Menu Expand

Decolonizing Knowledge: Reflections from Africa

Cite JOURNAL ARTICLE

Style

Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. Decolonizing Knowledge: Reflections from Africa. Sociologus, 72(1), 3-31. https://doi.org/10.3790/soc.2022.1428703
Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. "Decolonizing Knowledge: Reflections from Africa" Sociologus 72.1, 2022, 3-31. https://doi.org/10.3790/soc.2022.1428703
Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. (2022): Decolonizing Knowledge: Reflections from Africa, in: Sociologus, vol. 72, iss. 1, 3-31, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/soc.2022.1428703

Format

Decolonizing Knowledge: Reflections from Africa

Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J.

Sociologus, Vol. 72 (2022), Iss. 1 : pp. 3–31

Additional Information

Article Details

Pricing

Author Details

Chair of Epistemologies of the Global South, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Africa Multiple Cluster of Excellence, University of Bayreuth, Nürnbergerstr. 38, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany.

References

  1. Ahluwalia, P. 2001. Politics and Post-Colonial Theory: African Inflections. London and New York: Routledge.  Google Scholar
  2. Ahluwalia, P. 2010. Out of Africa: Post-Structuralism’s Colonial Roots. London and New York: Routledge.  Google Scholar
  3. Aina, T. A. 2013. Beyond Reforms: The Politics of Higher Education Transformation in Africa. African Studies Review 53 (1), pp. 2–40.  Google Scholar
  4. Ajayi, J. A. 1969. Colonialism: An Episode in African History. In Colonialism in Africa: 1870–1960, edited by L. H. Gann and P. Duignan. Vol. 1, pp. 69–89. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  Google Scholar
  5. Alatas, S. H. 1974. The Captive Mind and Creative Development. International Social Science Journal 36 (4), pp. 691–699.  Google Scholar
  6. Al-Bulushi, Y. 2023. Dar es Salaam on the Frontline: Red and Black Internationalism. Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal.  Google Scholar
  7. Alkalimat, A. 2021. The History of Black Studies. London: Pluto Press.  Google Scholar
  8. Allman, J. M. 2013. Kwame Nkrumah, African Studies, and the Politics of Knowledge Production in the Black Star of Africa. The International Journal of Historical Studies 46 (2), pp. 181–203.  Google Scholar
  9. Allman, J. M. 2019. #HerskovitsMustFall? A Meditation on Whiteness, African Studies, and the Unfinished Business of 1968. African Studies Review 62 (3), (September), pp. 6–39.  Google Scholar
  10. Amoko, A. O. 2010. Postcolonialism in the Wake of the Nairobi Revolution: Ngugi wa Thiong’o and the Idea of African Literature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.  Google Scholar
  11. Austin, A. 2006. Achieving Blackness: Race, Black Nationalism, and Afrocentrism in the Twentieth Century. New York: New York University Press.  Google Scholar
  12. Balakrishnan, S. 2020. Afrocentrism Revisited: Africa in the Philosophy of Black Nationalism. Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society 22 (1), pp. 67–98.  Google Scholar
  13. Battiste, M. 2017. Cognitive Imperialism. In Encyclopedia of Educational Philosophy and Theory, edited by M. A. Peters, pp. 183–188. Singapore: Springer.  Google Scholar
  14. Bhabha, H. K. 1990. Nation and Narration. London and New York: Routledge.  Google Scholar
  15. Bhabha, H. K. 1994. The Location of Culture. London and New York: Routledge.  Google Scholar
  16. Bhambra, G. K. 2014. Postcolonial and Decolonial Dialogues. Postcolonial Studies 17 (2), pp. 115–121.  Google Scholar
  17. Bhambra, G. K. and Holmwood, J. 2021. Colonialism and Modern Social Theory. Cambridge: Polity Press.  Google Scholar
  18. Chan, S. 2021. African Political Thought: An Intellectual History of the Quest for Freedom. London: Hurst & Company.  Google Scholar
  19. Chatterjee, P. 1986. Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse. London: Zed Books.  Google Scholar
