The European Investigation Order

doi:10.3790/978-3-428-58708-7

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Ambos, K., Heinze, A., Rackow, P., Šepec, M. (Eds.) (2023). The European Investigation Order. Legal Analysis and Practical Dilemmas of International Cooperation. Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-58708-7

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The European Investigation Order

Legal Analysis and Practical Dilemmas of International Cooperation

Editors: Ambos, Kai | Heinze, Alexander | Rackow, Peter | Šepec, Miha

Beiträge zum Internationalen und Europäischen Strafrecht / Studies in International and European Criminal Law and Procedure, Vol. 56

(2023)

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Publisher Name: Duncker & Humblot
ISBN: 978-3-428-58708-7
978-3-428-18708-9 (print edition)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-58708-7
Edition: 1
Language: English
Pages: 286
Collections: NBE D&H
NBE RECHT
RECHT 2023
D&H 2023
Subjects: Public international law: criminal law

About The Author

Peter Rackow ist seit 2018 außerplanmäßiger Professor an der Juristischen Fakultät der Georg-August-Universität (Göttingen) und seit 2021 Geschäftsführer des Göttinger Vereins zur Förderung der Strafrechtswissenschaft und Kriminologie sowie ihrer praktischen Anwendung e.V. Nach seiner Habilitation (2007) lehrte er ab 2010 an der Deutschen Hochschule der Polizei (Münster-Hiltrup) und war ab 2013 als Anwalt tätig, insbesondere im Bereich des Verkehrsrechts. Er ist langjähriges Mitglied des Landsjustizprüfungsamts Celle. Seine Forschungstätigkeit bezieht sich insbesondere auf den Bereich der Straftaten gegen die öffentliche Ordnung.

Miha Šepec, associate professor of criminal law, graduated in 2010 at the Faculty of Law of University of Ljubljana and later in 2015 finished his PhD in criminal law field at Faculty of Law of University of Maribor. He has published more than 150 works in the field of criminal law, international and constitutional law. His specialization is cybercrime, criminal law theory, criminal process, media law, and criminal constitutional doctrine. He is the single author of a scientific monography Cybercrime: Criminal Offences and Criminal Law Analysis, editor and leading author of the Commentary of the Slovenian Criminal Code and one of the authors of the Commentary of the Slovenian Constitution.

Abstract

This book is the last and final part of the project ›European Investigation Order - legal analysis and practical dilemmas of international cooperation - EIO-LAPD‹ in the EU Justice Programme. It presents a contribution to the European-wide discourse on how to enhance the effectiveness and the practical implementation of the Directive 2014/41/EU on the European Investigation Order in Criminal Matters of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 (EIO). Through national reports (Part I), the analysis of selected topics (Part II), and shorter case comments (Part III), the book’s objective is to equip target groups with specialised knowledge about the cross-border evidence gathering procedure described in the Directive 2014/41/EU. Unlike other parts of the project, this monograph is targeted at the legal community, students of law, NGOs and the interested public. Its goal is to achieve a greater inclusion of dilemmas connected with the practical application of the Directive into the legal and public discourse.This book is the last and final part of the project ›European Investigation Order - legal analysis and practical dilemmas of international cooperation - EIO-LAPD‹ in the EU Justice Programme. It presents a contribution to the European-wide discourse on how to enhance the effectiveness and the practical implementation of the Directive 2014/41/EU on the European Investigation Order in Criminal Matters of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 (EIO). Through national reports (Part I), the analysis of selected topics (Part II), and shorter case comments (Part III), the book’s objective is to equip target groups with specialised knowledge about the cross-border evidence gathering procedure described in the Directive 2014/41/EU. Unlike other parts of the project, this monograph is targeted at the legal community, students of law, NGOs and the interested public. Its goal is to achieve a greater inclusion of dilemmas connected with the practical application of the Directive into the legal and public discourse.

