Security Discourses
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Security Discourses
Juridification of international relations in the 19th and early 20th century
Schriften zum Völkerrecht, Vol. 264
(2025)
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Maike Krüger absolvierte das Studium der Rechtswissenschaften an der Philipps-Universität Marburg und der University of Kent, Canterbury. Anschließend promovierte sie am Lehrstuhl für Völker- und Europarecht mit öffentlichem Recht in Marburg und verbrachte dabei einen Forschungsaufenthalt am Lauterpacht Centre for International Law der University of Cambridge. Während ihrer Promotion war sie als Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin im SFB/TRR 138 »Dynamiken der Sicherheit« unter der Betreuung von Prof. Dr. Marauhn und Prof. Dr. Simon tätig. Seit ihrem zweiten Staatsexamen arbeitet Maike Krüger als Anwältin in Frankfurt.Abstract
Die Arbeit analysiert die zwischenstaatlichen Verrechtlichungsprozesse des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts. Nach einem historischen Überblick werden drei zentrale Themenkomplexe untersucht: Verrechtlichung als Reaktion auf kollektive Sicherheitswahrnehmungen, Verrechtlichung als Voraussetzung für Institutionalisierung und Verrechtlichung als diskursiver Prozess. Die Analyse stützt sich auf die politikwissenschaftliche Theorie der »Securitization«, welche die diskursive Darstellung sicherheitsrelevanter Sachverhalte beschreibt. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass das Völkerrecht einem dynamischen Wandel unterliegt, der die Komplexität internationaler Beziehungen und Diversität nationaler Interessen widerspiegelt. Dennoch bieten rechtliche Strukturen Stabilität: Sie schaffen einen Rahmen, der es Staaten ermöglicht Konflikte friedlich zu lösen und Herausforderungen gemeinsam zu bewältigen.»Security Discourses: Juridification of International Relations in the 19th and early 20th Century«: The thesis analyzes juridification processes in international relations during the 19th and early 20th century. It focuses on three key aspects: Juridification as a reaction to collective security perceptions, as a prerequisite for institutionalization, and as a discursive process. The study shows that international law is shaped by dynamic changes, reflecting the complexity of both national and international interests, while playing a crucial role in facilitating peaceful conflict resolution.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acknowledgements | 7 | ||
| Table of Contents | 9 | ||
| List of Figures and Tables | 12 | ||
| Abbreviations | 13 | ||
| Introduction | 15 | ||
| 1. Securitization | 17 | ||
| 2. Juridification | 18 | ||
| 3. Infrastructures | 23 | ||
| 4. Conclusion | 24 | ||
| A. Justifying Interstate Violence – A Brief History | 26 | ||
| I. Bellum Justum: War as Divine Justice | 27 | ||
| II. Bellum Legale: Sovereignty and Procedural Law | 34 | ||
| 1. Competing Systems of Order | 35 | ||
| 2. War as an Institution of Law | 42 | ||
| III. Conclusion: From Just to Legal Wars | 50 | ||
| B. Juridification as a Reaction to Collective Perceptions of Security | 52 | ||
| I. The Rise of Collective Security | 52 | ||
| 1. The Hague: Addressing the Effects of Wars | 54 | ||
| 2. Administrative Unions: Co-ordination of Trans-national Interests | 66 | ||
| 3. The League of Nations: The Principle of Collective Security | 71 | ||
| 4. Conclusion: Collective Reactions of Security | 80 | ||
| II. Arbitration: Response to Forceful Self-help | 81 | ||
| 1. The History of Arbitration: From Diplomacy to Judiciary | 84 | ||
| a) The Jay Treaty Commissions | 84 | ||
| b) The Alabama Claims Case | 88 | ||
| c) The Delagoa Bay Railway Case | 92 | ||
| 2. Mixed Results: The Conventions Regardingthe Peaceful Settlement of Disputes | 96 | ||
| 3. Peace Through Law: The Permanent Court of International Justice | 99 | ||
| 4. Conclusion: New Networks of Dispute Resolution | 103 | ||
| III. Conclusion: Co-ordination and Co-operation – A Growing Need | 105 | ||
| C. Juridification as a Necessary Requirement for Institutionalization | 108 | ||
| I. The Sovereignty of States and International Law | 108 | ||
| II. The Century of Conferences and Congresses | 111 | ||
| 1. A Problematic Case: The Institutionalization of Arbitration | 113 | ||
| a) The Permanent Court of Arbitration | 114 | ||
| b) The Court of Arbitral Justice | 118 | ||
| c) The International Prize Court | 119 | ||
| d) The Permanent Court of International Justice | 124 | ||
| e) Conclusion: Struggle for Consensus | 128 | ||
| 2. Administrative Unions: Institutionalizing the Unpolitical | 129 | ||
| a) Case Study: The International Telegraphic Union | 131 | ||
| aa) The Standardization of International Telegraphy | 133 | ||
| bb) The Institutionalization of International Telegraphy | 137 | ||
| b) Conclusion: The Administration of a Common Good | 147 | ||
| 3. Conclusion: Creating Common Grounds | 148 | ||
| III. The League of Nations: Institutionalization of the Maintenance of Peace? | 149 | ||
| 1. The Ambivalence of the Use of Force | 150 | ||
| 2. The Covenant: A Flawed System | 153 | ||
| a) The National Execution of Collective Security | 154 | ||
| b) The Requirement of Unanimity in the Organs of the League | 159 | ||
| c) The Evasion of Responsibilities: The Chaco Conflict | 166 | ||
| 3. Conclusion: The League – Building on Sand | 173 | ||
| IV. Conclusion: Consensus – The Need to Understand Each Other | 174 | ||
| D. Successful Juridification as a Discursive Process | 177 | ||
| I. War and Measures Short of War | 177 | ||
| II. Arbitration: Questions of Law or Questions of Politics | 186 | ||
| 1. Different Forms of Institutionalized Arbitration | 186 | ||
| 2. The Permanent Court of International Justice | 191 | ||
| 3. Discursive Elements Concerning Arbitration | 197 | ||
| 4. Conclusion: Political and Legal Disputes | 204 | ||
| III. Administrative Unions: Unpolitical Multilateralism? | 205 | ||
| 1. Unpolitical Unions: Administration of International Relations | 206 | ||
| 2. Political Elements Within Administrative Unions | 208 | ||
| 3. Conclusion: Political Technocracy | 213 | ||
| IV. The League of Nations: The Political Relations Between States | 214 | ||
| 1. Institutional Duality | 215 | ||
| 2. Self-defense as Evasion of the Covenant | 218 | ||
| 3. National Execution of International Decisions | 224 | ||
| 4. Co-ordination of “Technical” Aims of the League | 227 | ||
| 5. Conclusion: The Fear of Commitment | 233 | ||
| V. Conclusion: The Power of Narratives | 234 | ||
| E. Legal Infrastructures – Co-ordination of International Relations | 237 | ||
| I. Multitude of Inter-state Relations | 237 | ||
| II. Legal Infrastructures | 240 | ||
| 1. Juridification as a Creation of Legal Infrastructures | 240 | ||
| 2. International Institutions as Infrastructural Nodes | 243 | ||
| 3. The Maintenance of Legal Infrastructures | 246 | ||
| III. Conclusion: Normative Networks | 249 | ||
| Conclusion | 251 | ||
| Appendix A | 259 | ||
| Appendix B | 261 | ||
| Appendix C | 262 | ||
| Bibliography | 263 | ||
| Index | 275 |