10 Jahre AMNOG: ‚Value-based Pricing‘ mit einem Monopsonisten und seine Implikationen für die gesetzlich intendierte Zielsetzung
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Cite JOURNAL ARTICLE
Style
Format
10 Jahre AMNOG: ‚Value-based Pricing‘ mit einem Monopsonisten und seine Implikationen für die gesetzlich intendierte Zielsetzung
Dintsios, Charalabos-Markos | Chernyak, Nadja
Sozialer Fortschritt, Vol. 73 (2024), Iss. 5 : pp. 371–392
Additional Information
Article Details
Pricing
Author Details
Dintsios, Dr. rer. oec. Dr. rer. biol. hum. Charalabos-Markos, MPH, MSc CHC, MHBA, Institut für Versorgungsforschung und Gesundheitsökonomie, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf.
Chernyak, Dr. PH. Nadja, Institut für Versorgungsforschung und Gesundheitsökonomie, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf.
References
-
Arzneimittelneuordnungsgesetz-AMNOG (2010): BGBl. Teil I, Nr. 67, S. 2262–2277.
Google Scholar -
Arzneimittelversorgungsstärkungsgesetz-AMVSG (2017): BGBl. Teil I, Nr. 25, S. 1050–1056.
Google Scholar -
Bauer, C./May, U./Wasem, J. (2016): IBES Diskussionsbeitrag 216. Analyse und Beschreibung des AMNOG- Umsetzungsproblems in die Versorgungspraxis, Universität Essen, Essen.
Google Scholar -
Blankart, K. E./Stargardt, T. (2020): The impact of drug quality ratings from health technology assessments on the adoption of new drugs by physicians in Germany. Health Econ 29 Suppl 1: S. 63–82.
Google Scholar -
Brouwer, W. B./Rutten, F. F. (2010): The efficiency frontier approach to economic evaluation: will it help German policy making? Health Econ 19(10): S. 1128–1131.
Google Scholar -
Bungenstock, J. M. (2011): Innovative Arzneimittel in der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung: Eine normativ-ökonomische Analyse zu Versorgung und Finanzierung, Bd. 34, 1 Aufl. Europäische Schriften zu Staat und Wirtschaft, Baden-Baden.
Google Scholar -
Caro, J. J./Nord, E./Siebert, U./McGuire, A./McGregor, M./Henry, D. et al. (2010a): The efficiency frontier approach to economic evaluation of health-care interventions. Health Econ 19(10): S. 1117–1127.
Google Scholar -
Caro, J. J./Nord, E./Siebert, U./McGuire, A./McGregor, M./Henry, D. et al. (2010b): IQWiG methods – a response to two critiques. Health Econ 19(10): S. 1137–1138.
Google Scholar -
Cassel, D./Ulrich, V. (2015): AMNOG auf dem ökonomischen Prüfstand: Funktionsweise, Ergebnisse und Reformbedarf der Preisregulierung für neue Arzneimittel in Deutschland. Gesundheitsökonomische Beiträge, Bd. 56, Baden-Baden.
Google Scholar -
Claxton, K./Briggs, A./Buxton, M. J./Culyer, A. J./McCabe, C./Walker, S. et al. (2008): Value based pricing for NHS drugs: an opportunity not to be missed? Bmj 336(7638): S. 251–254.
Google Scholar -
Coenen, M./Haucap, J./Loebert, I. (2016): Bestandsaufnahme zum gemeinsamen Bundesausschuss (G-BA). In: Stiftung Münch, München.
Google Scholar -
Cook, J. P./Golec, J. (2017): How excluding some benefits from value assessment of new drugs impacts innovation. Health Econ 26(12): S. 1813–1825.
Google Scholar -
Danzon, P. M. (1997): Price Discrimination for Pharmaceuticals: Welfare Effects in the US and the EU. International Journal of the Economics of Business 4(3): S. 301–322.
Google Scholar -
Deutscher Bundestag (2010): Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Neuordnung des Arzneimittelmarktes in der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung (Arzneimittelmarktneuordnungsgesetz – AMNOG), http://dipbt.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/17/031/1703116.pdf [25.10.2021].
Google Scholar -
Dintsios, C. M./Gerber, A. (2010): Some essential clarifications: IQWiG comments on two critiques of the efficiency frontier approach. Health Econ 19(10): S. 1139–1141.
Google Scholar -
Dintsios, C. M./Schlenkrich, S. (2018): Industry’s Experiences with the Scientific Advice offered by the Federal Joint Committee within the Early Benefit Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in Germany. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 34(2): S. 196–204.