Section Title	Page	Action	Price
Preface	5
Table of Contents	7
List of Abbreviations	9
Introduction	13
Part I: National Reports	17
By Charlotte Genschel, Lara Schalk-Unger and Nikolina Kulundzija: The European Investigation Order – National Report Austria	19
I. Transposition of the Directive into Austrian Domestic Law	19
II. A Digest of Austrian Transposition Laws	21
1. Issuing Authorities	21
2. Executing Authorities	21
3. System of Validation	22
4. EIOs that Require a Court Order	22
5. Procedure if the Requested Investigation Measure is not Provided for by Austrian Law	23
6. The Principle of Proportionality in Austrian Criminal Law	23
7. Grounds for Rejection of an EIO under Austrian Law	24
8. Objections to Measures Ordered by an EIO	25
III. The EIO in practice	26
1. The Practical Experience with Non-Recognition/ Non-Execution Grounds	26
2. Practical Problems with the EIO Form	27
3. Experiences with the Time Frame	27
4. Specificities Regarding Digital Evidence in Practice	28
IV. Summary	28
By Elizabeta Ivičević Karas, Zoran Burić, Marin Bonačić and Aleksandar Maravelski: European Investigation Order in Croatia – Normative Framework and Practical Challenges	29
I. Introduction	29
II. Croatia as the Issuing State	32
1. Scope of Application	32
2. Issuing Authorities and Validation Procedure	33
3. Principle of Proportionality as a Precondition to Issue an EIO	35
III. Croatia as the Executing State	35
1. General Rules on Recognition and Execution and the Executing Authority	35
2. Recourse to a Different Type of Investigative Measure	36
3. Grounds for Non-Recognition and Non-Execution	38
IV. Cooperation Procedure	41
1. Channels of Communication	41
2. Language	41
3. Formalities and Procedure	42
4. Time Limits	43
V. Position of The Defence	45
1. EIOs Issued by the Defence	45
2. Legal Remedies	47
VI. Conclusion	48
By Kai Ambos, Peter Rackow and Alexander Heinze: The European Investigation Order – a German Perspective	51
I. Transposition of the Directive into German Domestic Law	51
II. The European Investigation Order in the German IRG	52
1. Scope of Application	52
2. Channels of Communication	52
3. Issuing Authorities	53
4. Executing Authorities	54
5. Outgoing EIOs	54
6. Incoming EIOs	55
a) Language	55
b) Time Limits	56
c) Court Orders	56
d) Fundamental Rights Clause/Proportionality	58
e) Implementation Of Grounds For Non-Recognition/Execution	60
f) Remedies	64
III. The EIO in Practice	66
1. The EIO Form	66
2. Time Frames	67
3. Channels of Communication	67
4. The Practical Experience with Non-Recognition/Non-Execution Grounds	67
5. Remedies	68
IV. Conclusion	68
By Laura Scomparin, Valeria Ferraris, Andrea Cabiale, Caroline Peloso and Oscar Calavita: Abbreviated National Report – Italy	69
I. The Implementation of the Directive of the European Investigation Order in the Italian Legal System	69
II. The Active Procedure	70
III. The Passive Procedure	70
IV. Language; Timeframe and Modality of Transmissions of EIO	72
V. The Role of the Central Authority	74
VI. The Proportionality of the EIO	75
VII. Special Methods of Execution and Guaranteed Acts of Investigations	76
VIII. Case of Refusal of EIO	77
IX. European Investigation Order and Fundamental Rights	80
X. Role of the Defence and Rulings of the Italian Courts	82
By Mário Simões Barata, Ana Paula Guimarães and Daniela Serra Castilhos: The European Investigation Order in Portugal – Legal Analysis and Practical Dilemmas	87
I. Introduction	87
II. Transposition	87
1. Drafting an EIO	88
2. Transmission	90
3. Recognition	90
4. Execution	92
5. Transfer	93
6. Other Questions	93
III. Practical Dilemmas: Data from the Issuing and Executing Authorities	94
1. Issuing an EIO	94
2. Transmission	96
3. Recognition	96
4. Execution	97
5. Transfer	98
6. Other Question: Evidence And Legal Remedies	99
IV. Practical Dilemmas: Attorneys	99
