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Artificial Intelligence and Legal Issues
A Review of AI-based Legal Impasses in Terms of Criminal Law
Schriften zum Strafrecht, Vol. 406
(2023)
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Müslüm Fincan, LL.M., studierte Rechtswissenschaften 2014 in Gaziantep/Türkei. Nach dem Jurastudium erhielt er die Anwaltszulassung von der Anwaltskammer Gaziantep. Nach dem Masterabschluss in der Türkei war er Gastwisschaftler an der Friedrich-Alexander Erlangen-Nürnberg Universität tätig, wo er im Mai 2022 promovierte. Seit 2022 ist er von der Rechtsanwaltskammer des Saarlandes als Avukat gemäß § 206 BRAO zugelassen.Abstract
Die Arbeit befasst sich mit der strafrechtlichen Verantwortlichkeit und dem rechtlichen Status von Einheiten mit künstlicher Intelligenz. Die rasante Entwicklung der auf KI basierenden Technologien in den letzten Jahren hat es erforderlich gemacht, die rechtlichen Probleme klarzustellen, die in diesem Zusammenhang auftreten könnten. Neben der Darstellung und Diskussion der Ziele und der notwendigen Eignungen der Rechtspersönlichkeit von der Vergangenheit bis zur Gegenwart liegt der inhaltliche Schwerpunkt der Studie auf der rechtlichen Analyse der Bestimmung des Rechtsstatus zukünftiger künstlicher Intelligenzsysteme. Anschließend befasst sich der Autor mit den Fragen, welche Strafarten und Strafzwecke in der Zukunft eine Rolle spielen und wie die strafrechtliche Verantwortung heutiger und künftiger Generationen von fortgeschrittenen KI-Systemen aussehen könnte.»Artificial Intelligence and Legal Issues: A Review of AI-Based Legal Impasses in terms of Criminal Law«: The work interprets the criminal liability and legal status of AI entities. In addition to outlining and discussing the goals and necessary suitability of legal personhood, the substantive focus of the book is on the legal analysis of determining the legal status of future AI systems. It then explores the question of what penalties and punitive purposes could be applied for current and future advanced AI systems.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acknowledgements | 7 | ||
| Table of Contents | 9 | ||
| List of Illustrations | 11 | ||
| List of Abbreviations | 12 | ||
| Introduction | 15 | ||
| A. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence | 17 | ||
| I. Descriptive Examination of Artificial Intelligence | 17 | ||
| 1. Notions Related to Artificial Intelligence | 17 | ||
| 2. Definitive Obstacles of AI Technologies and the Determiner Test | 27 | ||
| II. The Evolution and Historical Background of Artificial Intelligence | 34 | ||
| 1. Pretechnological Era Developments | 35 | ||
| a) Myths and Tales | 35 | ||
| b) Automatons | 36 | ||
| 2. Modern Age Advancements | 40 | ||
| a) The Growth of AI Technologies | 40 | ||
| b) New Actors of AI Technologies in the Recent Era | 45 | ||
| c) Autonomous Vehicle Technologies from Past to Future | 52 | ||
| B. Legal Personhood of Artificial Intelligence Entities | 64 | ||
| I. Legal Personhood’s Pathway | 65 | ||
| 1. The Concept of Legal Person and Legal Regulations Related to Personality | 65 | ||
| a) Definitions | 66 | ||
| b) Non-Human Entities with Legal Personhood | 69 | ||
| 2. Legal Personhood Criteria | 70 | ||
| a) Soul | 71 | ||
| b) Consciousness and Self Awareness | 73 | ||
| c) Communication Skills | 76 | ||
| d) Intelligence | 78 | ||
| e) Feelings | 81 | ||
| f) Free will | 82 | ||
| g) Intentionality | 85 | ||
| h) Empathy | 88 | ||
| i) Biological Body | 89 | ||
| j) Mortality | 92 | ||
| k) Conclusion | 92 | ||
| II. Legal Personhood of Artificial Intelligence Entities in the Future | 93 | ||
| 1. Possible Grantable Legal Status in the Near Future | 93 | ||
| 2. Probable Legal Status of the Far Future | 95 | ||
| C. Criminal Law Issues Related to Artificial Intelligence Technologies | 104 | ||
| I. Fundamental Elements of the Criminal Law System | 105 | ||
| 1. The Journey of Punishment from Past to Present | 105 | ||
| a) The Impact of Punishment as a Power Instrument | 105 | ||
| b) Penal Policies in the Historical Process | 108 | ||
| 2. Purposes of Punishment | 113 | ||
| a) Retribution | 116 | ||
| b) Deterrence | 117 | ||
| c) Rehabilitation | 118 | ||
| d) Conclusion | 119 | ||
| 3. Types of Punishment | 119 | ||
| a) Death penalty | 120 | ||
| b) Confinement | 128 | ||
| c) Monetary Sanctions and Public Service | 131 | ||
| d) Alternative Sanctions | 132 | ||
| II. Solutions for Liability Issues Related To AI Technologies in the Context of Criminal Law | 133 | ||
| 1. Modern Day and Near Future Issues | 134 | ||
| a) Punitive Issues by and against AI Entities | 134 | ||
| (1) The Most Recent Technological Method of Committing an Offense: The Usage of Artificial Intelligence Systems as Tools in Crime | 136 | ||
| (2) Negligent Culprits of Foreseeable Potential Problems | 140 | ||
| (3) Potential Suspects and Legal Solutions in the Absence of Foreseeability | 143 | ||
| b) Legal Issues Related to Autonomous Vehicle Technologies | 152 | ||
| (1) Current Legal Regulations | 153 | ||
| (2) Liability Issues and Exemplificative Solutions to Theoretical Impasse | 156 | ||
| (3) Dilemmas and Solutions | 159 | ||
| 2. Futuristic Elucidations for the Far Future Problems | 172 | ||
| a) Purposes of Punishment for AI Entities | 173 | ||
| b) Types of Punishment for AI Entities | 175 | ||
| Conclusion | 184 | ||
| References | 188 | ||
| Index | 212 |