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Women and Men at War

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Röger, M., Leiserowitz, R. (Eds.) (2012). Women and Men at War. A Gender Perspective on World War II and its Aftermath in Central and Eastern Europe. fibre. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-944870-21-2
Röger, Maren and Leiserowitz, Ruth. Women and Men at War: A Gender Perspective on World War II and its Aftermath in Central and Eastern Europe. fibre, 2012. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-944870-21-2
Röger, M, Leiserowitz, R (eds.) (2012): Women and Men at War: A Gender Perspective on World War II and its Aftermath in Central and Eastern Europe, fibre, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-944870-21-2

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Women and Men at War

A Gender Perspective on World War II and its Aftermath in Central and Eastern Europe

Editors: Röger, Maren | Leiserowitz, Ruth

Einzelveröffentlichungen des Deutschen Historischen Instituts Warschau, Vol. 28

(2012)

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Abstract

Der Zweite Weltkrieg veränderte die Gesellschaften Mittel- und Osteuropas grundlegend. Soziale Bindungen und Strukturen wurden durch brutale Besatzungspolitiken und weitreichende Deportationen zerstört, mit Langzeitfolgen für die Gesellschaften in ihrer Ganzheit, aber auch für deren Individuen in ihrem sozialen Gefüge. Nicht zuletzt Geschlechterrollen und Geschlechterverhältnisse wurden davon beeinflusst. Diese alltags- und geschlechterhistorische Dimension des Zweiten Weltkrieges in Mittel- und Osteuropa kam in bisherigen Forschungen oft zu kurz, wodurch ein integrierter Blick auf Auswirkungen in der Nachkriegszeit verstellt wurde.

Der vorliegende Band versammelt Beiträge zu unterschiedlichen Ländern dieser Region, die von mehrfachen Eroberungen und brutalen Besatzungen durch deutsche und sowjetische Aggressoren sowie durch die daraus folgenden innergesellschaftlichen Spannungen und Konflikte geprägt wurden, die sich entlang ideologischer und ethnischer Kategorien entluden. Im Zentrum stehen dabei Fragen nach ideologischen Vorgaben und alltäglicher Umsetzung von Geschlechterrollen in den Besatzungs- und Verteidigungsarmeen sowie den Partisanengruppen, nach der Macht gegenderter Deutungsmuster in offizieller Propaganda und individueller Selbstdeutung von Okkupanten und Okkupierten, sowie nach den dementsprechenden Auswirkungen des Krieges in die Nachkriegszeit. Geschlechtsspezifische körperliche Erfahrungen spielen ebenfalls eine wichtige Rolle.
The Second World War fundamentally changed the societies of Central and Eastern Europe. Social bonds and structures were destroyed by brutal occupation policies and extensive deportations. These had long-term consequences for the societies as a whole, but also for individuals within the social fabric of their lives. Not least of all, gender roles and gender relations were influenced by it. This everyday and gender historical dimension of the Second World War in Central and Eastern Europe has often come up short in the research whereby an integrated view of the effects in the post-war period was obscured.