  20. Chatterjee, P. 1993. The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories. Princeton: Princeton University Press.  Google Scholar
  21. Clapham, C. 2020. Briefing: Decolonizing African Studies? The Journal of Modern African Studies 58 (1), pp. 137–153.  Google Scholar
  22. Collins, P. H. 2000. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. New York and London: Routledge.  Google Scholar
  23. Depelchin, J. 2005. Silences in African History: Between the Syndromes of Discovery and Abolition. Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers.  Google Scholar
  24. Du Bois, W. E. B. 1903. The Souls of the Black Folk. New York: Dover Publications.  Google Scholar
  25. Du Bois, W. E. B. 1965. The World and Africa: An Inquiry into the Part which Africa has Played in World History. New York: International Publishers.  Google Scholar
  26. Ekeh, P. 1975. Colonialism and the Two Publics in Africa: A Theoretical Statement. Comparative Studies in Society and History 17 (1), pp. 91–112.  Google Scholar
  27. Ekeh, P. 1983. Colonialism and Social Structure: An Inaugural Lecture. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.  Google Scholar
  28. Etoke, N. 2019. Melancholia Africana: The Indispensable Overcoming of the Black Condition. London and New York: Rowman & Littlefield.  Google Scholar
  29. Falola, T. 2001. Nationalism and African Intellectuals. Rochester: University of Rochester Press.  Google Scholar
  30. Falola, T. 2022. Decolonizing African Studies: Knowledge Production, Agency and Voice. Rochester: University of Rochester Press.  Google Scholar
  31. Falola, T. and Aderinto, S. 2010. Nigeria, Nationalism and Writing of History. Rochester: University of Rochester Press.  Google Scholar
  32. Fanon, F. 1968. The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Press.  Google Scholar
  33. Gallien, C. 2020. A Decolonial Turn in Humanities. Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics, 40, pp. 28–58.  Google Scholar
  34. Gildea, R. 2019. Empires of the Mind: The Colonial Past and the Politics of the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  Google Scholar
  35. Go, J. 2016. Postcolonial Thought and Social Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.  Google Scholar
  36. Grosfoguel, R. 2007. The Epistemic Decolonial Turn: Beyond Political-Economy Paradigms. Cultural Studies 2 (2–3), pp. 203–46.  Google Scholar
  37. Grosfoguel, R. 2013. The Structure of Knowledge in Westernized Universities: Epistemic Racism/Sexism and the Four Genocides/Epistemicides of the Long 16th Century. Human Architecture: Journal of Self Knowledge X1 (1), pp. 73–90.  Google Scholar
  38. Henriet, B. 2022. Decolonizing African History: Authenticite, Cosmopolitanism and Knowledge Production in Zaire, 1971–1975. Journal of Eastern African Studies 16 (2), pp. 335–354.  Google Scholar
  39. Hountondji, P. J. 1990. Scientific Dependence in Africa Today. Research in African Literatures 21 (3), pp. 5–15.  Google Scholar
  40. Hountondji, P. J. (ed.). 1997. Endogenous Knowledge: Research Trails. Dakar: Codesria Books.  Google Scholar
  41. Hountondji, P. J. 2002. The Struggle for Meaning: Reflections on Philosophy, Culture, and Democracy in Africa. Athens: Ohio University Research.  Google Scholar
  42. Imam, A. M. 1997. Engendering African Social Sciences: An Introductory Essay. In Engendering African Social Sciences in Africa, edited by Ayesha M. Imam, Amina Mama, and Fatou Sow, pp. 1–26. Dakar: Codesria Books.  Google Scholar
  43. Kamola, I. A. 2019. Making the World Global: US Universities and the Production of the Global Imaginary. Durham and London: Duke University Press.  Google Scholar
  44. Kelley, R. D. G. 2002. Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination. Boston: Beacon Press.  Google Scholar
  45. Kelley, R. D. G. 2020. Western Civilization Is Neither: Black Studies’ Epistemic Revolution. The Black Scholar: Journal of Black Studies and Research 50 (3), pp. 1–15.  Google Scholar
