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Making Justice Visible

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Leiserowitz, R., Malinauskaitė, G., Vitkus, H. (Eds.) (2022). Making Justice Visible. War Crimes Trials, Media and Memory after World War II. fibre. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-88640-438-4
Leiserowitz, Ruth; Malinauskaitė, Gintarė and Vitkus, Hektoras. Making Justice Visible: War Crimes Trials, Media and Memory after World War II. fibre, 2022. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-88640-438-4
Leiserowitz, R, Malinauskaitė, G, Vitkus, H (eds.) (2022): Making Justice Visible: War Crimes Trials, Media and Memory after World War II, fibre, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-88640-438-4

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Making Justice Visible

War Crimes Trials, Media and Memory after World War II

Editors: Leiserowitz, Ruth | Malinauskaitė, Gintarė | Vitkus, Hektoras

Einzelveröffentlichungen des Deutschen Historischen Instituts Warschau, Vol. 45

(2022)

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Abstract

Inwieweit haben Medien die Wahrnehmung der Kriegsverbrecherprozesse und der historischen Narrative des Zweiten Weltkriegs, die im Mittelpunkt dieser Verfahren standen, gestaltet? Wurde die Medienberichterstattung von der politischen Agenda beeinflusst und durch ideologische Zwänge der jeweiligen Länder geprägt? Welche Erinnerungen an die Vergangenheit wurden durch die Medienberichterstattung wiedergewonnen oder ausgeschlossen? Welche Geschichte der Nachkriegsjustiz konzipierten Journalisten, Filmemacher und andere Medienakteure? Erinnern wir uns bis heute an diese Kriegsverbrecherprozesse so, wie die Medien es sich vorgestellt haben?

Dieser Band befasst sich mit der vielschichtigen Geschichte von Kriegsverbrecherprozessen nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg und analysiert Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Recht, Medien und Erinnerung. Er versammelt Artikel anerkannter Wissenschaftler und von Nachwuchsforschern, die ein breites Spektrum internationaler Perspektiven bieten. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf ausgewählten Kriegsverbrecherprozessen in der Sowjetunion, Polen, Jugoslawien sowie Ost- und Westdeutschland. Die Autoren erörtern, wie Medien die Kriegsverbrecherprozesse, die nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg stattfanden, in verschiedenem Licht dargestellt haben. Durch den Fokus auf diese Prozesse als medial vermittelte Ereignisse zeigen sie auf, wie die Medien diese Gerichtsverfahren für ein größeres Publikum übersetzten und die Rechtsgrundsätze der Justizsysteme präsentierten.
How much has media shaped the perception of war crimes trials and the historical narratives of World War II that were at the center of those proceedings? Has media reporting been influenced by political agenda and affected by the ideological constraints of the corresponding countries? What memories of the past have been recovered or excluded by media coverage? What history of postwar justice was conceived by the work of journalists, filmmakers and other media actors? Do we remember those war crimes trials to this day the way media have envisioned for us to recall them?