This volume represents a collection of contributions about different countries in this region. This was an area scarred by having been overpowered and seized multiple times and by the brutal occupations of German and Soviet aggressors. And then there were the inner-societal tensions and conflicts that followed, discharging themselves along ideological and ethnic lines. The central questions are (1) about the ideological promptings and the everyday transformation of gender roles in the occupation and defense armies as well as in the partisan groups; (2) about the power of gendered interpretive models in official propaganda and the individual self-understanding of those who were occupiers and those being occupied; and (3) the corresponding effects of the war on the post-war period. Gender-specific bodily experiences also play an important role.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Table of Contents 5
Foreword of the Editors 7
Maren Röger / Ruth Leiserowitz: Introduction. Gender and World War II in Central and Eastern Europe 9
Did the war and post-war twisting lead to a deformed double helix? 9
Post-war twisting II: Why have questions about the gender history dimension of the Second World War in Central and Eastern Europe largely failed to appear? 14
Aims and Limitations of this Volume 18
Gender Rules: The Power of Ideologically and Autobiographically Gendered Interpretive Models 21
Gender Roles and Gendered Identities in Armies 22
Gender Roles and Gendered Identities in Partisan Movements 25
Post-War: (Dis-)Continuities and Memories 27
Gender and Sex: the Intrusions of World War II 28
Gender: Dynamization Gender Roles in Central and Eastern Europe through World War II 28
Bodily Experiences 30
I. Gender Rules: The Power of Ideologically and Autobiographically Gendered Interpretive Models 33
Elizabeth Harvey: Homelands on the Move. Gender, Space and Dislocation in the Nazi Resettlement of German Minorities from Eastern and Southeastern Europe 35
Masters over time and space: the resettlement teams and their narratives 41
Onward journeys 53
Conclusions 56
Mara Lazda: The Discourse of Power through Gender in World War II Latvia 59
Soviet Occupation and the Press: Cīņa and Darba Sieviete 60
Press under the Nazi Occupation: Tēvija and Mana Māja 65
“Old Wine in New Bottles”: Latvian Memories of Occupation 73
Conclusion 79
Andrea Pető: Women as Victims and Perpetrators in World War II. The Case of Hungary 81
The people’s tribunals: characteristics and their consequences 82
Gender regimes and people’s tribunals 84
Serendipity: stories and sources about sexual violence during WWII 87
Frames of remembering: continuity and change 89
Conclusion 92
II. Gender Roles and Gendered Identities in Armies 95
Łukasz Kielban: Honor and Masculinity in the Polish Officer Corps during World War II in Captivity. Escapes and Courts of Honor: The Case of Oflag VII-A Murnau 97
Honor and masculinity 98
The life of a surrendered officer 101
The escape 106
The Courts of Honor for Officers 109
The relicts of the old era 113
Kerstin Bischl: Telling Stories. Gender Relationships and Masculinity in the Red Army 1941-45 117
The focus on female Red Army soldiers and its shortcomings 117
The German war of annihilation and the consequences for the Red Army 121
Shaken social structures within the Red Army and the implications of violence 123
Gendered features of the male Red Army soldier 126
A narrowed perception of women and a radicalization of masculinity in wartime 128
Telling stories afterwards? 132
Maren Röger: Sexual Contact between German Occupiers and Polish Occupied in World War II Poland 135
The Invasion of German Men 137
Intimate Relations or Patriotism: The Reaction of the Polish Society 141
(Sexual) Bartering with the ‘Herrenmenschen’ 146
Ambivalent Attitudes in the SS 150
Prosecution or Wedding: The Reaction of the NS-Authorities 152
Conclusion 154
Franka Maubach: Love, Comradeship, and Power – German Auxiliaries and Gender Relations in the Occupied Territories 157
Introduction: Isolde Springer and her boyfriend Willy: Between love and comradeship 157
How to write and for what purpose a gender integrated history of occupation and warfare? 158
Motives of German Women’s Auxiliaries 164
Gender-Relationships in and beyond the Military 168
Helping hands? Relations of the male and female military service 173
Losing superiority and becoming scapegoats 175
Georgeta Nazarska / Sevo Yavashchev: Change in Gender Roles. The Participation of Bulgarian Women in World War II 179
Introduction 179
State of Research 179
Bulgarian Women in the Interwar Period (1919 – 1939) 181
Bulgarian Women and Bulgaria’s Participation in World War II (May 1940 – September 1944) 182
Participation of Bulgarian Women in the Communist Resistance Movement (June 1941 – September 1944) 183
Participation of Bulgarian Women at the Front in the Warag ainst Nazi Germany (September 1944 – May 1945) 187
Activity of Bulgarian Women in the Back Areas during the War against Nazi Germany (September 1944 – May 1945) 191
Conclusions 193
III. Gender Roles and Gendered Identities in Partisan Movements 197
Ruth Leiserowitz: In the Lithuanian Woods. Jewish and Lithuanian Female Partisans 199
The research subject and the issues 199
Current State of the Research and the Sources 200
Partisan Groups in Lithuanian Territory since 1942 203
How Did Women Become Partisans 204
Female Partisans against Families 207
In the Woods 209
Gender Roles and Relationships 211
The End of the Partisan Period 213
Photos 215
Conclusion 217
Barbara N. Wiesinger: Gendered Resistance. Women Partisans in Yugoslavia (1941-45) 219
Introduction 219
The historical context 221
The mobilization of women for armed resistance 224
Women’s self-mobilization for armed resistance 227
Military practice 230
Women partisans in cultural memory 238
Olena Petrenko: Anatomy of the Unsaid. Along the Taboo Lines of Female Participation in the Ukrainian Nationalistic Underground 241
Genderless nationalists? Soviet propaganda versus Diaspora about OUN 243
Recollections as a Research Source for the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. The Case of Maria Savchyn 247
UPA-Insurgents: Role models 252
Female participation at the UPA and Security Service of OUN(b) 254
Conclusion 259
IV. Post-War: (Dis-)Continuities and Memories 261
Irina Rebrova: Russian Women about the War. A Gender Analysis of Ego-Documents 263
Woman and War: the Historiography in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia 263
Characteristics of Collected Sources and Research Methodology 266
Everyday Life in Wartime narrated by Women 269
Sexuality and Sexual Violence in Wartimes: From a long silence to first narrations 274
Instead of a Conclusion:Gender-specific Practices of Remembering 279
Vita Zelče: Latvian Women After World War II 281
“A New Woman” 285
A Look Back: Latvia During the War 289
Post-war Latvia 292
On Social Contracts 297
Sovietisation and Collaboration 299
Conclusion 305
Barbara Klich-Kluczewska: Making Up for the Losses of War. Reproduction Politics in Post-War Poland 307
Opening Balance: National sense of loss 309
Demographic and socio-political transformation and the position of women 312
Fertility Policy: The dimensions of the Polish pro-natalist policy 314
Propaganda dimension 315
Social dimension 317
Medical dimension 318
Policy towards abortion as part of the pro-natalist policy 320
Enforcing law 321
Conclusion 326
Appendix 326
Contributors 329
List of Abbreviations 335
Index of Persons 339