The First World War as a Caesura?

doi:10.3790/978-3-428-58146-7

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Pschichholz, C. (Ed.) (2020). The First World War as a Caesura?. Demographic Concepts, Population Policy, and Genocide in the Late Ottoman, Russian, and Habsburg Spheres. Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-58146-7

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The First World War as a Caesura?

Demographic Concepts, Population Policy, and Genocide in the Late Ottoman, Russian, and Habsburg Spheres

Editors: Pschichholz, Christin

Gewaltpolitik und Menschenrechte, Vol. 3

(2020)

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Publisher Name: Duncker & Humblot
ISBN: 978-3-428-58146-7
978-3-428-18146-9 (print edition)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-58146-7
Edition: 1
Language: English
Pages: 248
Collections: HIST 2020
D&H 2020
NBE HIST
NBE D&H
Subjects: History: specific events & topics

About The Author

Christin Pschichholz ist wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin am Lehrstuhl für Militärgeschichte/Kulturgeschichte der Gewalt der Universität Potsdam. Ihr aktuelles Forschungsprojekt befasst sich mit der deutschen Rezeption ethnischer Gewalt während des Ersten Weltkriegs. Ihre Forschungsschwerpunkte sind das Deutsche Kaiserreich, der Erste Weltkrieg, Genozidforschung und historiographische Perspektiven auf Massengewalt.

Abstract

During the phases of mobile warfare, the ethnically and religiously very heterogeneous population in the border regions of the multi-ethnic empires suffered in particular. Even if the real military situation in the course of the war hardly gave cause for concern, the image of disloyal ethnic and national minorities was widespread. This was particularly the case when ethnic groups lived on both sides of the border and social and political tensions had already established themselves along ethnic or religious lines of conflict before the war. Displacements, deportations and mass violence were the result. The genocide of the Armenian population is the most extreme example of this development.

This anthology examines the border regions of the Ottoman, Russian and Habsburg empires during the First World War with regard to radical population policy and genocidal violence from a comparative perspective in order to draw a more precise picture of escalating and deescalating factors.

Section Title	Page	Action	Price
Inhaltsverzeichnis	5
Christin Pschichholz: The First World War as a Caesura?	7
Ronald Grigor Suny: Imperial Choices: Perceiving Threats and the Descent to Genocide	13
The Great War and the Clash of Empires	16
World War I and Ethnicity	19
The Armenian Genocide	21
Mark Levene: Deadly Geopolitics, Ethnic Mobilisations, and the Vulnerability of Peoples, 1914–18	33
The Great War and ˋNational' Peoples	35
Blaming the Jews: A Special Case	39
Perfidious Albion?	42
National Actors: Vision and Hubris	45
ˋMinorities': The Fateful Legacy of the Great Wa	47
Arno Barth: The Securitization of Minorities as a Bedrock of Population Policy	49
Psychological Approach (Affect Heuristics)	49
Political Science Approach (Securitization)	51
Securitization of Minorities during World War One	53
Siegfried Lichtenstaedter (Central Powers)	54
Buxton Brothers (Entente)	56
Georges Montandon (Neutral Countries)	57
Summary	59
Outlook	61
Hans-Lukas Kieser: Empire Overstretched Nation-state Enforced: The Young Turks Inaugurated the Europe of Extremes	65
Introduction: The Threshold of 1913	65
Late Ottoman Background	66
Reforms and Social Revolution Versus Reactionary Violence and Restored Empire	68
Ideological Radicalisation and Large-scale Demographic Engineering	70
Genocide	74
Removal of Muslims and Jews	77
Conclusion: The Lausanne Treaty Endorsed Extremes and Abandoned Minorities	78
Oktay Özel: The Role of Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa (Special Organization) in the Armenian Genocide	81
CUP, Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa and the Wa	83
Tehcir and the Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa	85
An Attempt at Reconstruction – The Teşkilât-ı Mahsusa (re-activated on 3 August 1914)	86
Dr Sakir as the Mastermind of Annihilatio	87
Armenians Perceived as ˋFifth Column'	89
Decision for Tehcir and Destruction (March 1915)	91
From Teşkilât-ı Mahsusa to Umur-ı Şarkiye Dairesi (5 April 1915)	93
“New SO” as a Criminal Organizatio	95
The CUP, the Government and the Harbiye: Institutional Responsibility	97
“SO Çetes” or Militia Bands	100
Official and Civilian Involvement and Complicity	102
In Lieu of Conclusio	105
Hilmar Kaiser: Zor District During the Initial Monthsof the Armenian Genocide	109
Rasulai	119
Conclusio	123
Hannes Leidinger: Systematization of Hatred	125
General Developments and the Dual Monarchy	125
The Mentality of the Habsburg Army and Notably of its Officers	126
Entanglements of International Tensions and Internal Conflicts, 1903–1914	126
The Triggering Event – 28 June 1914	127
Radicalization Through the Effects of the (new) Wa	127
Military Criminal Law and Command Structures	128
Mobile Warfare, Thrusts into Foreign Countries and ˋToils' of Occupation Regimes	129
The Imbalance of Forces	130
Ideas of Superiority	131
Heterogeneous Societies	131
Critical and Limiting Closing Remarks	132
Heiko Brendel: “Our land is small and it's pressed on all sides. Not one of us can live here peacefully.”	135
Introductio	135
Welcomed Liberators	135
Language, Religion, and Territory in Austro-Hungarian Occupied Montenegro	136
Montenegro's “Predatory” Socio-Economic Traditio	138
The Emergence of Anti-Muslim Nationalism in Montenegro	139
Nicholas's Muslim Subjects	142
The Balkan Wars and the Acquisition of “New Montenegro”	145
Under Austro-Hungarian Occupatio	147
Religions under Austro-Hungarian Occupatio	150
Justice and Education in Occupied Montenegro	151
Emigration and Immigration under Austro-Hungarian Rule	152
Conclusions	155
Serhiy Choliy: War as a Model of Population Movement in the Modern World: The Galician Perspectives in the First World Wa	159
Historical Background: Galicia before World War I	161
Historical Background: The Austro-Hungarian and Russian Claims Before World War I	163
World War I Begins: The Austrian Activities During the First Phase of the Wa	165
Mobilization: Everything for the Front	166
Mobilization: To Preserve Law and Orde	168
The World War Goes on: The Russian Occupation of Galicia	170
Pacification: Administration and Security	171
Painful Retreat: Evacuation and Political Aims	174
Conclusions	176
Konrad Zieliński: The Jews and the Bolsheviks	179
Peter Holquist: The Soviet Policy of De-cossackization During the Russian Civil War (1919)	191
Decossackization: ˋLiquidating' the Cossackry	195
Bibliography	217
Contributors	245

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The First World War as a Caesura?

Demographic Concepts, Population Policy, and Genocide in the Late Ottoman, Russian, and Habsburg Spheres

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