Inventing Synthetic Methods to Discover How Enzymes Work
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Inventing Synthetic Methods to Discover How Enzymes Work
Lives in Chemistry – Lebenswerke in der Chemie, Vol. 5
(2022)
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Abstract
Creative »cheating« led Stephen B. H. Kent, born in 1945, to solve one of the Grand Challenges of 20th Century chemistry: the total synthesis of protein molecules. Twenty-five formative years in his native New Zealand had prepared him in manifold ways. Vigorous debates at the family dinner table, combined with secondary school classes in Kantian moral philosophy and the discipline of competitive distance running influenced his later successes in scientific research. As a university undergraduate he was fascinated by the ability of enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions and set out to gain the expertise to understand how they did it. Steve loved to experiment and didn’t leave the bench for many years to come. Keep it simple, be counter-dogma and ignore the opinions of referees were his guiding principles. Read how his ambition to understand the chemistry of enzyme catalysis led stephen kent to the United States and about his adventures there in science and everyday life.l-i-c.org
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lives in Chemistry | 3 | ||
| Published titles | 4 | ||
| Imprint | 6 | ||
| Table of Contents | 8 | ||
| Preface | 12 | ||
| 1 Total chemical synthesis of proteins | 17 | ||
| 1.1 Chemical ligation — the true breakthrough | 20 | ||
| 1.2 Native chemical ligation | 29 | ||
| 1.3 Convergent synthesis of proteins | 44 | ||
| 1.4 Total protein syntheses enabled by chemical ligation | 56 | ||
| 1.5 Impact on total chemical protein synthesis | 57 | ||
| 2 Chemistry of enzyme catalysis | 59 | ||
| 2.1 Role of hydrogen bonds in catalysis | 63 | ||
| 2.2 Structure of the tetrahedral intermediate | 68 | ||
| 2.3 Site-specific labeling | 69 | ||
| 2.4 An artificial catalytic apparatus | 72 | ||
| 3 Novel peptide and protein science | 75 | ||
| 3.1 Hepatitis B virus immunology | 77 | ||
| 3.2 Synthetic erythropoiesis protein | 82 | ||
| 3.3 Ester insulin | 84 | ||
| 4 Formative influences | 91 | ||
| 4.1 Childhood and early education | 93 | ||
| 4.2 Undergraduate education | 107 | ||
| 4.3 Scientific apprenticeships | 113 | ||
| 4.4 University of California Berkeley | 126 | ||
| 4.5 PhD research | 142 | ||
| 4.6 Berkeley Life | 149 | ||
| 5 Solid phase peptide synthesis | 161 | ||
| 5.1 Bruce Merrifield and the Rockefeller University | 164 | ||
| 5.2 New York life in the 1970s | 174 | ||
| 5.3 Emil Fischer and the early years of peptide chemistry | 181 | ||
| 5.4 A Golden Age of peptide synthesis | 182 | ||
| 5.5 Total chemical synthesis of enzymes: claims and counterclaims | 184 | ||
| 5.6 Fixing solid phase peptide synthesis | 186 | ||
| 5.7 Optimized SPPS | 207 | ||
| 6 An efflorescence of scientific creativity | 209 | ||
| 6.1 A computer-controlled peptide synthesizer | 212 | ||
| 6.2 Instrumentation development at Caltech | 215 | ||
| 6.3 Crystal structure of the HIV-1 protease | 223 | ||
| 6.4 Life at Caltech and Pasadena | 226 | ||
| 6.5 The Scripps Research Institute | 235 | ||
| 6.6 Life in the world of biotech | 251 | ||
| 6.7 University of Chicago | 252 | ||
| 7 Mirror image proteins | 263 | ||
| 7.1 Mirror image enzymes | 266 | ||
| 7.2 Mirror image drug discovery | 269 | ||
| 7.3 Racemic protein crystallography | 273 | ||
| 7.4 Correcting “D-allo-ShK” protein | 285 | ||
| 8 Afterword | 289 | ||
| 8.1 Acceptance and rejection of ideas | 291 | ||
| 8.2 Creativity in research | 297 | ||
| 8.3 An idiosyncratic approach to science | 301 | ||
| 8.4 Some thoughts on academic science | 305 | ||
| 8.5 A few last words of thanks | 310 | ||
| Appendix | 311 | ||
| Vita | 313 | ||
| Chemistree | 314 | ||
| Holographs | 316 | ||
| Publications | 322 | ||
| Glossary | 323 | ||
| Links and literature | 327 | ||
| Image sources | 330 | ||
| Index | 332 |