Google Scholar -
Dintsios, C. M./Worm, F./Ruof, J./Herpers, M. (2019): Different interpretation of additional evidence for HTA by the commissioned HTA body and the commissioning decision maker in Germany: whenever IQWiG and Federal Joint Committee disagree. Health Econ Rev 9(1): S. 35.
Google Scholar -
Eger, S./Mahlich, J. C. (2014): Pharmaceutical regulation in Europe and its impact on corporate R&D. Health Econ Rev 4(1): S. 23.
Google Scholar -
Fritsch, M. (2014): Marktversagen und Wirtschaftspolitik: Mikroökonomische Grundlagen staatlichen Handelns, 9. Aufl. Vahlens Handbücher der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, München.
Google Scholar -
Gandjour, A. (2018): Underuse of innovative medicines in Germany: A justification for government intervention? Health Policy 122(12): S. 1283–1286.
Google Scholar -
Gandjour, A. (2020): Willingness to pay for new medicines: a step towards narrowing the gap between NICE and IQWiG. BMC Health Serv Res 20(1): S. 343.
Google Scholar -
Gandjour, A./Chernyak, N. (2011): A new prize system for drug innovation. Health Policy 102(2–3): S. 170–177.
Google Scholar -
Gandjour, A./Schüßler, S./Hammerschmidt, T./Dintsios, C. M. (2020): Predictors of negotiated prices for new drugs in Germany. Eur J Health Econ 21(7): S. 1049–1057.
Google Scholar -
Gerber, A./Dintsios, C. M. (2010): A distorted picture of IQWiG methodology. Health Aff (Millwood) 29(1): S. 220–221.
Google Scholar -
Gerber, A./Stock, S./Dintsios, C. M. (2011): Reflections on the changing face of German pharmaceutical policy: how far is Germany from value-based pricing? Pharmacoeconomics 29(7): S. 549–553.
Google Scholar -
Gerhardus, A./Dintsios, C. M. (2005): The impact of HTA reports on health policy: a systematic review. GMS Health Technol Assess 1: Doc02.
Google Scholar -
GKV-Schätzerkreis (2009): Pressemitteilung des GKV-Schätzerkreises vom 9. Dezember 2009, http://www.gkv-spitzenverband.de/media/dokumente/presse/pressemitteilungen/2009/PM_Schaetzerkreis091209_10561.pdf [25.10.2021].
Google Scholar -
GKV-SV, Bundesverband der Arzneimittel-Hersteller e.V., Bundesverband der Pharmazeutischen Industrie e.V., Pro Generika e.V., Verband Forschender Arzneimittelhersteller e.V. (2016): Framework agreement according to §130b (9) Social Code V, https://www.gkv-spitzenverband.de/media/dokumente/krankenversicherung_1/arzneimittel/rahmenvertraege/pharmazeutische_unternehmer/Rahmenvereinbarung_130b_Abs9__SGB_V_2016.pdf [25.10.2021].
Google Scholar -
Greiner, W./Kuhlmann, A./Schwarzbach, C. (2010): Ökonomische Beurteilung des Effizienzgrenzenkonzeptes. Gesundheitsökonomie & Qualitätsmanagement 15(05): S. 241–250.
Google Scholar -
Herndon, J. B. (2002): Health insurer monopsony power: the all-or-none model. J Health Econ 21(2): S. 197–206.
Google Scholar -
Herpers, M./Dintsios, C. M. (2019): Methodological problems in the method used by IQWiG within early benefit assessment of new pharmaceuticals in Germany. Eur J Health Econ 20(1): S. 45–57.
Google Scholar -
Hinterhuber, A. (2004): Towards value-based pricing – An integrative framework for decision making. Industrial Marketing Management 33(8): S. 765–778.
Google Scholar -
Hüer, T./Abels, C./Wasem, J. (2021): 10 Jahre AMNOG aus Sicht der Gesundheitsökonomik. Gesundheits- und Sozialpolitik (G&S) 75(1): S. 7–12.
Google Scholar -
IQWiG (2013): Kosten-Nutzen-Bewertung von Venlafaxin, Duloxetin, Bupropion und Mirtazapin im Vergleich zu weiteren verordnungsfähigen medikamentösen Behandlungen, https://www.iqwig.de/download/G09-01_Abschlussbericht_Kosten-Nutzen-Bewertung-von-Venlafaxin-Duloxetin….pdf [25.10.2021].
Google Scholar -
Jommi, C./Armeni, P./Costa, F./Bertolani, A./Otto, M. (2020): Implementation of Value-based Pricing for Medicines. Clin Ther 42(1): S. 15–24.
Google Scholar -
Kanavos, P./Nicod, E./Espin, J./Aardwg, S. (2010): Short- and long-term effects of value-based pricing vs. external price referencing. EMINET. LSE, London.