1. Issuing an EIO	100
2. Recognition	101
3. Execution	101
4. Evidence	102
5. Other Questions	103
V. Conclusion	103
By Miha Šepec, Tamara Dugar, Anže Erbežnik and Jan Stajnko: Legal Implementation and Practical Application of the EIO Directive in Slovenia	105
I. Introduction	105
II. Analysis of Legal Implementation of the EIO-Directive	105
III. Analysis of Practical Application of the EIO	112
1. Data from Issuing and Executing Authorities	113
2. Data from an Attorney	120
IV. Conclusion	121
By Miha Šepec, Tamara Dugar and Jan Stajnko: European Investigation Order – A Comparative Analysis of Practical and Legal Dilemmas	123
I. Introduction	123
II. Shortcomings of the EIO Form	124
III. Accepted Languages in Urgent Cases	126
IV. Transmission of EIOs and Electronic Evidence via (In-)‌Secure Communication Channels	127
V. Video Conference Tools	129
VI. Responding to Requests for Inexistent Measures	130
VII. The ne bis in idem Non-Recognition Ground	131
VIII. Coercive Measures	132
IX. Speciality Rule	134
X. Request for Issuing of EIOs by the Defence	135
XI. Conclusion	136
Part II: Special Topics	139
By Kai Ambos and Peter Rackow: Developments and Adaptations of the Principle of Mutual Recognition – Reflections on the Origins of the European Investigation Order with a View to a Practice-Oriented Understanding of the Mutual Recognition Principle	141
I. To Which Extent Does the European Investigation Order Really Rest on the Principle of Mutual Recognition?	141
II. Why Does the Mutual Recognition Principle Only Underpin the EIO in a Diluted Form?	145
1. Structural and Doctrinal Perspective – Is the Principle of Mutual Recognition Viable (for Mutual Assistance Concerning Evidence)?	146
2. The Level of German (Legal) Policy – A Lack of Trust in the Suitability of the Mutual Recognition Principle for the Field of Mutual Assistance in the Gathering of Evidence	150
a) The German Reaction to the EIO	150
b) The (Further) Negotiations and Their Outcome	154
III. What Are the Consequences of the Fact That the Principle of Mutual Recognition Only Forms the Basis of the EIO in a Watered-Down Form?	156
1. Direct Practical Consequences	156
2. Consequences for Legal Policy and Strategy	160
IV. What Remains? What Might the Future Hold?	161
By Laura Scomparin and Caroline Peloso: Defend Yourself, by Contesting: Considerations on the Relationship Between the Right of Defence and the Right to Contest in the European Investigation Order	163
I. Introduction: Legal Remedies and Fundamental Rights in the European Investigation Order	163
II. Legal Remedies in European Evidence Cooperation Tools	165
III. Issues Concerning the Equivalence of Legal Remedies and the Protection of Fundamental Rights in Court of Justice Case Law	169
IV. The Position of Defence and Victim in Relation to Legal Remedies in the European Investigation Order Matter	171
V. Final Remarks	176
By Caroline Peloso and Oscar Calavita: Interception of Telecommunications: Strengths and Weaknesses of the European Investigation Order Directive (2014/41/EU)	179
I. Introduction	179
II. The Regulations on Interception of Telecommunications in the EIO Directive: A Comparative Interpretation with the ˋOlder' Brussels Convention	180
1. The Competent Requesting Authority	182
2. The Requesting Procedure	184
3. The Execution Procedure	188
III. The Notion of ˋInterception of Telecommunications'	190
1. Interception of Telecommunications and Audio Surveillance	191
2. The Use of the Trojan Horse	193
3. Preventive Interception and Interception for Tracking Fugitives	194
4. Collection of Traffic and Location Data	195
IV. Interceptive EIO and Fundamental Rights	197
V. Conclusions	200
By Miha Šepec and Lara Schalk-Unger: Special Part of EU Criminal Law: The Level of Harmonization of the Categories of Offences Listed in Annex D in EU Legislation and Across Selected Member States	203
