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Dictatorship, Democracy, and Transitional Justice in Global Legal History

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Czeguhn, I., Thiessen, J. (Eds.) (2023). Dictatorship, Democracy, and Transitional Justice in Global Legal History. Duncker & Humblot. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-58579-3
Czeguhn, Ignacio and Thiessen, Jan. Dictatorship, Democracy, and Transitional Justice in Global Legal History. Duncker & Humblot, 2023. Book. https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-58579-3
Czeguhn, I, Thiessen, J (eds.) (2023): Dictatorship, Democracy, and Transitional Justice in Global Legal History, Duncker & Humblot, [online] https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-58579-3

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Dictatorship, Democracy, and Transitional Justice in Global Legal History

Editors: Czeguhn, Ignacio | Thiessen, Jan

Schriften zur Rechtsgeschichte, Vol. 219

(2023)

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Book Details

About The Author

Ignacio Czeguhn studierte Jura in Würzburg, wo er ebenfalls promovierte und habilitierte. Er ist Lehrstuhlinhaber an der Freien Universität Berlin für Bürgerliches Recht, Europäische und Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte sowie vergleichende Rechtsgeschichte, Mitglied im wissenschaftlichen Beirat der Gesellschaft für Reichskammergerichtsforschung, Mitglied der königlichen Akademie für Recht und Jurisprudenz in Granada und Träger der Georges-Sarton Medaille der Juristischen Fakultät der Universität Gent (2017). Korrespondierendes Mitglied der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig.

Jan Thiessen studierte Jura an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, an der er auch provomiert wurde und sich habilitierte. Von 2010 bis 2017 war er Inhaber des Lehrstuhls für Bürgerliches Recht, Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte und Juristische Zeitgeschichte, Handels- und Gesellschaftsrecht an der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen. Seit 2017 ist er Inhaber des Lehrstuhls für Bürgerliches Recht, Juristische Zeitgeschichte und Wirtschaftsrechtsgeschichte an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Seit 2015 ist er Mitglied des Arbeitskreises Rechtswissenschaft und Zeitgeschichte an der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz.