Google Scholar -
Kanavos, P./Fontrier, A.-M./Gill, J./Efthymiadou, O. (2020): Does external reference pricing deliver what it promises? Evidence on its impact at national level. The European Journal of Health Economics 21(1): S. 129–151.
Google Scholar -
Kifmann, M. (2010): Indikationsspezifische Kosten-Nutzen-Bewertung auf Grundlage eines sozialen Gesundheitsindexes. PharmacoEconomics German Research Articles 8(1): S. 5–19.
Google Scholar -
Lauenroth, V. D./Stargardt, T. (2017): Pharmaceutical Pricing in Germany: How Is Value Determined within the Scope of AMNOG? Value in Health 20(7): S. 927–935.
Google Scholar -
Liozu, S. M. (2017): Value-based pricing special issue: Editorial. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management 16(1): S. 1–3.
Google Scholar -
Ludwig, S./Dintsios, C. M. (2016): Arbitration Board Setting Reimbursement Amounts for Pharma-ceutical Innovations in Germany When Price Negations between Payers and Manufacturers Fail: An Empirical Analysis of 5 Years’ Experience. Value in Health 19(8): S. 1016–1025.
Google Scholar -
Maynzt, R./Scharpf, F. (1995): Gesellschaftliche Selbstregelung und Steuerung, Frankfurt a.M.
Google Scholar -
Moïse, P./Docteur, E. (2007): Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Policies in Sweden. Health Working Papers, OECD, Paris.
Google Scholar -
Molitor, M./Dintsios, C. M. (2021): Failure due to formal reasons within German benefit assessment of medicinal products: the dilemma between marketing authorization and HTA. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 21(1): S. 145–157.
Google Scholar -
Mühlbacher, A. C./Sadler, A. (2017): The Probabilistic Efficiency Frontier: A Framework for Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Germany Put into Practice for Hepatitis C Treatment Options. Value Health 20(2): S. 266–272.
Google Scholar -
Pauly, M. V. (1988): Market power, monopsony, and health insurance markets. J Health Econ 7(2): S. 111–128.
Google Scholar -
Pindyck, R. S./Rubinfeld, D. L. (2009): Mikroökonomie. Pearson Deutschland.
Google Scholar -
Porter, M. E. (2010): What is value in health care? N Engl J Med 363(26): S. 2477–2481.
Google Scholar -
Porter, M. E./Teisberg, E. O. (2006): Redefining Health Care: Creating Value-Based Competition on Results, Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
Google Scholar -
Prieto-Pinto, L./Garzón-Orjuela, N./Lasalvia, P./Castañeda-Cardona, C./Rosselli, D. (2020): International Experience in Therapeutic Value and Value-Based Pricing: A Rapid Review of the Literature. Value Health Reg Issues 23: S. 37–48.
Google Scholar -
Raftery, J. (2013): Value based pricing: can it work? Bmj 347: f5941.
Google Scholar -
Rasch, A./Dintsios, C. M. (2015): [Subgroups in the early benefit assessment of pharmaceuticals: a methodical review]. Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes 109(1): S. 69–78.
Google Scholar -
Rémuzat, C./Urbinati, D./Mzoughi, O./El Hammi, E./Belgaied, W./Toumi, M. (2015): Overview of external reference pricing systems in Europe. J Mark Access Health Policy 3.
Google Scholar -
Robert Koch Institut (2009): Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes: Ausgaben und Finanzierung des Gesundheitswesens. Heft 45, Berlin.
Google Scholar -
Sandmann, F. G./Mostardt, S./Lhachimi, S. K./Gerber-Grote, A. (2018): The efficiency-frontier approach for health economic evaluation versus cost-effectiveness thresholds and internal reference pricing: combining the best of both worlds? Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 18(5): S. 475–486.
Google Scholar -
Schwabe, U./Ludwig, W.-D. (2020): Arzneiverordnungen 2019 im Überblick. In: Schwabe, U./Ludwig, W.-D. (eds), Arzneiverordnungs-Report 2020, Berlin/Heidelberg, S. 3–41.
Google Scholar -
Schwarzbach, C./Kuhlmann, A./Vauth, C./von der Schulenburg, J. M. G. (2009): Die Effizienzgrenze des IQWiG: Eine gelungene Adaption der Modelle von Markowitz und Koopmans? Sozialer Fortschritt 58(7): S. 137–147.
Google Scholar -
Sculpher, M./Claxton, K. (2010): Sins of omission and obfuscation: IQWIG’s guidelines on economic evaluation methods. Health Econ 19(10): S. 1132–1136.
