 498
Introduction 498
A framework for self development 498
Closing remarks 503
References 503
Ruth Mastron: “Munich 1996: Meeting the intercultural challenge” 504
Invitation 504
Valid evidence 506
Never again? 507
Research and reason 508
We can do no other 509
The price of our souls: Endangering ourselves 511