  46. Kessi, S., Marks, Z., and Ramugondo, E. 2020. Introduction: Decolonizing African Studies. Critical African Studies 12 (3), pp. 270–293.  Google Scholar
  47. Kimambo, I. (ed.). 2008a. Search of Relevance: A History of the University of Dar-es-Salaam. Dar-es-Salaam: Dar-es-Salaam University Press.  Google Scholar
  48. Kimambo, I. 2008b. Establishment of Teaching Programmes. In In Search of Relevance: A History of the University of Dar-es-Salaam, edited by Isaria Kimambo, pp. 107–132. Dar-es-salaam: Dar-es-salaam University Press.  Google Scholar
  49. Kitossa, T. 2019. African Canadian Leadership and the Metaphoricality of “Crisis”: Towards Theorizing, Research, and Practice. In African Canadian Leadership: Continuity, Transition and Transformation, edited by Tamari Kitossa, Erica Lawson, and Philip S. S. Howard, pp. 71–110. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.  Google Scholar
  50. Loomba, A. 1998. Colonialism/Postcolonialism. London and New York: Routledge.  Google Scholar
  51. MacDougal III. 2014. Serie. Africana Studies’ Epistemic Identity: An Analysis of Theory and Epistemology in the Discipline. Journal of African American Studies 18, pp. 236–50.  Google Scholar
  52. Madlingozi, T. 2018. Mayibuye iAfrika? Disjunctive Indigenous and Black Strivings for Constitution and Belonging in “South Africa.” Unpublished PhD thesis, University of London.  Google Scholar
  53. Makalani, M. 2011. In the Cause of Freedom: Radical Black Internationalism from Harlem to London, 1917–1939. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.  Google Scholar
  54. Maldonado-Torres, N. 2005. Frantz Fanon and C. L. R. James on Intellectualism and Enlightened Rationality. Caribbean Studies 33 (2), pp. 146–167.  Google Scholar
  55. Maldonado-Torres, N. 2007. On Coloniality of Being: Contributions to the Development of a Concept. Cultural Studies 21 (2–3), pp. 240–270.  Google Scholar
  56. Maldonado-Torres, N. 2011. Thinking through the Decolonial Turn: Post-Continental Interventions in Theory, Philosophy, and Critique – An Introduction. Transmodernity 1 (1), pp. 2–29.  Google Scholar
  57. Maldonado-Torres, N. 2016. Outline of Ten Theses on Coloniality and Decoloniality. Accessed 10 December 2023. https://fondation-frantzfanon.com/outline-of-ten-theses-on-coloniality-and-decoloniality/.  Google Scholar
  58. Mamdani, M. 1996. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.  Google Scholar
  59. Mamdani, M. 2013. Define and Rule: Native as Political Ideology. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.  Google Scholar
  60. Mamdani, M. 2016. Between the Public Intellectual and the Scholar: Decolonization and Some Post-Independence Initiatives in African Higher Education. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 17 (1), pp. 68–83.  Google Scholar
  61. Martin, W. G. and West, M. O. 1999. The Ascent, Triumph, and Disintegration of the Africanist Enterprise, USA. In Out of One, Many Africas: Reconstructing the Study and Meaning of Africa, edited by William G. Martin and Michael O. West, pp. 85–122. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.  Google Scholar
  62. Mazrui, A. A. 1966. Nkrumah: The Leninist Czar. Transition 26, pp. 106–26.  Google Scholar
  63. Mazrui, A. A. 1967. Tanzaphilia. Transition 31, pp. 20–26.  Google Scholar
  64. Mazrui, A. A. 1978. Political Values and the Educated Class in Africa. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.  Google Scholar
  65. Mazrui, A. A. 1986. The Africans: A Triple Heritage. Boston: Little Brown.  Google Scholar
  66. Mazrui, A. A. 2002. The Study of Africa: Genesis, Substance, and Cultural Boundaries. In Africanity Redefined: Collected Essays of Ali A. Mazrui, edited by Ricardo Rene Laremont and Tracia Leacock Seghatolislami, Vol. 1, pp. 11–22. Trenton and Asmara: Africa World Press.  Google Scholar