Google Scholar -
Shiroiwa, T. (2020): Cost-effectiveness evaluation for pricing medicines and devices: A new value-based price adjustment system in Japan. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 36(3): S. 270–276.
Google Scholar -
Staab, T. R./Walter, M./Mariotti Nesurini, S./Dintsios, C. M./von der Schulenburg, J. M./Amelung, V. E., et al. (2018): „Market withdrawals“ of medicines in Germany after AMNOG: a comparison of HTA ratings and clinical guideline recommendations. Health Econ Rev 8(1): S. 23.
Google Scholar -
Statistisches Bundesamt (2010–2022): Jahresstatistiken Gesundheitsausgaben unter: https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Gesundheit/Gesundheitsausgaben/_inhalt.html.
Google Scholar -
Sussex, J./Towse, A./Devlin, N. (2013): Operationalizing value-based pricing of medicines: a taxonomy of approaches. Pharmacoeconomics 31(1): S. 1–10.
Google Scholar -
Towse, A./Barnsley, P. (2013): Approaches to identifying, measuring, and aggregating elements of value. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 29(4): S. 360–364.
Google Scholar -
Vermeulen, K. M./Krabbe, P. F. M. (2018): Value judgment of health interventions from different perspectives: arguments and criteria. Cost Eff Resour Alloc 16: S. 16.
Google Scholar -
vfa (2018): Pressemitteilung 9/2018 vom 22.6.2018, https://www.vfa.de/de/presse/pressemitteilungen/pm-009-2018-buerokratiekosten-draengen-arzneimitteltherapien-aus-der-versorgung.html [25.10.2021].
Google Scholar -
Voigt, S. (2009): Institutionenökonomik: Neue Ökonomische Bibliothek. UTB GmbH, München.
Google Scholar -
Vorderwülbecke, U. (2013): Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss und Arzneimittelhersteller: Ein Governance-Problem. PharmR 4: S. 149–152.
Google Scholar -
Werner, S./Lechterbeck, L./Rasch, A./Merkesdal, S./Ruof, J. (2020): Untersuchung der Akzeptanz und der Ablehnungsgründe indirekter Vergleiche in IQWiG-Nutzenbewertungen. Gesundh ökon Qual manag 25(01): S. 24–36.
Google Scholar -
Worm, F./Dintsios, C.-M. (2020): Determinants of Orphan Drug Prices in Germany. Pharmacoeconomics 38(4): S. 397–411.
Google Scholar -
Wright, J. S./Barron, A. J./Shah, S. M./Klingler, C. (2017): Convergence, divergence and hybridity: a regulatory governance perspective on health technology assessment in England and Germany. Global Policy 8: S. 69–75.
Google Scholar
Abstract
In 2011, the ‘Act to Reorganize the Pharmaceuticals’ Market in the SHI System’ (AMNOG) brought about a paradigm shift, the benefit assessment of new medicines with the aim of pricing these medicines based on their added benefit (‘value-based pricing’). In the established pricing strategy, this approach is associated with an accompanying higher pricing power of the provider, but not if the demand side, the National Association of the SHI Funds in this case, is a monopsonist. The negative consequences of monopsonies are sufficiently described in the microeconomic literature and there are indications that they also apply to the German pharmaceutical market. The preceded benefit assessment is also criticized as having governance problems regarding the dominant position of the SHI. Furthermore, it becomes apparent that the triad of statutory objectives – high quality of pharmaceutical care, cost containment for innovative medicines and promotion of innovation for Germany – can hardly be achieved at the same time.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Charalabos-Markos Dintsios / Nadja Chernyak: 10 Jahre AMNOG: ‚Value-based Pricing‘ mit einem Monopsonisten und seine Implikationen für die gesetzlich intendierte Zielsetzung | 371 | ||
Zusammenfassung | 371 | ||
Abstract: 10 Years of AMNOG: ‘Value-Based Pricing’ With a Monopsonist and Its Implications for the Legally Intended Objective | 371 | ||
1. Der Paradigmenwechsel | 372 | ||
2. Eine vertane Chance? | 376 | ||
3. Das Bargaining mit Leitplanken | 376 | ||
4. Tote Paragrafen | 378 | ||
5. Analyseraster | 380 | ||
6. Value-based Pricing im funktionierenden Markt | 381 | ||
7. Value-based Pricing im monopsonistischen Markt | 381 | ||
8. Die anderen beiden Ziele | 384 | ||
9. Naive Annahmen und späte Zielerreichung | 385 | ||
10. Indizien für eine Governanceproblematik | 386 | ||
11. Verkehrte Welt für die pharmazeutische Industrie | 387 | ||
Literatur | 387 |