This volume addresses the multifaceted history of war crimes trials after World War II and analyzes the interrelationship of law, media and memory. It brings together articles of recognized and emerging scholars, offering a wide range of international perspectives. The spotlight is on selected war crimes trials in the Soviet Union, Poland, Yugoslavia, and East and West Germany. The authors discuss how media (mis)represented war crimes trials that took place after World War II. By focusing on these trials as mediated events, the volume shows how media translated those legal proceedings for larger audiences and portrayed the legal principles of the analyzed judicial systems.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Table of Contents 5
Ruth Leiserowitz / Gintarė Malinauskaitė / Hektoras Vitkus: Introduction: War crimes trials, media and memory after World War II 9
The articles of this volume 28
I. Remaining Beyond the Public: The Early Post-War Trials in Germany 39
Edith Raim: East and West German prosecutions of Nazi crimes and public reactions 41
Part One: Legal conditions 43
Part Two: Statistical survey of trials in East and West Germany 48
Part Three: The prosecution of Holocaust crimes in Lithuania by postwar courts in East and West Germany 53
Part Four: Public reactions and long-term impact 60
II. Making Justice Public in the Communist Regimes: The Soviet Union, East Germany and Poland 67
Zigmas Vitkus: Paneriai. Mass executions in the mirror of the Soviet Extraordinary State Commission and the press (1944–1945) 69
Introduction 69
Literature review 70
Archival sources and methods 73
The establishment of the Commission in Moscow 73
The beginning of the survey in Paneriai 77
The Commission in Paneriai: The number of victims 79
The Commission’s final report: Motives for the mass murder according to the Soviets 81
The meeting in Paneriai: ‘Paneriai is a common graveyard’ 83
Paneriai in the press: Jews ‘after the comma’ 86
The final Communiqué: No Jews 90
Conclusions 92
Gintarė Malinauskaitė: Soviet (in)justice goes abroad. The 1964 Klaipėda war crimes trial and media warfare in the USA 95
Introduction 95
The Holocaust and its aftermath in Skuodas: Contextualizing the mass murder, perpetrators and local community 98
The 1964 Klaipėda trial: Historical and legal contexts 103
Mediated Soviet war crimes jurisprudence: The presentation and reception of the 1964 Klaipėda trial in the US 111
Conclusions 126
Łukasz Jasiński: Polish and East German press coverage of war crimes trials during the 1950s and 1960s. An attempt at a comparison 129
Introduction 129
The late 1950s and the case of Erich Koch 134
Narrative concerning the Central Office in Ludwigsburg 138
The Auschwitz trial and its press coverage 141
Propaganda campaign and the show trial of Hans Globke 145
The trials in the ‘anti-fascist’ GDR: The case of Josef Blösche 148
Conclusion 150
Jakub Muchowski: The Eichmann trial and Polish memory cultures in the 1960s 153
Introduction 153
‘We already know it’ and uncontrolled memory return 156
Psychological portrait of the war criminal 163
The nature of evil 167
Images of perpetrators 169
Conclusion 171
III. Staging Justice: Dramaturgy of War Crimes Trials in East Germany, Poland and the Soviet Union 173
Annette Weinke: Defensive visual justice. Strategies of mediatization in early Nazi trials in East Germany 175
A permanent ‘problem child’? Historicizing East German investigations against war criminals 178
Idiosyncrasies of Nazi investigations in postwar East Germany 184
The Dresden doctors’ trial of 1947 186
The Görlitz show trial of 1948 188
1) Court design and the role of the judiciary 192
2) Visualization of guilt 193
3) The ambiguities of atrocity forensics 194
Conclusion 196
Justas Stončius: Allusions to the Holocaust. The construction of Soviet Lithuanian documentary films about war crimes trials 197
Introduction 197
The Holocaust in Soviet documentary films about war crimes trials 199
Holocaust allusions in feature films 210
Conclusion 214
Katja S. Baumgärtner: The female gaze and agency in court. Wacław Florkowski’s and Danuta Brzosko-Mędryk’s feature film Zagrożenie [Danger], Poland 1976 217
Four authentic voices 219
The trial in the media: The meaning of voyeurism 223
Gazes in the courtroom 225
Traumatic memories in court and on film 229
Courage: Taking on the witness’ own view 232
Concluding thoughts 235
IV. The Intersection of Politics, Law, Memory and the Media: Internationalization of War Crimes Trials in Yugoslavia, West Germany, Poland, Turkey and Lithuania 239
Klara Muhle-Szumski: Draža Mihailović before the tribunal. Entangled media narratives and internal discussions in Yugoslavia, Great Britain and the US 241
Introduction 241
Part I: Mihailović in the West and in Yugoslavia 245
Part II: The postwar situation in Yugoslavia 247
Part III: 24 March: The declaration of Mihailović’s capture 250
Part IV: The Yugoslav response to the American note – ‘A serious historical error’ 253
Part V: The ‘alternative trial’ in the US 255
Part VI: ‘In the name of the people’: The tribunal 257
Conclusion 260
Paulina Gulińska-Jurgiel: Coming to terms with NS crimes. A case study on media reports and real experience from Poland and West Germany in the 1960s 263
Introduction 263
The Cold War, the mass media and Polish–West German relations and war crimes 264
Protagonists between the mass media and silence 267
Cooperation between the media and the backstage 269
Conclusions 277
Hülya Tuncor: Creating a cosmopolitan memory? The reception of the Eichmann trial in the Turkish print media in the 1960s 279
Theoretical Frame 279
Transnationality and media as prerequisites for the appropriation of memory 281
The Turkish newspaper … but which one? 283
Simultaneities: Locating the Eichmann trial within national and international historical events 284
From the global to the local 285
Example: Reporting on 8 April 1961 288
Conclusion 291
Anne Klein: Historical justice through democratic action. French Holocaust survivors and the Lischka trial in Cologne (1971–1980) 293
Introduction 293
1. Politico-juridical barriers in the society of West German perpetrators 297
2. Democratic action of Holocaust survivors for historical justice 305
Postscript 314
Vygantas Vareikis: The course of the prosecution and judgment of Aleksandras Lileikis in Lithuania 319
Introduction 319
Complications with the Aleksandras Lileikis case in the US 324
Controversy over the Aleksandras Lileikis case (1995–1997) 326
From the year of Vilna Gaon to 2000 334
Concluding remarks 336
Contributors 338
Abbreviations 342
Index of Persons 345