Abstract

The anthology presents the lectures given on the symposium »From Dictatorship to democracy« at the House of the Wannsee Conference on 13-14 September 2021. The aim of the organizers was to show what problems existed during the transition from dictatorship to democracy in several countries around the world. They all enacted laws or other measures to ensure that fundamental rights and the rule of law would resist anti-democratic ideologies, anti-Semitism, racism, and war crimes in the future. However, the legal system and law in these countries themselves often had their origins in dictatorship. Thus, there were and are obvious and hidden anti-democratic continuities that influence law and the legal system up to the present. Scientifics and jurists from Italy, Japan, Poland, Spain, South Africa, and Germany examine these continuities in their contributions.The anthology presents the lectures given on the symposium »From Dictatorship to democracy« at the House of the Wannsee Conference on 13-14 September 2021. The aim of the organizers was to show what problems existed during the transition from dictatorship to democracy in several countries around the world. They all enacted laws or other measures to ensure that fundamental rights and the rule of law would resist anti-democratic ideologies, anti-Semitism, racism, and war crimes in the future. However, the legal system and law in these countries themselves often had their origins in dictatorship. Thus, there were and are obvious and hidden anti-democratic continuities that influence law and the legal system up to the present. Scientifics and jurists from Italy, Japan, Poland, Spain, South Africa, and Germany examine these continuities in their contributions.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Preface 5
Inhaltsverzeichnis 7
Ignacio Czeguhn / Jan Thiessen: Dictatorship, Democracy, and Transitional Justice in Global Legal History – an Introduction 9
Ignacio Czeguhn: The Berlin Administration of Justice after 1945 – Factual and Personnel Continuities with the Nazi Justice System 15
I. Introduction 15
II. First Steps in Statistics 16
III. First Case Studies 17
IV. The Work in the Federal Archives and the Landesarchiv 20
V. The Website Project 23
Vittoria Calabrò: Continuità e discontinuità nel passaggio dalla dittatura alla democrazia: la vicenda del giurista Gaspare Ambrosini 25
I. 1943–1947: quali cesure, quali persistenze? Riflessioni introduttive 25
II. Tra carriera accademica e impegno politico: la vicenda di Gaspare Ambrosini 30
III. L'esperienza alla Corte costituzionale 36
IV. Per concludere … 39
Bronisław Sitek / Albert Pielak: From Sovietization to Democratization of Justice in Poland (1944–1997) 41
I. Introduction 41
II. Part I: Period 1944–1956, Introduction of the Soviet Model of Justice 42
1. Introductory Issues 42
2. Characteristics of the Functioning of the Judiciary 43
3. Characteristics of the Organization of the Judiciary 45
4. Personnel Selection 46
5. Ruling in the Courts 47
a) Characteristics of Ruling 47
b) Legal Grounds for Issuing a Criminal Conviction 48
6. Summary 51
III. Part II: Period 1956–1981, Stabilization of the Soviet Model of Justice 51
1. Introductory Issues 51
2. Justice System of the Polish Peoples Republic in the Years 1956–1970 53
3. Justice System of the Polish Peoples Republic in 1970–1980 55
4. The Rise of “Solidarność” Movement and the Introduction of Martial Law 56
5. Summary 58
IV. Part III: Period 1981–1997, The Road to the Democratization of the Judiciary 58
1. Constitutional Court 58
2. Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court 60
3. State Tribunal 61
4. The Legal Bar 62
5. Transnational Justice in Poland 63
6. The Constitution of the Republic of 1997 65
V. Conclusions 66
Miho Mitsunari: Wartime Sexual Violence and War Responsibility: The “Comfort Women Issue” in Japan 69
I. Introduction 69
II. “Transitional Justice” and the “Comfort Women” Issue 69
1. The “Comfort Women” Issue as an Issue of “Unfinished Justice” 69
2. Three Premises 70
a) Who are “Comfort Women”? 70
b) Historical Background 71
c) What Happened in the 1990s? 73
3. Remarks from Several UN Committees 74
III. Initiatives for Compensation and Reconciliation 77
1. The “Comfort Women” Issue in Historiography 77
a) Post-War Histography and the “Comfort Women” Issue 77
b) Historical Perception and Legal Responsibility 79
c) The Statement of 2015 80
2. The Japanese Government and Judiciary 82
a) The Japanese Government's Position of Issues Being Settled – Re-Reading the Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea 82
b) The Two Faces of Justice – Find the Facts, but Don't Judge About the Legal Responsible 83
aa) Illegality Under International Law 83
bb) Legal Responsibility and Domestic Law 84
c) Attempts and Setbacks of the “Asian Women's Fund” 84
3. The Women's International War Crimes Tribunal 85
IV. Future Issues 87
1. Passing on “Memories” and “Reconciliation” – Textbooks and Museums 87
2. The Importance of “Restoring Dignity” – Legal Responsibility and Moral Obligation 88
3. Understanding Wartime Sexual Violence – From “Asking” to “Listening” 89
V. Conclusion – International Frameworks to Pursue “Transitional Justice” 89
José Antonio Pérez Juan: The Amnesty Measures of the Spanish Transition 91
I. The First Amnesty Measures of the Spanish Transition 91
1. The General Pardon of 1975 91
2. The First Amnesty of the Spanish Transition 93
II. Law 46/1977, October 15 of Amnesty 94
1. Parliamentary Processing 94
2. Content and Application 97
3. Evaluation 98
a) International Perspective 99
b) Response at the Internal Level 101
Antonio Sánchez Aranda: Franco's Regime. From Totalitarianism to Authoritarianism in its Repressive Model (April 1936–November 1975) 105
I. Introduction. The Spanish Political Transition 106
II. The Franco Regime 109
1. Francoism, a Pseudo-Fascism 110
2. Repression: Features and Phases 113
III. By Way of Conclusion 122
Ramón M. Orza Linares: La transición a la democracia en los países de América Central 125
I. Introducción 125
II. Qué entendemos por transición a la democracia 129
III. Características propias de las transiciones en Centro y Sudamérica 133
IV. Algunos ejemplos centroamericanos 142
Nicaragua 142
El Salvador 148
Gerhard Kemp: From Apartheid to Democracy in South Africa 153
I. Introduction and Historical Background 153
II. The Chronology and Main Features of the Political Negotiations Between 1990 and 1993 158
1. The Pre-1990 Processes and Initiatives 158
2. The 2 February 1990 Speech and the Start of official Negotiations 159
3. The Referendum's Aftermath 160
4. The Multi-Party Negotiating Process 161
5. Adoption of an Interim Constitution 163
III. The Role of the Transitional Executive Council 163
IV. Democratic Elections and the Constitutional Assembly 165
V. The Government of National Unity 167
VI. The Adoption of the “Final” Constitution 169
VII. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) 170
VIII. Concluding Remarks 176
Claudia Vanoni: Drei Jahre Antisemitismusbeauftragte der Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Berlin – ein Erfahrungsbericht 177
Samuel Salzborn: Kontinuität, Tradierung und Transformation des Antisemitismus 185
Jan Thiessen: The Treatment of the Nazi Past in Contemporary German Legal Education 191
I. Legal Studies and Legal Thinking 191
II. Why to Focus on the Nazi Past 193
III. Why East Germany Is Different 195
IV. Lessons from Post-Colonial Studies 196
V. Nazi Past as a Subject of Legal Education 197
VI. Some Examples 198
1. Constitutional Law 198
2. Administrative Law 199
3. Criminal Law 200
a) Benefits by Deception and Embezzlement 200
b) Murder and Manslaughter 200
4. Private Law 202
a) General Clauses 202
b) Family Law 203
VII. Legal Methodology 203
Benjamin Lahusen: Learning from History? 207
List of Authors 213

Chapters