Dictatorship, Democracy, and Transitional Justice in Global Legal History

doi:10.3790/978-3-428-58579-3

Dictatorship, Democracy, and Transitional Justice in Global Legal History

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Czeguhn, I., Thiessen, J. (Eds.) (2023). Dictatorship, Democracy, and Transitional Justice in Global Legal History. Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-58579-3

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Dictatorship, Democracy, and Transitional Justice in Global Legal History

Editors: Czeguhn, Ignacio | Thiessen, Jan

Schriften zur Rechtsgeschichte, Vol. 219

(2023)

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Publisher Name: Duncker & Humblot
ISBN: 978-3-428-58579-3
978-3-428-18579-5 (print edition)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-58579-3
Edition: 1
Language: English
Pages: 214
Collections: Duncker & Humblot Open Access
Subjects: Political ideologies
Legal history

About The Author

Ignacio Czeguhn studierte Jura in Würzburg, wo er ebenfalls promovierte und habilitierte. Er ist Lehrstuhlinhaber an der Freien Universität Berlin für Bürgerliches Recht, Europäische und Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte sowie vergleichende Rechtsgeschichte, Mitglied im wissenschaftlichen Beirat der Gesellschaft für Reichskammergerichtsforschung, Mitglied der königlichen Akademie für Recht und Jurisprudenz in Granada und Träger der Georges-Sarton Medaille der Juristischen Fakultät der Universität Gent (2017). Korrespondierendes Mitglied der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig.

Jan Thiessen studierte Jura an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, an der er auch provomiert wurde und sich habilitierte. Von 2010 bis 2017 war er Inhaber des Lehrstuhls für Bürgerliches Recht, Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte und Juristische Zeitgeschichte, Handels- und Gesellschaftsrecht an der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen. Seit 2017 ist er Inhaber des Lehrstuhls für Bürgerliches Recht, Juristische Zeitgeschichte und Wirtschaftsrechtsgeschichte an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Seit 2015 ist er Mitglied des Arbeitskreises Rechtswissenschaft und Zeitgeschichte an der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz.

Abstract

The anthology presents the lectures given on the symposium »From Dictatorship to democracy« at the House of the Wannsee Conference on 13-14 September 2021. The aim of the organizers was to show what problems existed during the transition from dictatorship to democracy in several countries around the world. They all enacted laws or other measures to ensure that fundamental rights and the rule of law would resist anti-democratic ideologies, anti-Semitism, racism, and war crimes in the future. However, the legal system and law in these countries themselves often had their origins in dictatorship. Thus, there were and are obvious and hidden anti-democratic continuities that influence law and the legal system up to the present. Scientifics and jurists from Italy, Japan, Poland, Spain, South Africa, and Germany examine these continuities in their contributions.The anthology presents the lectures given on the symposium »From Dictatorship to democracy« at the House of the Wannsee Conference on 13-14 September 2021. The aim of the organizers was to show what problems existed during the transition from dictatorship to democracy in several countries around the world. They all enacted laws or other measures to ensure that fundamental rights and the rule of law would resist anti-democratic ideologies, anti-Semitism, racism, and war crimes in the future. However, the legal system and law in these countries themselves often had their origins in dictatorship. Thus, there were and are obvious and hidden anti-democratic continuities that influence law and the legal system up to the present. Scientifics and jurists from Italy, Japan, Poland, Spain, South Africa, and Germany examine these continuities in their contributions.