  67. Mazrui, A. A. 2003. Towards Re-Africanizing African Universities: Who Killed Intellectualism in the Post-Colonial Era?. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations 2 (3–4), pp. 135–163.  Google Scholar
  68. Mbembe, A. 2001. On the Postcolony. Berkeley: University of California Press.  Google Scholar
  69. Mbembe, A. 2020. Out of the Dark Night: Essays on Decolonization. New York: Columbia University Press.  Google Scholar
  70. Mbembe, A. 2023. Thinking About the World from the Vantage Point of Africa: Questions for Today and Tomorrow. In To Write Africa World, edited by Achille Mbembe and Felwine Sarr, pp. 266–276. Translated by Drew Burk. Cambridge: Polity Press.  Google Scholar
  71. Mbembe, A. and Sarr, F. 2023a. Thinking for a New Century. In To Write the Africa World, edited by Achille Mbembe and Felwine Sarr, pp. 1–6. Cambridge: Polity Press.  Google Scholar
  72. Mbembe, A. and Sarr, F. 2023b. Preface. In The Politics of Time: Imagining African Becomings, edited by Achille Mbembe and Felwine Sarr, pp. viii–xi. Cambridge: Polity Press.  Google Scholar
  73. Nandy, A. 1983. The Intimate Enemy: Loss and Recovery of Self Under Colonialism. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.  Google Scholar
  74. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. J. 2013a. Empire, Global Coloniality and African Subjectivity. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books.  Google Scholar
  75. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. J. 2013b. Coloniality of Power in Postcolonial Africa: Myths of Decolonization. Dakar: Codesria Books.  Google Scholar
  76. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. J. 2015. Decoloniality in Africa: A Continuing Search for A New World Order. The Australasian Review of African Studies 36 (29), pp. 22–50.  Google Scholar
  77. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. J. 2018. Epistemic Freedom in Africa: Deprovincialization and Decolonization. London and New York: Routledge.  Google Scholar
  78. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. J. 2020. Decolonization, Development and Knowledge in Africa: Turning Over a New Leaf. London and New York: Routledge.  Google Scholar
  79. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. J. 2021. The Cognitive Empire, Politics of Knowledge and African Intellectual Productions: Reflections on Struggles for Epistemic Freedom and Resurgence of Decolonization in the Twenty-First Century, Third World Quarterly, 42 (5), pp. 882–901.  Google Scholar
  80. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. J. 2023. Beyond the Colonizer’s Model of the World: Towards Reworlding from the Global South. Third World Quarterly 44 (10), pp. 2246–2262.  Google Scholar
  81. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. J. and Ndlovu, M. (eds.). 2022. Marxism and Decolonization of the 21st Century: Living Theories and True Ideas. London and New York: Routledge.  Google Scholar
  82. Nesbitt, F. N. 2003. African Intellectuals in the Belly of the Beast: Migration, Identity and the Politics of African Intellectuals in the North. Critical Arts 17 (1–2), pp. 17–35.  Google Scholar
  83. Ngugi wa Thiong’o. 1986. Decolonizing the Mind: The Politics of Language. Oxford: James Currey.  Google Scholar
  84. Ngugi wa Thiong’o. 2009a. Something Torn and New: An African Renaissance. New York: Basic Civitas Books.  Google Scholar
  85. Ngugi wa Thiong’o. 2009b. Re-membering Africa. Nairobi: East African Educational Publications.  Google Scholar
  86. Ngugi wa Thiong’o. 2012. Globalectics: Theory and the Politics of Knowing. New York: Columbia University Press.  Google Scholar
  87. Nkrumah, K. 1963. The African Genius: Speech Delivered at the Opening of the Institute of African Studies on 25th October 1963. Accra: University of Ghana, 1963.  Google Scholar
  88. Nkrumah, K. 1965. Neo-colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism. New York: International Publishers.  Google Scholar
