Industrial Policy: Always Dismissed, Always Deployed
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Industrial Policy: Always Dismissed, Always Deployed
Kotz, Hans-Helmut | Landmann, Oliver
Vierteljahreshefte zur Arbeits- und Wirtschaftsforschung, Vol. (2025), Online First : pp. 1–30
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Hans-Helmut Kotz, Center for European Studies, Harvard University, SAFE – Leibniz Institute for Financial Research, Frankfurt, Germany and University of Freiburg
Oliver Landmann, University of Freiburg
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Abstract
Industriepolitische Maßnahmen sind Eingriffe der öffentlichen Hand mit dem Ziel, die sektorale (oder standortbezogene) Struktur einer Wirtschaft zu beeinflussen. Die Behörden können dabei eine Vielzahl von Zielen verfolgen. Mit den zunehmenden geopolitischen Spannungen zwischen den USA und China erlebte die IP einen Aufschwung. Engpässe in den Lieferketten im Zuge der COVID-19-Pandemie verstärkten diesen Trend ebenso wie der Angriff Russlands auf die Ukraine. Die Abschwächung der Abhängigkeitsrisiken und die Erlangung strategischer Autonomie wurden zu einer politischen Priorität (‚nearshoring‘, ‚friendshoring‘). Auch wenn ihr Einsatz typischerweise abgelehnt wird, wurde immer wieder auf IP zurückgegriffen. Oft in defensiver Weise, um Unternehmen zu schützen, die durch den internationalen Wettbewerb herausgefordert wurden. Aber auch vorausschauend, um Innovationen zu fördern, aufbauend auf Grundlagenforschung und F&E, um den technologischen Wandel zu lenken. Externe Effekte, die einen Keil zwischen private und gesellschaftliche Werte treiben und zu einer Unterversorgung mit Gütern oder einer Überbeanspruchung von Ressourcen führen, waren die Standardbegründung für industriepolitische Eingriffe. Darüber hinaus wurden handels- und wettbewerbsbezogene Argumente verwendet, um politische Interventionen allokativer Art zu verteidigen (junge Industrien und steile Lernkurven, Airbus vs. Boeing). Umverteilungsversionen von IP unterstützen zurückgebliebene Regionen oder Industrien im Niedergang. Die nationale Sicherheit (Geopolitik) wurde in jüngster Zeit erneut zu einer wichtigen Triebkraft für geistiges Eigentum (US CHIPS und Science Act). IP wird in einer Vielzahl von nationalen Formen umgesetzt.