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Expert Cultures in Central Eastern Europe

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Kohlrausch, M., Steffen, K., Wiederkehr, S. (Eds.) (2010). Expert Cultures in Central Eastern Europe. The Internationalization of Knowledge and the Transformation of Nation States since World War I. fibre. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-88640-421-6
Kohlrausch, Martin; Steffen, Katrin and Wiederkehr, Stefan. Expert Cultures in Central Eastern Europe: The Internationalization of Knowledge and the Transformation of Nation States since World War I. fibre, 2010. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-88640-421-6
Kohlrausch, M, Steffen, K, Wiederkehr, S (eds.) (2010): Expert Cultures in Central Eastern Europe: The Internationalization of Knowledge and the Transformation of Nation States since World War I, fibre, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-88640-421-6

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Expert Cultures in Central Eastern Europe

The Internationalization of Knowledge and the Transformation of Nation States since World War I

Editors: Kohlrausch, Martin | Steffen, Katrin | Wiederkehr, Stefan

Einzelveröffentlichungen des Deutschen Historischen Instituts Warschau, Vol. 23

(2010)

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Abstract

Das 20. Jahrhundert war das Jahrhundert des Experten. Der Aufstieg des Experten als eines speziellen Typus des beruflich qualifizierten Individuums war das Ergebnis zunehmender Verwissenschaftlichung von Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Politik. In seiner öffentlichen Funktion handelt der Experte stets im Spannungsfeld zwischen einem universellen Verständnis von Wissenschaft und den politischen Anforderungen, die der Nationalstaat an ihn stellt.

Der vorliegende englischsprachige Band fragt nach dem Schicksal des Experten in Ostmitteleuropa vom Ende der dynastischen Imperien nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg bis zum Untergang des Kommunismus. Diese multiethnische Region mit ihrer gebrochenen Tradition von Staatlichkeit und politischen Systemen bildet ein ideales Fallbeispiel, um die komplexen Beziehungen zwischen transnationaler Kooperation und nationaler Orientierung im Handeln von Experten herauszuarbeiten.
The 20th century can be described as the century of the expert. The emergence of the expert as a specific type of professionally qualified individual was a result of the growing scientification of economy, society and politics. In his public function, the expert always operates between a universalist understanding of science and the politically defined requirements of the nation state.