  89. Nyamnjoh, F. B. 2019. Decolonizing the University in Africa. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Accessed 30 November 2023. https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-717.  Google Scholar
  90. Olukoshi, A. 2006. African Scholars and African Studies. Development in Practice 16 (6), pp. 533–544.  Google Scholar
  91. Pailey, R. N. 2019. De-Centering the White Gaze of Development. Development and Change 51 (3), pp. 729–45.  Google Scholar
  92. Pailey, R. N. 2022. Where is the ‘African’ in African Studies? African Arguments. Accessed 11 February 2022. http: //africanarguments.org/2016/06/07/where-is-the-african-in-african-stadies/.  Google Scholar
  93. Pailey, R. N. 2022. Why it is Crucial to Locate the ‘African’ in African Studies. The Conversation. Accessed 1 February 2022. http://theconversation.com/why-it-is-crucial-to-locate-the-african-in-african-studies-60807.  Google Scholar
  94. Prah, K. K. 2016. Has Rhodes Fallen? Decolonizing the Humanities in Africa and Constructing Intellectual Sovereignty. Unpublished Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf) Inaugural Humanities Lecture, HSRC, Pretoria, 20th of October 2016.  Google Scholar
  95. Quayson, A. 2000. Postcolonialism: Theory, Practice or Process. Cambridge: Polity Press.  Google Scholar
  96. Quijano, A. 1988. El estado actual de la investigación social en América Latina. Revista de Ciencias Sociales 3 (4), pp. 163–89.  Google Scholar
  97. Quijano, A. 2000. Coloniality of Power and Social Classification. Journal of World Systems 6 (2), pp. 342–86.  Google Scholar
  98. Rauch, J. 2021. The Constitution of Knowledge: A Defense of Truth. Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution Press.  Google Scholar
  99. Rich, P. R. Book Review: Empires of the Mind: The Colonial Past and the Politics of the Present. Small Wars & Insurgencies 30 (6–7), pp. 1264–1273.  Google Scholar
  100. Robinson, C. 2000. Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition. Raleigh: University of North Carolina Press.  Google Scholar
  101. Rodney, W. 1972. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. London and Dar-es-salaam: Bogle-L’Ouverture Publications & Tanzania Publishing House.  Google Scholar
  102. Saada, E. 2014. More than a Turn? The ‘Colonial’ in French Studies. French Politics, Culture & Society 32 (2), pp. 34–39.  Google Scholar
  103. Said, E. W. 1978. Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books.  Google Scholar
  104. Said, E. 1993. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Chatto & Windus.  Google Scholar
  105. Salgado, G., Garcia-Bravo, M. H., and Benzi, D. 2011. Two Decades of Anibal Quijano’s Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism and Latin America. Contexto International 43 (1), pp. 198–230.  Google Scholar
  106. Santos, B. d. S. 2007. Beyond Abyssal Thinking: From Global Lines to Ecologies of Knowledges. Review 30 (1), pp. 45–89.  Google Scholar
  107. Santos, B. d. S. 2014. Epistemologies of the South: Justice Against Epistemicide. Boulder: Paradigm Press.  Google Scholar
  108. Santos, B. d. S. 2018. The End of the Cognitive Empire: The Coming of Age of Epistemologies of the South. Durham and London: Duke University Press.  Google Scholar
  109. Senghor, L. S. 1998. Negritude and African Socialism. In The African Philosophy Reader, edited by Pieter H. Coetzee and A. P. J. Roux, pp. 438–47. London: Routledge.  Google Scholar
  110. Sharma, N. 2020. Home Rule: National Sovereignty and the Separations of Natives and Migrants. London and Durham: Duke University Press.  Google Scholar
  111. Shivji, I. G. 1976. Class Struggles in Tanzania. London: Heinemann.  Google Scholar
  112. Shivji, I. G. 2003. The Rise, the Fall and the Insurrection of Nationalism in Africa, Unpublished Keynote Address to the Codesria East African Regional Conference held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 29.–31.10.2003.  Google Scholar