Section Title	Page	Action	Price
Preface	5
Inhaltsverzeichnis	7
Ignacio Czeguhn / Jan Thiessen: Dictatorship, Democracy, and Transitional Justice in Global Legal History – an Introduction	9
Ignacio Czeguhn: The Berlin Administration of Justice after 1945 – Factual and Personnel Continuities with the Nazi Justice System	15
I. Introduction	15
II. First Steps in Statistics	16
III. First Case Studies	17
IV. The Work in the Federal Archives and the Landesarchiv	20
V. The Website Project	23
Vittoria Calabrò: Continuità e discontinuità nel passaggio dalla dittatura alla democrazia: la vicenda del giurista Gaspare Ambrosini	25
I. 1943–1947: quali cesure, quali persistenze? Riflessioni introduttive	25
II. Tra carriera accademica e impegno politico: la vicenda di Gaspare Ambrosini	30
III. L'esperienza alla Corte costituzionale	36
IV. Per concludere …	39
Bronisław Sitek / Albert Pielak: From Sovietization to Democratization of Justice in Poland (1944–1997)	41
I. Introduction	41
II. Part I: Period 1944–1956, Introduction of the Soviet Model of Justice	42
1. Introductory Issues	42
2. Characteristics of the Functioning of the Judiciary	43
3. Characteristics of the Organization of the Judiciary	45
4. Personnel Selection	46
5. Ruling in the Courts	47
a) Characteristics of Ruling	47
b) Legal Grounds for Issuing a Criminal Conviction	48
6. Summary	51
III. Part II: Period 1956–1981, Stabilization of the Soviet Model of Justice	51
1. Introductory Issues	51
2. Justice System of the Polish Peoples Republic in the Years 1956–1970	53
3. Justice System of the Polish Peoples Republic in 1970–1980	55
4. The Rise of “Solidarność” Movement and the Introduction of Martial Law	56
5. Summary	58
IV. Part III: Period 1981–1997, The Road to the Democratization of the Judiciary	58
1. Constitutional Court	58
2. Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court	60
3. State Tribunal	61
4. The Legal Bar	62
5. Transnational Justice in Poland	63
6. The Constitution of the Republic of 1997	65
V. Conclusions	66
Miho Mitsunari: Wartime Sexual Violence and War Responsibility: The “Comfort Women Issue” in Japan	69
I. Introduction	69
II. “Transitional Justice” and the “Comfort Women” Issue	69
1. The “Comfort Women” Issue as an Issue of “Unfinished Justice”	69
2. Three Premises	70
a) Who are “Comfort Women”?	70
b) Historical Background	71
c) What Happened in the 1990s?	73
3. Remarks from Several UN Committees	74
III. Initiatives for Compensation and Reconciliation	77
1. The “Comfort Women” Issue in Historiography	77
a) Post-War Histography and the “Comfort Women” Issue	77
b) Historical Perception and Legal Responsibility	79
c) The Statement of 2015	80
2. The Japanese Government and Judiciary	82
a) The Japanese Government's Position of Issues Being Settled – Re-Reading the Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea	82
b) The Two Faces of Justice – Find the Facts, but Don't Judge About the Legal Responsible	83
aa) Illegality Under International Law	83
bb) Legal Responsibility and Domestic Law	84
c) Attempts and Setbacks of the “Asian Women's Fund”	84
3. The Women's International War Crimes Tribunal	85
IV. Future Issues	87
1. Passing on “Memories” and “Reconciliation” – Textbooks and Museums	87
2. The Importance of “Restoring Dignity” – Legal Responsibility and Moral Obligation	88
3. Understanding Wartime Sexual Violence – From “Asking” to “Listening”	89
V. Conclusion – International Frameworks to Pursue “Transitional Justice”	89
José Antonio Pérez Juan: The Amnesty Measures of the Spanish Transition	91
I. The First Amnesty Measures of the Spanish Transition	91
1. The General Pardon of 1975	91
2. The First Amnesty of the Spanish Transition	93
II. Law 46/1977, October 15 of Amnesty	94
1. Parliamentary Processing	94
2. Content and Application	97
3. Evaluation	98
a) International Perspective	99
b) Response at the Internal Level	101
Antonio Sánchez Aranda: Franco's Regime. From Totalitarianism to Authoritarianism in its Repressive Model (April 1936–November 1975)	105
I. Introduction. The Spanish Political Transition	106
II. The Franco Regime	109
1. Francoism, a Pseudo-Fascism	110
2. Repression: Features and Phases	113
III. By Way of Conclusion	122
Ramón M. Orza Linares: La transición a la democracia en los países de América Central	125
I. Introducción	125
II. Qué entendemos por transición a la democracia	129
III. Características propias de las transiciones en Centro y Sudamérica	133
IV. Algunos ejemplos centroamericanos	142
Nicaragua	142
El Salvador	148
Gerhard Kemp: From Apartheid to Democracy in South Africa	153
I. Introduction and Historical Background	153
II. The Chronology and Main Features of the Political Negotiations Between 1990 and 1993	158
1. The Pre-1990 Processes and Initiatives	158
2. The 2 February 1990 Speech and the Start of official Negotiations	159
3. The Referendum's Aftermath	160
4. The Multi-Party Negotiating Process	161
5. Adoption of an Interim Constitution	163
III. The Role of the Transitional Executive Council	163
IV. Democratic Elections and the Constitutional Assembly	165
V. The Government of National Unity	167
VI. The Adoption of the “Final” Constitution	169
VII. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)	170
VIII. Concluding Remarks	176
Claudia Vanoni: Drei Jahre Antisemitismusbeauftragte der Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Berlin – ein Erfahrungsbericht	177
Samuel Salzborn: Kontinuität, Tradierung und Transformation des Antisemitismus	185
Jan Thiessen: The Treatment of the Nazi Past in Contemporary German Legal Education	191
I. Legal Studies and Legal Thinking	191
II. Why to Focus on the Nazi Past	193
III. Why East Germany Is Different	195
IV. Lessons from Post-Colonial Studies	196
V. Nazi Past as a Subject of Legal Education	197
VI. Some Examples	198
1. Constitutional Law	198
2. Administrative Law	199
3. Criminal Law	200
a) Benefits by Deception and Embezzlement	200
b) Murder and Manslaughter	200
4. Private Law	202
a) General Clauses	202
b) Family Law	203
VII. Legal Methodology	203
Benjamin Lahusen: Learning from History?	207
List of Authors	213