This volume examines the fate of the expert in Central Eastern Europe from the breakdown of the dynastic empires after World War I to the end of Communism. This multiethnic region with its turbulent tradition of statehood and changing political systems provides an ideal case to reveal the complex relationship between the transnational cooperation among experts on the one hand and their national orientation on the other.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Table of Contents 5
I. Expert Cultures: Concepts, Questions and Research Agendas 7
Martin Kohlrausch / Katrin Steffen / Stefan Wiederkehr: Expert Cultures in Central Eastern Europe: The Internationalization of Knowledge and the Transformation of Nation States since World War I – Introduction 9
1. Technocratic Thinking and Technological Expertise 14
2. Expert Networks between National Loyalty and Internationalism 19
3. Reconsidering the Iron Curtain:Experts between East and West after 1945 25
Eva Horn: Experts or Impostors? Blindness and Insight in Secret Intelligence 31
II. Technocratic Thinking and Technological Expertise 41
Kenneth Bertrams: Planning and the ‘Techno-Corporatist Bargain’ in Western Europe and the United States, 1914–44: Diffusion and Confusion of Economic Models 43
1. The Techno-Corporatist Bargain: Scope and Limits of a Notion 45
2. The Experience of World War I 47
3. The Hooverian Momentum 51
4. A New Blueprint for Industrial Relations? 54
5. The Planning Alternative 57
6. Conclusion: From Cooperation between Classes to a Classless Society 60
Stefan Rohdewald: Mimicry in a Multiple Postcolonial Setting: Networks of Technocracy and Scientific Management in Piłsudski’s Poland 63
1. Scientific Management as an Opportunity for the Czechs to Become the ‘Yankees of Europe’ 67
2. The Envy and Ideal of Polish Scientists: Czech Scientific Management 70
3. Dzieduszycki’s Mimicry of Ford: The Adaptation of American ‘Solidary Imperialism’ 72
4. Polish Colonialism as Postcolonial Technocratic Utopia? 79
5. Conclusion 83
Elisabeth van Meer: ‘The Nation is Technological’: Technical Expertise and National Competition in the Bohemian Lands, 1800–1914 85
1. Before Engineering was National: Technical Expertise in the Bohemian Lands, 1717–1848 87
2. Technical Education and the Nationalization of Engineering in Bohemia, 1848-1914 90
3. The Nationalization of Bohemian Industry and Technology, 1848-1914 94
4. ‘The National Economy is Technological’: The Rise of Scientific Management in the Bohemian Lands, 1909–14 97
5. Conclusion 102
Valentina Fava: People’s Cars and People’s Technologies: Škoda and Fiat Experts Face the American Challenge (1918–48) 105
1. Limits and Challenges of Fiat’s ‘Do it like Ford’ in Fascist Italy (1918–43) 107
2. The ‘Czechoslovak Ford’ and Masaryk’s Czechoslovakia: Between Ideals and Pragmatism 109
3. Fiat’s ‘American Engagements’ in the Postwar Era 113
4. The Postwar Years: The Czechoslovak Path to Socialism and the American Model 115
5. Diverging Paths: Comparing the post-1945 Technical Missions of Fiat and Škoda 119
6. Conclusion 121
III. Expert Networks Between National Loyalty and Internationalism 125
Dagmara Jajeśniak-Quast: Polish Economic Circles and the Question of the Common European Market after World War I 127
1. Pan-Europe 127
2. Economic Circles 134
3. Freemasons 138
4. The Professional Network 140
5. Stranding 142
6. Conclusion 143
Ingo Loose: How to Run a State: The Question of Knowhow in Public Administration in the First Years after Poland’s Rebirth in 1918 145
1. Introduction and Theoretical Approach 145
2. Public Administration in the Wielkopolska Region 149
3. Conclusion 157
Roswitha Reinbothe: Languages and Politics of International Scientific Communication in Central Eastern Europe after World War I 161
1. Languages in International Scientific Communication 161
2. The Allies’ New Scientific Organization Including Poland and Czechoslovakia 162
3. German Activities against the Boycott 170
4. German Relations with Hungary: The International Zoological Congress in Budapest 1927 171
5. The International Congress of Historical Sciences in Warsaw 1933 173
6. The International Conference on Tuberculosisin Warsaw 1934 175
IV. Reconsidering the Iron Curtain: Experts Between East and West After 1945 179
Christoph Mick: Serving Two Dictators: German Scientists in the Soviet Union after World War II 181
1. Ideology and Politics 182
2. Survival and Professional Interests 185
3. Self-organization and Resistance 191
4. Conclusion 198
Pál Germuska: In a State of Technological Subjection: Soviet Advisers in the Hungarian Military Industry in the 1950s 199
1. The Soviet Advisory System in Central Eastern Europe and Hungary 202
2. Soviet Advisers in Hungarian Military Industry Companies 209
3. Conclusion 219
Sari Autio-Sarasmo: Cooperation across the Iron Curtain: Soviet Transfer of Technology from West Germany in the 1960s 223
1. Transferring Technologies: The Modernization of the Soviet Economy 225
2. Technology Transfer is organized 229
3. The Soviet Union and West Germany: Cooperation and Suspicion 232
4. Conclusion 236
Małgorzata Mazurek: Beyond the Iron Curtain: Experts, Consumer Rights and the Challenge of the Political in Poland (1980–89) 241
1. Polish Expert Consumerism in the Post-Stalinist Period 243
2. The Origins of the Federacja Konsumentów 246
3. Expert Consumers Association, Solidarność and the International Impact 248
4. Experts from the Democratic Opposition 249
5. Institutions and Ideas of the Solidarność Consumer Movement 253
6. Solidarność Experts and the Challenge of the Political in the 1980s 257
7. Conclusion 261
Appendix 263
List of Contributors 263
List of Abbreviations 265
Persons Index 269