I. Introduction	203
II. The Categories of Offences	208
1. Offences Defined in EU Law	208
a) Trafficking in Human Beings	208
b) Sexual Exploitation of Children and Child Pornography	209
c) Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances	209
d) Fraud, Including That Affecting the Financial Interests of the European Union Within the Meaning of the Convention of 26 July 1995 on the Protection of the European Communities' Financial Interests	210
e) Laundering of the Proceeds of a Crime	211
f) Environmental Crime, Including Illicit Trafficking in Endangered Animal Species and in Endangered Plant Species and Varieties	212
g) Facilitation of Unauthorised Entry and Residence	212
h) Illicit Trade in Human Organ and Tissue	213
i) Kidnapping, Illegal Restraint and Hostage-Taking	213
j) Illicit Trafficking in Hormonal Substances and Other Growth Promoters	214
k) Illicit Trafficking in Nuclear or Radioactive Materials	215
2. Offences Not Clearly Defined in EU Law	215
a) Illicit Trafficking in Weapons, Munitions and Explosives	215
b) Computer-Related Crime	217
c) Murder, Grievous Bodily Injury	218
d) Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Goods, Including Antiques and Works of Art	218
e) Swindling	220
f) Counterfeiting and Piracy of Products	221
g) Trafficking in Stolen Vehicles	221
h) Arson	222
i) Sabotage	222
III. Conclusion	223
By Laura Scomparin and Andrea Cabiale: The Principle of Proportionality in Directive 2014/41/EU – Challenges of the Present and Opportunities for the Future	225
I. Introduction	225
II. The Principle of Proportionality in General Theory and in ECtHR Case Law	225
III. The Principle of Proportionality in the EU Context	229
IV. Necessity and Proportionality in EIO Directive	232
V. The Duties of the Issuing and Executing Authority	235
VI. The Lack of Proportionality and its Consequences	238
VII. Concluding Remarks	240
By Anže Erbežnik and Marin Bonačić: European Investigation Order, E-Evidence and the Future of Cross-Border Cooperation in the EU	243
I. Introduction	243
II. The Adoption of the EIO and the Main Points of Discussion Between the Two Legislators	245
1. The Notion of ˋJudicial Authority'	246
2. A Fundamental Rights Non-Recognition Clause	247
3. (Non-)‌Coercive Measures	250
III. E-Evidence Proposal and its Pitfalls	251
IV. A Harmonised Approach to Admissibility of Evidence and Data Retention as Cornerstones for a Functioning EU Evidence and E-Evidence System	255
1. Admissibility of Evidence and the Exclusionary Rule	255
2. Data Retention	258
V. Conclusions	262
Part III: Short Comments	263
By Jan Stajnko, Mário Simões Barata and István Szijártó : Comments re Gavanozov I and Gavanozov II	265
I. Jan Stajnko and Mário Simões Barata: A New CJEU Decision Regarding the EIO Form	265
II. Mário Simões Barata and Jan Stajnko: The Fundamental Rights Objections	266
III. Szijártó István: Considerations Regarding the Gavanozov II Case Before the CJEU	267
By Peter Rackow, Elizabeta Ivičević Karas, Zoran Burić, Marin Bonačić and Aleksandar Maravelski: Comments re Parquet de Lübeck	271
I. Peter Rackow: General Advocate's Opinion on the Eligibility of Prosecutors to Issue European Investigation Orders (C-584/19)	271
II. Peter Rackow: ECJ Grand Chamber Judgment on the Eligibility of Prosecutors to Issue European Investigation Orders (C-584/19)	273
III. Elizabeta Ivičević Karas, Zoran Burić, Marin Bonačić and Aleksandar Maravelski: The Effects of the ECJ Parquet de Lübeck Judgement on Croatian Criminal Justice System	274
List of Editors	277
List of Authors	279
Subject Index	283

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The European Investigation Order

Legal Analysis and Practical Dilemmas of International Cooperation

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