  113. Sicherman, C. 1998. Revolutionizing the Literature Curriculum at the University of East Africa: Literature and the Soul of the Nation. Research in African Literatures 29 (3), 129–48.  Google Scholar
  114. Spivak, G. C. 1988. In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics. New York and London: Methuen and Routledge.  Google Scholar
  115. Spivak, G. C. 1999. A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Towards a History of the Vanishing Present. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.  Google Scholar
  116. Tamale, S. 2020. Decolonization and Afro-Feminism. Ottawa: Daraja Press.  Google Scholar
  117. Tilley, H. and Gordon, R. (eds.). 2010. Ordering Africa: Anthropology, European Imperialism and the Politics of Knowledge. Manchester: Manchester University Press.  Google Scholar
  118. Vargas, J. H. and Jung M.-K. 2021. Antiblackness of the Social and the Human. In Antiblackness, edited by Moon-Kie Jung and Joao H. Costa Vargas, pp. 1–14. Durham and London: Duke University Press.  Google Scholar
  119. Wai, Z. 2020. Resurrecting Mudimbe. International Politics Review 8, pp. 57–78. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41312-020-00075-w.  Google Scholar
  120. Wallerstein, I. 2014. The Uncertainties of Knowledge. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.  Google Scholar
  121. Yesufu, T. M. (eds.). 1973. Creating the African University: Emerging Issues in the 1970s. Ibadan: Oxford University Press.  Google Scholar
  122. Zeleza, P. T. 1997. Manufacturing African Studies and Crises. Dakar: Codesria Books.  Google Scholar
  123. Zeleza, P. T. 2006a. The Troubled Encounter Between Postcolonialism and African History. Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 17 (2), pp. 98–136.  Google Scholar
  124. Zeleza, P. T. 2006b. The Study of Africa: Volume 1: Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Encounters. Dakar: Codesria Books.  Google Scholar
  125. Zeleza, P. T. 2007a. Historic and Humanistic Agendas of African Nationalism: A Reassessment. In Power and Nationalism in Modern Africa, edited by Toyin Falola and Salah Hassan, pp. 34–78. Trenton: African World Press.  Google Scholar
  126. Zeleza, P. T. 2007b. The Study of Africa: Volume 2: Global and Transnational Engagements. Dakar: Codesria Books.  Google Scholar
  127. Zeleza, P. T. 2009. African Studies and Universities Since Independence: The Challenges of Epistemic and Institutional Decolonization. Transition 101, pp. 110–27.  Google Scholar

Abstract

At the centre of the resurgent and insurgent decolonization of the 21st century—also known as decoloniality—reverberate overlapping existential (coloniality of being/denied/questioned being), material (dispossession/destitution/political economy of knowledge), historical (theft of history and denial of history), epistemic (cognitive empire/coloniality of knowledge), and identitarian (defined and ruled) issues. This article uses the case of African Studies to highlight the struggles for epistemological decolonization of knowledge in Africa. It reveals the entanglement of existential, material, historical, epistemic and identitarian issues and demonstrates how responses to coloniality of knowledge vacillated between obedience and resistance through its articulation of three decolonial turns. The article also captures and highlights the often-marginalized African scholarship and its ­theoretical interventions. The implications of all this is to contribute to the rethinking of the political knowledge from Africa in particular, and to social theorizing in general, working with marginalized African scholarship and its theoretical interventions.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni: Decolonizing Knowledge: Reflections from Africa 3
Abstract 3
1. Introduction 3
2. How and Why Knowledge is Colonized 4
3. The Black Radical Tradition 10
4. African Nationalism, Marxism and African Studies 13
5. Postcolonial Academic Insurgency 20
6. Conclusion: Insurgent and Resurgent Decolonizing Struggle of the 21st Century 24
References 25